Fibropapilomatose (FP) é uma doença caracterizada por múltiplas massas de tumores cutâneos variando de 0,1 a mais de 30 cm em diâmetro. Afeta primariamente tartarugas-verdes (Chelonia mydas), mas também outras espécies de tartarugas marinhas ao redor do mundo. O objetivo deste estudo é, através de dados já sistematicamente coletados pelo Programa Brasileiro de Proteção, Pesquisa e manejo das Tartarugas Marinhas - Projeto TAMAR-IBAMA, caracterizar, no tempo e no espaço, a ocorrência desta doença em tartarugas marinhas na costa brasileira, entre os anos de 2000 a 2005. As tartarugas encontradas, vivas ou mortas, foram identificadas, medidas e examinadas quanto à presença ou ausência de tumores. Nesse período foram examinadas 10.170 tartarugas marinhas, sendo 1.243 tartarugas-de-pente, (Eretmochelys imbricata), das quais 2 apresentaram tumores; entre as 250 tartarugas- cabeçudas, (Caretta caretta), 5 apresentaram tumores; entre as 288 tartarugas-oliva (Lepidochelys olivacea), 3 apresentaram tumores; nenhuma das 30 tartarugas-gigantes, (Dermochelys coriacea) examinadas tinham tumores. A maior parte dos registros (82,20 %; 8.359 de 10.170) correspondeu a tartarugas-verdes (Chelonia mydas), das quais 1.288 apresentavam tumores. Foram coletadas amostras de tumores de 80 tartarugas para análise histopatológica; todas foram positivas para fibropapilomatose. A média da prevalência nacional geral para Chelonia mydas foi de 15.41%; apenas nas áreas costeiras a doença foi verificada. Nenhuma ocorrência foi registrada nas ilhas oceânicas do Atol das Rocas e do Arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha. Os resultados das freqüências de tumores por estado foram: Bahia, 15,81% (211/1335); Ceará, 36,94% (181/490); Espírito Santo, 27,43% (469/1710); Pernambuco-Arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha, 0,00% (0/501); Rio de Janeiro, 5,96% (9/151); Rio Grande do Norte-região costeira, 31,43% (33/105); Rio Grande do Norte-Atol das Rocas, 0,00% (0/486); Sergipe, 18,46% (12/65); São Paulo, 10,73 % (371/3456). Os animais afetados variaram de juvenis com comprimento curvilíneo de carapaça (CCC) mínimo de 30,0 cm, subadultos a adultos com máximo de 112 cm. A prevalência de tumores associado a fibropapilomatose aumentou com o CCC até 80,0 cm e decresceu abruptamente. A caracterização da doença foi realizada com um grupo de 202 tartarugas verdes afetadas em uma agregação no Estado do Espírito Santo. Nesse grupo, o número de tumores variou de 1 a 179 tumores em um único animal, tendo como média 21 tumores por tartaruga afetada. 72,5 % dos tumores estavam localizados na região anterior corpórea do animal, 25,2% na região posterior e 2,3% na carapaça e plastrão. Nenhuma tartaruga apresentou tumores na cavidade oral. Para análise de escore de tumor em tartarugas afetadas com FP, o escore de tumor 1 e 2 foi predominante, com 40,61% (80 de 197) e 51,27% (101 de 197) respectivamente. Apenas 8,12% (16 de 197) das tartarugas tiveram escore de tumor 3. / Fibropapilomatosis (FP) is a disease characterized by multiple masses of cutaneous tumors varying from 0,1 to more than 30 cm in diameter. It has affected primarily green turtles (Chelonia mydas), but also other species of sea turtles around the world. The aim of this study is, through the data already systematically collected by the Brazilian Sea Turtle Protection, Research and Management Program - Projeto TAMAR - IBAMA to characterize the occurrence of this disease in marine turtles along the Brazilian coast to within time and space, from 2000 to 2005. Turtles found alive or dead were identified as for the species, measured and examined as for the presence or absence of tumors. 10.170 sea turtles were examined: 1.243 of them were Hawksbills (Eretmochelys imbricata), two of which showed tumors; five of the 250 loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) and three of 288 olive ridley\'s turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea), showed tumors; none of the 30 leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) carried tumors. Mostly of the records, (82,20%; 8.359/10170) corresponded to green turtles (Chelonia mydas), 1.288 of which had tumors. Samples of tumors were collected from 80 turtles for histopathologycal analysis; all examined samples were positive for fibropapillomatosis. The average nationwide tumor prevalence in Chelonia mydas was 15.41%; the disease was detected only in coastal areas: no occurrence was recorded for the oceanic islands of Atol das Rocas and Fernando de Noronha Archipelago. The tumor frequencies by state were: Bahia, 15,81% (211/1335); Ceará, 36,94% (181/490); Espírito Santo, 27,43% (469/1710); Pernambuco - Archipelago of Fernando de Noronha, 0,00% (0/501); Rio de Janeiro, 5,96% (9/151); Rio Grande do Norte- coastal area, 31,43% (33/105); Rio Grande do Norte - Atol das Rocas, 0,00% (0/486); Sergipe, 18,46% (12/65); São Paulo, 10,73% (371/3456). The affected animals varied from juvenile, with minimum curved carapace length (CCC) 30,0 cm to sub-adults, adults with a maximum 112 cm. The prevalence of tumours associated to fibropapillomatosis increased with CCC up to 80,0 cm and then decreased abruptly. The number of tumors in 202 affected green turtles from an aggregation in the state of Espírito Santo varied from 1 to 179 tumors in a single animal, with an average of 21 tumors per affected turtle. 72,5% of tumors were located in the anterior half of the animal\'s bodies, 25,2% in the posterior area, 2,3% on the shell and plastron. No turtle had tumors in the oral cavity. A predominance of turtles was registered with tumors score 1, 40,61% (80 of 197) and score 2, 51,27% (101/197). Only 8,12% (16/197) of the turtles that had score 3. For analysis of tumor score in affected turtles with FP, the tumors score 1 and 2 was predominant, with (40,61%; 80 of 197) and (51,27%; 101/197) respectively. Only 8,12 % (16/197) of the turtles attained tumors score 3.

Climate change is now widely regarded as the single greatest threat to coral reefs. Climate change poses a range of different threats and reef ecosystems are widely reported as being amongst the first ecosystems to be severely affected by increases in global average temperatures. Coral reef managers responding effectively to the climate change threat will require research and monitoring, communication, impact mitigation and informed planning. Aspects of this thesis cover all of those working areas.

Fibropapilomatose (FP) é uma doença caracterizada por múltiplas massas de tumores cutâneos variando de 0,1 a mais de 30 cm em diâmetro. Afeta primariamente tartarugas-verdes (Chelonia mydas), mas também outras espécies de tartarugas marinhas ao redor do mundo. O objetivo deste estudo é, através de dados já sistematicamente coletados pelo Programa Brasileiro de Proteção, Pesquisa e manejo das Tartarugas Marinhas - Projeto TAMAR-IBAMA, caracterizar, no tempo e no espaço, a ocorrência desta doença em tartarugas marinhas na costa brasileira, entre os anos de 2000 a 2005. As tartarugas encontradas, vivas ou mortas, foram identificadas, medidas e examinadas quanto à presença ou ausência de tumores. Nesse período foram examinadas 10.170 tartarugas marinhas, sendo 1.243 tartarugas-de-pente, (Eretmochelys imbricata), das quais 2 apresentaram tumores; entre as 250 tartarugas- cabeçudas, (Caretta caretta), 5 apresentaram tumores; entre as 288 tartarugas-oliva (Lepidochelys olivacea), 3 apresentaram tumores; nenhuma das 30 tartarugas-gigantes, (Dermochelys coriacea) examinadas tinham tumores. A maior parte dos registros (82,20 %; 8.359 de 10.170) correspondeu a tartarugas-verdes (Chelonia mydas), das quais 1.288 apresentavam tumores. Foram coletadas amostras de tumores de 80 tartarugas para análise histopatológica; todas foram positivas para fibropapilomatose. A média da prevalência nacional geral para Chelonia mydas foi de 15.41%; apenas nas áreas costeiras a doença foi verificada. Nenhuma ocorrência foi registrada nas ilhas oceânicas do Atol das Rocas e do Arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha. Os resultados das freqüências de tumores por estado foram: Bahia, 15,81% (211/1335); Ceará, 36,94% (181/490); Espírito Santo, 27,43% (469/1710); Pernambuco-Arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha, 0,00% (0/501); Rio de Janeiro, 5,96% (9/151); Rio Grande do Norte-região costeira, 31,43% (33/105); Rio Grande do Norte-Atol das Rocas, 0,00% (0/486); Sergipe, 18,46% (12/65); São Paulo, 10,73 % (371/3456). Os animais afetados variaram de juvenis com comprimento curvilíneo de carapaça (CCC) mínimo de 30,0 cm, subadultos a adultos com máximo de 112 cm. A prevalência de tumores associado a fibropapilomatose aumentou com o CCC até 80,0 cm e decresceu abruptamente. A caracterização da doença foi realizada com um grupo de 202 tartarugas verdes afetadas em uma agregação no Estado do Espírito Santo. Nesse grupo, o número de tumores variou de 1 a 179 tumores em um único animal, tendo como média 21 tumores por tartaruga afetada. 72,5 % dos tumores estavam localizados na região anterior corpórea do animal, 25,2% na região posterior e 2,3% na carapaça e plastrão. Nenhuma tartaruga apresentou tumores na cavidade oral. Para análise de escore de tumor em tartarugas afetadas com FP, o escore de tumor 1 e 2 foi predominante, com 40,61% (80 de 197) e 51,27% (101 de 197) respectivamente. Apenas 8,12% (16 de 197) das tartarugas tiveram escore de tumor 3. / Fibropapilomatosis (FP) is a disease characterized by multiple masses of cutaneous tumors varying from 0,1 to more than 30 cm in diameter. It has affected primarily green turtles (Chelonia mydas), but also other species of sea turtles around the world. The aim of this study is, through the data already systematically collected by the Brazilian Sea Turtle Protection, Research and Management Program - Projeto TAMAR - IBAMA to characterize the occurrence of this disease in marine turtles along the Brazilian coast to within time and space, from 2000 to 2005. Turtles found alive or dead were identified as for the species, measured and examined as for the presence or absence of tumors. 10.170 sea turtles were examined: 1.243 of them were Hawksbills (Eretmochelys imbricata), two of which showed tumors; five of the 250 loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) and three of 288 olive ridley\'s turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea), showed tumors; none of the 30 leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) carried tumors. Mostly of the records, (82,20%; 8.359/10170) corresponded to green turtles (Chelonia mydas), 1.288 of which had tumors. Samples of tumors were collected from 80 turtles for histopathologycal analysis; all examined samples were positive for fibropapillomatosis. The average nationwide tumor prevalence in Chelonia mydas was 15.41%; the disease was detected only in coastal areas: no occurrence was recorded for the oceanic islands of Atol das Rocas and Fernando de Noronha Archipelago. The tumor frequencies by state were: Bahia, 15,81% (211/1335); Ceará, 36,94% (181/490); Espírito Santo, 27,43% (469/1710); Pernambuco - Archipelago of Fernando de Noronha, 0,00% (0/501); Rio de Janeiro, 5,96% (9/151); Rio Grande do Norte- coastal area, 31,43% (33/105); Rio Grande do Norte - Atol das Rocas, 0,00% (0/486); Sergipe, 18,46% (12/65); São Paulo, 10,73% (371/3456). The affected animals varied from juvenile, with minimum curved carapace length (CCC) 30,0 cm to sub-adults, adults with a maximum 112 cm. The prevalence of tumours associated to fibropapillomatosis increased with CCC up to 80,0 cm and then decreased abruptly. The number of tumors in 202 affected green turtles from an aggregation in the state of Espírito Santo varied from 1 to 179 tumors in a single animal, with an average of 21 tumors per affected turtle. 72,5% of tumors were located in the anterior half of the animal\'s bodies, 25,2% in the posterior area, 2,3% on the shell and plastron. No turtle had tumors in the oral cavity. A predominance of turtles was registered with tumors score 1, 40,61% (80 of 197) and score 2, 51,27% (101/197). Only 8,12% (16/197) of the turtles that had score 3. For analysis of tumor score in affected turtles with FP, the tumors score 1 and 2 was predominant, with (40,61%; 80 of 197) and (51,27%; 101/197) respectively. Only 8,12 % (16/197) of the turtles attained tumors score 3.

Coastal habitats are highly dynamic and vulnerable to landscape-level disturbances such as storms and restoration projects. Along the east coast of Florida these areas are particularly valuable as they provide significant nesting habitat for two sea turtle species, the threatened loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and the endangered green turtle (Chelonia mydas). This coast was heavily impacted by three major hurricanes in 2004 and in some areas by large restoration projects in 2005. Recent remote sensing methods allow for broad evaluation of the shoreline and thus the ability to assess sea turtle nesting habitat at a landscape scale. I collected nesting data for southern Brevard County, Florida from 1989 – 2005 and for Canaveral National Seashore, Florida from 1995 – 2005. I used LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) and IfSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) remote sensing to map sea turtle nesting habitat in both areas following the 2004 hurricanes and any subsequent restoration. Canaveral National Seashore underwent no restoration while southern Brevard County received extensive restoration. Topographic variables (e.g., total sand volume, width, and slope) derived from the remote sensing data were compared across three time periods (pre-hurricane, posthurricane, and recovery period) and I compared nesting success data from 2004 to 2005. I built regression models for 2004 and 2005 to determine which topographic features influenced loggerhead and green turtle nesting the most. Green turtle nesting success declined from 2004 to 2005 only in highly restored areas while loggerhead nesting sucess declined throughout. Hurricanes caused a reduction in most of the topographic variables and restoration predominantly impacted aspects of the beach profile (e.g. slope and width). Loggerheads responded to profile characteristics (e.g. upper and lower iii beach slopes) though green turtles showed no consistent response to topography. The results indicate that both loggerheads and green turtles are sensitive to beach restoration, although loggerhead nesting is more influenced by beach morphology and green turtle nesting may be influenced more by other dune features such as vegetation cover.

In April of 1990 the Sebastian Inlet Tax District received a long-term (25 year) permit to conduct maintenance dredging of the navigation channel at Sebastian Inlet, Florida. Approximately 105,150 cubic meters of sediment will be removed every two years and pumped to a feeder beach immediately south of the inlet. The renourished beach, a high density nesting beach for loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and green (Chelonia mydas) sea turtles, is within the proposed Archie Carr National Wildlife Refuge and will play a critical role in the long-term maintenance of Sebastian Inlet as a navigable waterway. A turtle monitoring program was implemented by the District at the request of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The monitoring program was designed to investigate nesting behavior, reproductive success and physical characteristics of the nesting habitat on the renourished beach at Sebastian Inlet and on a control beach (Wabasso Beach). Daily nesting surveys were conducted to record all sea turtle nests and non-nesting emergences in each study area. All nests were marked, monitored throughout incubation and inventoried to determine hatching and emergence success. Data on physical parameters were collected in monthly profiles of each beach. Compaction values were recorded with a cone penetrometer along transects from the dune to mean high water line. Temperature of the ambient beach was recorded at 30 and 60-cm depths along two transects from the dune to mean high water line. Moisture and sand grain analysis were conducted monthly in 1991. Sea turtle nesting and hatching success were similar on the renourished and control beaches in 1990 and 1991, suggesting that renourishment had no adverse effect on sea turtle reproductive success. Nesting success on the renourished and control beaches, respectively, was 42.0% (N = 104) and 45.0% (N = 65) in 1990, and 62.9% (N = 165) and 62.4% (N = 118) in 1991. Hatching success on the renourished and control beaches, respectively, was 80.7% (N = 85) and 79.3% (N = 59) in 1990, and 69.1% (N = 118) and 66.7% (N = 102) in 1991. Compaction values averaged 500 PSI on the renourished beach, while values on the control were approximately 250 PSI. The higher level of compaction on the renourished beach resulted in a lack of complete nest covering, and aberrant nest chamber configurations on the renourished beach. Grain size and moisture content were similar on the renourished and control beaches. Compaction levels were not related to incompatible fill, implying that the manner in which the material was deposited resulted in the increased compaction. Beach temperatures measured at 30-cm and 60-cm depths indicated that the renourished beach was consistently 0.5°C warmer than the control beach. If the physical parameters of a subsequent renourishment project are within the findings of 1990 and 1991, there should be no adverse effect on sea turtle nesting and hatching success. The results of this project cannot be applied to other beach renourishment projects however, but should be restricted to future dredging projects at Sebastian Inlet. Although the results are not applicable to other locations, the methodologies developed to study the effects of renourishment on sea turtles could be applied to other beach renourishment situations. Future research should focus on how the physical parameters of a renourished beach affect the micro-environment within the actual nest chamber and embryonic development. / Master of Science

Dentro do contexto de crise global pesqueira que afeta tanto a pesca industrial quanto a artesanal, este trabalho visa descrever e analisar a pesca artesanal de emalhe no sul do Brasil, além de estudar a interação entre essa pesca artesanal e as tartarugas marinhas. O capítulo 1 consiste na caracterização social, econômica e operacional da pesca artesanal, avaliando o esforço pesqueiro de suas diferentes modalidades. A análise dos dados fornecidos por pescadores revelou a diferenciação na captura e esforço entre dois grupos de embarcações: barcos até 12,5 metros de comprimento total e barcos acima de 12,5 metros. As entrevistas também geraram uma ilustração que demonstra a sobreposição da área de atuação dos pescadores. Neste capítulo são propostas medidas de gestão da pesca artesanal de emalhe que consideram o rendimento dos pescadores e preservam os recursos pesqueiros. No capítulo 2 foram analisados fatores sociais e operacionais da pesca relacionados à captura incidental de tartarugas marinhas. Entrevistas com pescadores (n=92) e desembarques monitorados pelos pescadores (n=320) registrados em locais de pesca dentro e fora de Unidades de Conservação Marinhas no Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina verificaram a influência do manejo espacial sobre as capturas incidentais. Analisou-se também o conhecimento ecológico local (CEL) dos pescadores sobre as tartarugas marinhas. A criação de zonas exclusivas para a pesca artesanal e o aumento de vistorias às redes de pesca são propostas para reduzir as capturas incidentais pela pesca artesanal de emalhe no sul do Brasil, através do envolvimento dos pescadores nas pesquisas e do co-manejo dos recursos pesqueiros. / Within the context of global fishing crisis that affects both industrial and artisanal fisheries, this survey aims to describe and analyze the artisanal gillnet fishery in southern Brazil and study the interaction between this fishing and sea turtles. The chapter 1 consists in social, economic and operational characterization of artisanal fisheries, assessing the fishing effort of different kinds of fisheries. The analysis of data provided by fishermen revealed the differentiation in catch and effort between two vessel’s groups: boats up to 12.5 meters long and boats over 12.5 meters. The interviews also show the spatial overlap of areas of operation of fishers. In this chapter we proposed measures for the management of small-scale gillnet fishing that consider the income of fishermen and preserve fish stocks. In chapter 2 we analyzed social and operational fishing factors related to bycatch of sea turtles. Interviews (n=92) and landings (n=320) recorded in fishing grounds inside and outside of Marine Protected Areas in Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina assessed the influence of the spatial management on bycatch. It analyzed also the local ecological knowledge (LEK) of fishers about sea turtles. The creation of exclusive zones for artisanal fishing and to increase inspections of fishing nets are presented to reduce incidental catches by artisanal gillnet fishing in southern Brazil, such as the involvement of fishermen in research and co-management of resources.

Dentro do contexto de crise global pesqueira que afeta tanto a pesca industrial quanto a artesanal, este trabalho visa descrever e analisar a pesca artesanal de emalhe no sul do Brasil, além de estudar a interação entre essa pesca artesanal e as tartarugas marinhas. O capítulo 1 consiste na caracterização social, econômica e operacional da pesca artesanal, avaliando o esforço pesqueiro de suas diferentes modalidades. A análise dos dados fornecidos por pescadores revelou a diferenciação na captura e esforço entre dois grupos de embarcações: barcos até 12,5 metros de comprimento total e barcos acima de 12,5 metros. As entrevistas também geraram uma ilustração que demonstra a sobreposição da área de atuação dos pescadores. Neste capítulo são propostas medidas de gestão da pesca artesanal de emalhe que consideram o rendimento dos pescadores e preservam os recursos pesqueiros. No capítulo 2 foram analisados fatores sociais e operacionais da pesca relacionados à captura incidental de tartarugas marinhas. Entrevistas com pescadores (n=92) e desembarques monitorados pelos pescadores (n=320) registrados em locais de pesca dentro e fora de Unidades de Conservação Marinhas no Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina verificaram a influência do manejo espacial sobre as capturas incidentais. Analisou-se também o conhecimento ecológico local (CEL) dos pescadores sobre as tartarugas marinhas. A criação de zonas exclusivas para a pesca artesanal e o aumento de vistorias às redes de pesca são propostas para reduzir as capturas incidentais pela pesca artesanal de emalhe no sul do Brasil, através do envolvimento dos pescadores nas pesquisas e do co-manejo dos recursos pesqueiros. / Within the context of global fishing crisis that affects both industrial and artisanal fisheries, this survey aims to describe and analyze the artisanal gillnet fishery in southern Brazil and study the interaction between this fishing and sea turtles. The chapter 1 consists in social, economic and operational characterization of artisanal fisheries, assessing the fishing effort of different kinds of fisheries. The analysis of data provided by fishermen revealed the differentiation in catch and effort between two vessel’s groups: boats up to 12.5 meters long and boats over 12.5 meters. The interviews also show the spatial overlap of areas of operation of fishers. In this chapter we proposed measures for the management of small-scale gillnet fishing that consider the income of fishermen and preserve fish stocks. In chapter 2 we analyzed social and operational fishing factors related to bycatch of sea turtles. Interviews (n=92) and landings (n=320) recorded in fishing grounds inside and outside of Marine Protected Areas in Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina assessed the influence of the spatial management on bycatch. It analyzed also the local ecological knowledge (LEK) of fishers about sea turtles. The creation of exclusive zones for artisanal fishing and to increase inspections of fishing nets are presented to reduce incidental catches by artisanal gillnet fishing in southern Brazil, such as the involvement of fishermen in research and co-management of resources.

Dentro do contexto de crise global pesqueira que afeta tanto a pesca industrial quanto a artesanal, este trabalho visa descrever e analisar a pesca artesanal de emalhe no sul do Brasil, além de estudar a interação entre essa pesca artesanal e as tartarugas marinhas. O capítulo 1 consiste na caracterização social, econômica e operacional da pesca artesanal, avaliando o esforço pesqueiro de suas diferentes modalidades. A análise dos dados fornecidos por pescadores revelou a diferenciação na captura e esforço entre dois grupos de embarcações: barcos até 12,5 metros de comprimento total e barcos acima de 12,5 metros. As entrevistas também geraram uma ilustração que demonstra a sobreposição da área de atuação dos pescadores. Neste capítulo são propostas medidas de gestão da pesca artesanal de emalhe que consideram o rendimento dos pescadores e preservam os recursos pesqueiros. No capítulo 2 foram analisados fatores sociais e operacionais da pesca relacionados à captura incidental de tartarugas marinhas. Entrevistas com pescadores (n=92) e desembarques monitorados pelos pescadores (n=320) registrados em locais de pesca dentro e fora de Unidades de Conservação Marinhas no Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina verificaram a influência do manejo espacial sobre as capturas incidentais. Analisou-se também o conhecimento ecológico local (CEL) dos pescadores sobre as tartarugas marinhas. A criação de zonas exclusivas para a pesca artesanal e o aumento de vistorias às redes de pesca são propostas para reduzir as capturas incidentais pela pesca artesanal de emalhe no sul do Brasil, através do envolvimento dos pescadores nas pesquisas e do co-manejo dos recursos pesqueiros. / Within the context of global fishing crisis that affects both industrial and artisanal fisheries, this survey aims to describe and analyze the artisanal gillnet fishery in southern Brazil and study the interaction between this fishing and sea turtles. The chapter 1 consists in social, economic and operational characterization of artisanal fisheries, assessing the fishing effort of different kinds of fisheries. The analysis of data provided by fishermen revealed the differentiation in catch and effort between two vessel’s groups: boats up to 12.5 meters long and boats over 12.5 meters. The interviews also show the spatial overlap of areas of operation of fishers. In this chapter we proposed measures for the management of small-scale gillnet fishing that consider the income of fishermen and preserve fish stocks. In chapter 2 we analyzed social and operational fishing factors related to bycatch of sea turtles. Interviews (n=92) and landings (n=320) recorded in fishing grounds inside and outside of Marine Protected Areas in Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina assessed the influence of the spatial management on bycatch. It analyzed also the local ecological knowledge (LEK) of fishers about sea turtles. The creation of exclusive zones for artisanal fishing and to increase inspections of fishing nets are presented to reduce incidental catches by artisanal gillnet fishing in southern Brazil, such as the involvement of fishermen in research and co-management of resources.

Orientador: Cristiana Simão Seixas / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T03:29:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bahia_NataliaCristinaFidelis_M.pdf: 16403981 bytes, checksum: 5f062daeff4ec96f66e86c2ff7ecc3cc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar como as mudanças sócio ecológicas afetam a pesca artesanal e a captura incidental de tartarugas marinhas no bairro São Francisco (São Sebastião, São Paulo) e como os pescadores estão respondendo às alterações nos últimos 60 anos. Para tanto, a capacidade adaptativa de sistemas complexos e o conhecimento ecológico local foram adotados como referencial teórico. Os métodos de coleta de dados consistiram na aplicação de entrevistas semi-estruturadas aos pescadores artesanais (canoa e batera), mapeamento participativo, acompanhamento de desembarque pesqueiro, observação direta e levantamento de dados secundários. Os pescadores observaram várias mudanças ao longo desse período que influenciaram na atividade pesqueira local, especialmente migração de pescadores catarinenses de arrasto de camarão, introdução de petrechos de pesca mais eficientes, aumento do esforço de pesca de embarcações de médio porte, surgimento de novas oportunidades de trabalho com o crescimento urbano e industrial do município e expansão do turismo. Como conseqüência, houve alterações nos petrechos de pesca e pontos de pesca utilizados, redução na quantidade de pescados capturados e aumento na ocorrência de capturas incidentais de tartarugas marinhas. Os desembarques pesqueiros amostrados foram analisados em dois conjuntos: pescarias provenientes de São Sebastião, especialmente da costa norte (Área 1) e da Costa da Ilhabela, Ilha de Búzios e Ilha Vitória (Área 2). Atualmente existe um predomínio do uso de rede de lanço bitana pelos pescadores de canoas e bateras da Área 1, enquanto o cerco-flutuante e a rede de emalhe de fundo foram os petrechos mais empregados na Área 2. A produção total registrada no período de outubro/2009 a setembro/2010 foi superior na Área 2, assim como a riqueza de espécies de pescados. Na Área 1, apenas quatro grupos de pescados (corvina - Micropogonias furnieri; parati - Mugil curema; tainha - Mugil liza e raias - Rajomorphii) foram responsáveis pela maioria das capturas registradas (71% do total). Dos 29% da produção restante, 11% são caratinga (Diapterus spp.) e canhanha (Archosargus rhomboidalis), pescados de baixo valor comercial e tamanhos menores. Houve ainda relatos de alterações no clima local, principalmente relacionadas a um aumento na instabilidade do tempo. As estratégias adaptativas adotadas pelos pescadores para lidar com as mudanças Sócio ecológicas incluíam principalmente, a procura por novas formas de trabalho (não relacionadas à pesca), a migração para a pesca de arrasto de camarão e o uso de petrechos de pesca multiespecíficos (por exemplo, rede de lanço bitana). A motorização das embarcações, além do alcance de áreas de pesca mais distantes, possibilitou que os pescadores enfrentassem a instabilidade do tempo de forma mais segura do que com embarcações a remo. Apesar da capacidade de se adaptarem demonstrada até o momento, o abandono da pesca artesanal por muitas famílias de pescadores associada ao acesso aos meios de comunicação em massa, pode contribuir para a perda do conhecimento ecológico local e sua transmissão. Essa perda pode comprometer a percepção dos pescadores e as estratégias adotadas para enfrentar as mudanças socioecológicas futuras, afetando conseqüentemente, a capacidade adaptativa da comunidade pesqueira do bairro São Francisco / Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate how socio-ecological changes affect artisanal fishing and sea turtle bycatch in the São Francisco neighborhood (São Sebastião, São Paulo) and how the fishermen are responding to such changes during the last 60 years. For that, adaptive capacity of complex systems and local ecological knowledge were adopted as theoretical frameworks for data analysis. Data collection consisted of semi-structured interviews with artisanal fishers (those using dugout canoes and batera), participatory mapping, fish landings surveys, direct observation and secondary data analysis. Fishermen observed several changes that influenced local fisheries during the analyzed period, mainly the migration of shrimp bottom trawling fishermen, the introduction of more efficient fishing gears, the increase of fishing efforts of medium-sized vessels, the emergence of new jobs due to urban and industrial growth and tourism development. As a result, fishing gear and fishing areas were modified, the amount of fish catch was reduced and the occurrence of sea turtle bycatch increased. The sampled fish landings were divided in two sets for analysis: fisheries from São Sebastião, particularly the northern coast (Area 1) and from the coast of Ilhabela, Búzios Island and Vitória Island (Area 2). Currently, there is a predominant use of encircling nets (bitana) by dugout canoe and batera fishermen from Area 1, while floating fixed trap nets and bottom gill nets were the most used fishing gears in Area 2. Total production registered between October/2009 and September/2010 was higher in Area 2, as well as the richness of captured species. In Area 1, only four groups of fish (whitemouth croacker - Micropogonias furnieri; white mullet - Mugil curema; mullet - Mugil liza and rays - Rajomorphii) were responsible for most of the recorded catches (71% of total). Mojarra (Diapterus spp.) and Western Atlantic seabream (Archosargus rhomboidalis) represent about 11% out of the 29% remaining production, wich are small sized and low commercial value fish. Fishermen have been perceiving some climate changes, specially an increase in weather instability. The adaptive strategies adopted by artisanal fishermen to deal with socio-ecological changes included searching for new jobs (unrelated to fisheries), shifting to shrimp bottom trawling fishery and using multispecific fishing gear (for example, encircling bitana nets). The motorized vessels allowed the fishermen to face more safely the weather instability when compared to non-motorized canoes, and it also enabled them to reach more distant fishing areas. Despite the demonstrated adapting ability until the present moment, the abandonment of artisanal fishing by many fishing families, associated with urbanization and mass media access, can contribute to loss of local ecological knowledge and its transmission. This loss may compromise fishermen perception and the adopted strategies to address socio-ecological future changes, consequently affecting the adaptive capacity of São Francisco neighborhood fishing community / Mestrado / Ecologia / Mestre em Ecologia

The survival rates of pre-emergent sea turtle hatchlings are critically dependent upon temperature. This study aimed to determine if changes in air temperature can explain some of the variability in hatching success observed over a 12 year period for loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) nests in Broward County. Air temperature data for the hatching seasons of 1999 to 2010 were obtained from the NOAA National Climatic Data Center’s Fort Lauderdale beach station. The loggerhead sea turtle hatching data collected by the Broward County Sea Turtle Conservation Program from the same time period was examined to assess the potential effects of air temperature on the hatching success and the incubation duration. Mean yearly incubation times were analyzed for trends and compared to mean nesting season temperatures. The relationships between the incubation durations and mean seasonal and intra-seasonal air temperature fluctuations as well as the relationship between hatching success and air temperature was tested for significance. The hatching success was also compared to the incubation times in order to establish if shorter incubation durations, were related to lower hatching success rates. There have been large fluctuations in the average daily hatching success rates ranging from 10 to 100% over the twelve years examined in this study in Broward County. Significant decreases in incubation durations were apparent during times of increasing average air temperatures. In five of the twelve seasons there was also a significant relationship between the hatching success rates and the average air temperature, in which lower hatching success rates were evident during times of higher average air temperatures. There was a significant correlation between the incubation durations and the hatching success rates in six of the seasons as well, suggesting that lower hatching success rates are related to shorter incubation times. The pattern in average yearly hatching success rates were significantly related to the average monthly air temperatures in July suggesting that lower hatching success rates during the month of July were a result of higher temperatures during this time of the hatching season. A better understanding of the effects that air temperature has on loggerhead sea turtle clutches in Broward County can provide future insights for the fluctuating survival rates of sea turtle clutches and if the changes are natural or the result of conservation efforts.