The increasing rate of global sea mean level rise, one of many effects of climate change, will most likelyproduce heightened risk of coastal flooding. Cities located along coastlines have to adapt to thesecircumstances that otherwise will increase the magnitude and frequency of coastal flooding. The purposeof this study is to evaluate the current and future risk of coastal flooding in central Stockholm in relationto global sea level rise. The overall coastal flood risk of central Stockholm is assessed using the currentsea level as well as with possible future sea level rise. Wave modelling is carried out in Saltsjön toestimate the possible addition to extreme sea levels from wave action. The wave characteristics isdetermined according to the physical properties of inner Saltsjön and local meteorological conditions.In-depth case studies regarding flood risk and flood prevention measures are carried out on Stadsholmenand Hammarby Sjöstad, two areas with very different physical characteristics. Areas most prone toflooding in these districts are identified using flood vulnerability maps. Suggestions for flood defencemeasures for the identified vulnerable areas are presented. It is evident that implementation of flooddefence should be adapted after the physical and social properties of the locality. Results of this studycorrelates with well with similar research claiming that there is a small risk of significant coastalflooding in central Stockholm. The flood risk will not increase significantly in the near future, primarilydue to the effect of regional uplift counteracting the global sea level rise. The accelerating rate of globalsea level rise in combination with possible trend changes of meteorological extremes will however mostlikely generate larger problems with coastal flooding in a longer time span. / En av de mest påtagliga effekterna av pågående klimatförändringar är global havsnivåhöjning. Ökademedel- samt extremnivåer kommer innebära ökad risk för översvämningar längs med kuststräckor.Städer belägna längs med kuster behöver anpassa sig efter dessa framtida förhållanden för att undvikaomfattande skador och förluster. Syftet med denna studie är att utvärdera den nuvarande och framtidarisken för kustöversvämning i centrala Stockholm med koppling till global havsnivåhöjning. Dengenerella risken för kustöversvämning i centrala Stockholm bedöms för den nuvarande havsnivån såvälsom för möjliga framtida havsnivåer. Modellering och beräkning av möjliga våghöjder för Saltsjönutförs för att uppskatta det potentiella tillägget till extrema havsnivåer från vågeffekter. Den potentiellavåghöjden i inre Saltsjön kontrolleras främst av de rådande meteorologiska och fysiskaförutsättningarna, så som vindens styrka och riktning. Mer ingående fallstudier gällandeöversvämningsrisk och åtgärder för att förhindra översvämningar utförs för Stadsholmen (Gamla Stan)och Hammarby Sjöstad, två områden med distinkt olika stadsbild och förutsättningar. Områden mestsårbara för kustöversvämning i dessa distrikt identifieras med hjälp av översvämningssårbarhetskartor.Förslag till åtgärder för att förhindra översvämningar i dessa områden presenteras. Hur och vad för typav översvämningsskydd som anläggs bör anpassas efter den specifika plats fysiska och estetiskaförutsättningar. Resultaten i denna studie stämmer överens med tidigare forskning vad gällande den lågarisk för kustöversvämning som finns i centrala Stockholm. Översvämningsrisken kommer inte ökanämnvärt i den närmaste framtiden, främst på grund av den regionala landhöjningens motverkandeeffekt till den globala havsnivåhöjningen. Däremot kommer hastigheten hos den globalahavsnivåhöjningen att öka. Detta i kombination med möjliga förändringar i meteorologiska extremerkommer troligtvis utgöra större risk för kustöversvämningar i ett längre tidsperspektiv.

published_or_final_version / abstract / Earth Sciences / Master / Master of Philosophy

There is a statistically high probability that within this generation's lifetime, the mean sea level in the south eastern coast of the United States will rise from three to six feet above what it is today. The easiest response to this scenario and its complicated and devastating repercussions is to flee, or to put up a wall. This reaction is defending current lifestyles and cultures against the liabilities and complicated problems associated with sea level rise. This thesis asks: "How can we convert the liabilities of sea level rise into assets?" Using Tybee Island of Chatham County, Georgia as a case study, this thesis will answer this question by exploring 5 topics: 1. Understanding sea level rise 2. Understanding barrier islands of coastal Georgia and Tybee Island 3. The current Sea Level Rise Adaptation Plan for Tybee Island and Where it is Lacking 4. A new urban design strategy in planning for sea level rise on Tybee Island 5. Existing instances of aquatic and amphibious architectures and a new type of amphibious architecture for Tybee Island

In response to recent storms like Superstorm Sandy and sea-level rise influenced by climate change, cities, particularly those located at the coast, have taken initiative to combat these growing threats with adaptive urban planning. Although civilians residing in susceptible neighborhoods are often the most vulnerable socioeconomically, there has been minimal evidence that planning has accounted for the characteristics of vulnerability. This thesis evaluates the recent planning efforts and vulnerability of Norfolk, VA and New York City to gauge the progress being made toward reducing citizen vulnerability and raising adaptability and preparedness. The most recent peer-reviewed research is consulted to forge the evaluation framework and also to recognize breakthroughs and conformity. After analyzing the performance of the sets of planning documents in both cities, it is evident that the ability to effectively plan for the public’s vulnerability is contingent in part on inter-governmental capacity, but more specifically on disaster experience.

The evolution of the lower course and estuary of the river Ribble (Lancashire, U.K.) during the Holocene is the object of study, along with the history of sediment fluxes in them and their influence on past human settlements. Investigation of the valley floor geomorphology and terrace fill stratigraphy and sedimentology, as well as palaeoecological analysis and a number of 14C essays, allowed the reconstruction of Late Pleistocene and Holocene alluvial history and chronology of a reach at the transition point between fluvial and estuarine influences; the archaeological evidence is evaluated in this context. Alluviation and incision cycles led to the formation of four river terraces. The oldest terrace, rich in coarse-grained materials, seems to be of Pleistocene age. 14C dating on the second terrace would point to an Earliest Holocene or Younger Dryas age; the fill, however, comprises abundant fine-grained overbank sediments. Large parts of the unit were reworked during a phase of lateral channel activity that occurred prior to ca. 8900 cal BP; between then and ca. 6900 cal BP the river underwent meander cut-offs, after which limited lateral activity occurred. New alluviation occurred around 4700 cal BP, possibly related to the aggradation of the third terrace, though its fill is only certainly known, from archaeological evidence, to be of pre-Roman age. Channel size increase occurred by the time the terrace was deposited. The fill features abundant clayey sediments; it was incised at or after the end of the Roman period. The last terrace was deposited in the late first millennium AD mainly as overbank silts, and has since been incised again. Fluvial response appears mainly related to climate changes, river activity corresponding to shifts to wetter, cooler climate. Human action likely enhanced fluvial response in the historical period, leading to post-Roman incision and deposition. There seems to be a good connection between sediment production in the catchment and deposition downstream. Local factors also show a major importance in determining river response. Early Holocene fluvial history finds no match in other Northern English rivers; a different response to the same climate changes is apparent, possibly related to differences in sediment supply conditions. No clear evidence is found supporting an influence of sea-level change on river processes. On the other hand, it appears plausible river sediment input has a driving influence in enhancing or causing minor regressions recorded on the estuary. The conditions existing in Roman times could have allowed access from the sea to the Roman sites at the upper end of the Ribble estuary and by its North shore; a relative sea-level minimum could have caused a shift of focus in naval traffic from the former to the latter site.

According to the IPCC sea levels can rise by up to one meter in the next century and maybe even more depending on both individual lifestyle choices and policy making on a societal level. An episode from the Swedish Rafio P3's podcast series, P3 Dystopia, has been investigated as a communication effort to spread knoowledge about the climate issue and its consequences. The episode chosen for this study deals with the sea level rise and its threat on civilizations across the globe. The podcast is part of the Swedish public serive campaign prior to the election to parliament in September of 2018. Because of this, the episode has been examined using classical rhetorical theories to identify what strategies it utilizes to promote sustainable behavior. One of the key purposes of this study is to investigate how the producers describe and dramatize the sea level rise and its aftermath. Due to this the episode was examined through a storytelling perspective considering what basic story design structures it uses. This study is based on research on risk communication about climate change and how they should be communicated to achieve the best possible effect. The research considers emotion regulation straetgies as the missing link in effective communication about climate change. Since early 21st century most of the research conducted on this area has been focused on using fear as a motivator for behavioral change, but in recent years some scientists say that fear is not enough. This study aims to investigate what sort of emotions the podcast episode uses to capture and influence its listeners and in what way these emotions are conveyed.

como uma tarefa importante das ciências relacionadas aos ambientes litorâneos. É importante progredir com os estudos, por meio da revisão e reinterpretação dos dados já existentes e da proposição de dados adicionais que elucidem as divergências que permeiam o delineamento das curvas de variação do nível do mar na costa brasileira e melhorem o diagnostico dos paleoníveis. A importância desses pesquisas reside no fato de que as variações contribuíram diretamente na formação e evolução das áreas costeiras. O município de Ubatuba possui grande potencial para a ocorrência de indicadores biológicos e geomorfológicos de paleoníveis marinhos, ainda pouco estudados em todo o litoral paulista. Estudos prévios que encontraram paleoindicadores biológicos de variações holocênicas do NM em alguns costões rochosos de Ubatuba, são um bom exemplo desse potencial. No presente trabalho avaliou-se 3 costões no município citado, quanto a suas características geomorfológicas e geológicas, e suas potencialidades para a ocorrência de indicadores de variação do NM. Os resultados apresentados permitem concluir que esses costões apresentam características peculiares que permitem o desenvolvimento e preservação de registros de NM. Pode-se inferir que as bandas de ouriços pormenorizadas no presente estudo definem níveis marinhos pretéritos, bem como os níveis de plataformas de abrasão marinha inativas aqui caracterizados. Tanto as plataforma quanto a presença das bandas sugerem pelo menos três estabilizações de NM mais alto que o atual, o que corrobora a literatura. Para estabelecer correlações entre as áreas estudas e delas com outras áreas do município, serão necessários estudos futuros, que contemplem ainda a datação de amostras de restos biogênicos, para que se possa relacionar os dados espaciais aqui apresentados com referencias temporais. / Responding to issues related to marine paleolevels reiterated increasingly as an important task of the science related to coastal environments. It is important to make progress with the studies through the review and reinterpretation of existing data and additional data proposition elucidating the differences that permeate the design of the variation curves sea level on the Brazilian coast and improve the diagnosis of paleolevels. The importance of these studies lies in the fact that changes have contributed directly to the formation and evolution of coastal areas. The city of Ubatuba has great potential for the occurrence of biological and geomorphological indicators of marine paleolevels, still understudied throughout the São Paulo coast. Previous studies have found that biological paleoindicadores of Holocene variations of sea level in some rocky shores of Ubatuba, are a good examples of this potential. In the present study we evaluated three rocky shores in Ubatuba as its geomorphological and geological features, and its potential for the occurrence of NM variation indicators. The results allow us to conclude that these shores have peculiar characteristics that enable the development and preservation of NM records. It can be inferred that the hedgehogs bands detailed in this study define tenses sea levels as well as levels of inactive marine abrasion platforms here characterized. Both the platform and the presence of the bands suggest at least three higher NM stabilizations that the current, which corroborates the literature. To establish correlations between them and studied areas with other areas of the municipality will require further study, still contemplating the dating of samples of biogenic remains, so that you can relate to the spatial data presented herein with temporal references.

As sea levels continue to rise, the projected damage that will ensue presents a great challenge for conservation and management of coastal ecosystems in Florida. Since Juncus roemerianus is a common marsh plant throughout Florida with unique growing characteristics that make it a popular restoration plant, this study implemented a 20 week greenhouse split plot experiment to examine the effects of sea level rise on J. roemerianus and ultimately determine its tolerance ranges to salinity and inundation in a high nutrient environment. Overall, salinity level and the interaction effect of salinity level and water level had the greatest effects on measured growth parameters including average mature height, maximum height, density, basal area, root length, and biomass. An inverse relationship between increasing salinity and the measured growth variables was observed with the greatest growth and survivability in 0 ppt water, survivability and reduced growth in 20 ppt water, survivability and little growth in 30 ppt water, and nearly complete senesce in 40 ppt water. This was the first laboratory study to determine the effect of 40 ppt water on J. roemerianus. Elevated water levels resulted in higher growth variables in the 20 ppt, 30 ppt, and 40 ppt treatments while inundated water levels produced higher growth variables in the 0 ppt treatment despite previous research finding inundation to have completely adverse effects on J. roemerianus. It is likely that the high nutrient environment provided for this study is the cause for this anomaly. The results of this study have major implications for the future of coastal ecosystems that are dominated by stands of J. roemerianus in South Florida and can be used in conjunction with studies on bordering marsh plants to predict shifts in the ecosystems of Florida that are responding to sea level rise scenarios. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis(M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2015 / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Over drainage due to water management practices, abundance of native and rare species, and low-lying topography makes the coastal Everglades especially vulnerable to Sea-Level Rise (SLR). Water depths have shown to have a significant relationship to vegetation community composition and organization while also playing a crucial role in vegetation health throughout the Everglades. Modeling potential habitat change and loss caused by increased water depths due to SLR requires better vertical Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) and Water Table Elevation Models (WTEMs). In this study, an object-based machine learning approach was developed to correct LiDAR elevation data by integrating LiDAR point data, aerial imagery, Real Time Kinematic (RTK)-Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and total station survey data. Four machine learning modeling techniques were compared with the commonly used bias-corrected technique, including Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The k-NN and RF models produced the best predictions for the Nine Mile and Flamingo study areas (RMSE = 0.08 m and 0.10 m, respectively). This study also examined four interpolation-based methods along with the RF, SVM and k-NN machine learning techniques for generating WTEMs. The RF models achieved the best results for the dry season (RMSE = 0.06 m) and the wet season (RMSE = 0.07 m) WTEMs. Previous research in Water Depth Model (WDM) generation in the Everglades focused on a conventional-based approach where a DEM is subtracted from a WTEM. This study extends the conventional-based WDM approach to a rigorous-based WDM technique where Monte Carlo simulation is used to propagate probability distributions through the proposed SLR depth model using uncertainties in the RF-based LiDAR DEM and WTEMs, vertical datums and transformations, regional SLR and soil accretion rates. It is concluded that a more rigorous-based WDM technique increases the integrity of derived products used to support and guide coastal restoration managers and planners concerned with habitat change under the challenge of SLR. Future research will be dedicated to the extension of this technique to model both increased water depths and saltwater intrusion due to SLR (saltwater inundation). / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2018. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

The Sefidrud has developed a large delta in the south west of the Caspian Sea. Its delta is characterized by rapid sedimentation rate (20 mm/yr) in the delta plain and low sedimentation rate (1.67 mm/yr) in a very steep delta front. Sefidrud Delta evolution depends upon sediment supply by river and longshore current under rapid Caspian Sea Level (CSL) fluctuation and tectonic setting at the point of entry to the basin. The tectonic setting caused a very steep slope in the delta front. Sediment supply is variable and affected by river avulsion and dam construction. The CSL has undergone significant changes during the last millennium. Therefore, the Sefidrud Delta evolution during the last millennium is explained based on CSL fluctuations. This fluctuation has major impacts not only on coastal lagoons, but also more inland in wetlands when the CSL rose up to at least -21.44 m (i.e. >6 m above the present water level) during the early Little Ice Age. Although previous studies in the southern coast of the Caspian Sea have detected a high-stand during the Little Ice Age period, this study presents the first evidence that this high-stand reached so far inland and at such a high altitude. This study also examines the interdependence of different factors in the evolution of coastal lagoons as a part of delta evolution. Dam flushing operations and rapid sea–level rise (~3 m between 1977 and 1995) have accelerated the infilling of the coastal lagoon system. This rapid infilling (31 mm/yr) makes the whole system more prone to sediment encroachment in the short term. Because the lagoons are short-lived and have dynamic evolution, the impact of the Anthropocene is also visible in the delta evolution.