Konkurrenslagstiftningarna i USA och EU är ledande på konkurrensområdet i världen idag. Förbudet mot missbruk av dominerande ställning i artikel 102 FEUF och monopolistisk maktposition i section 2 Sherman Act, utgör en central del av de konkurrensrättsliga regelverken i EU och USA. Reglerna delar många likheter, men de skiljer sig åt till viss del angående reglernas syfte, formulering samt hur de tillämpas av konkurrensmyndigheter och domstolar. Den ökande digitaliseringen i samhället, i kombination med teknisk utveckling, har skapat en ny form av marknader, så kallade new economy industries, som skiljer sig åt från traditionella marknader. De nya digitala marknaderna saknar geografiska begränsningar och kännetecknas av innovation som konkurrensmässig drivkraft. Google är den mest använda digitala sökmotorn i EU och USA. Bolaget har varit under utredning av konkurrensmyndigheterna i båda rättsordningar sedan år 2010. Genom att främja sina egna tjänster i sökresultaten, anklagas Google för att hindra konkurrerande aktörer från att beträda marknaden och därmed hämma konkurrensen. Det är första gången som artikel 102 FEUF och section 2 Sherman Act tillämpas på en sökmotor. De traditionella verktyg som konkurrensmyndigheterna använder sig av vid utredningar enligt artikel 102 FEUF och section 2 Sherman Act, går dock inte att applicera tillfredsställande på digitala marknader. De konkurrensrättsliga regelverken i EU och USA har inte anpassats efter de digitala marknadernas särskilda förutsättningar, vilket skapar en osäkerhet kring konkurrensrättens effektivitet. Skillnaderna mellan rättsordningarnas tillämpning av artikel 102 FEUF och section 2 Sherman Act på Googles agerande, grundar sig således främst på de digitala marknadernas särskilda förutsättningar och det osäkra rättsläget. En reformering av de konkurrensrättsliga regelverken i EU och USA är därför nödvändig, för att säkerställa att digitala marknader i framtiden kan regleras ur ett konkurrensrättsligt perspektiv.

No description available.

L’expérience Tokai-to-Kamioka (T2K), située au Japon, étudie les oscillations des neutrinos et anti-neutrinos muoniques. Elle se donne pour objectif de mesurer les paramètres de la matrice de mélange, en particulier l’angle de mélange θ13 et la phase de violation de la symétrie CP. L’incertitude principale sur ces mesures provient de la méconnaissance des interactions des neutrinos avec les noyaux des divers matériaux composant les détecteurs. Afin de réduire ces erreurs systématiques, le détecteur WAGASCI, composé d’un réseau de barres de scintillateurs dans une cuve d’eau, a été construit et installé en 2016 sur le site de J-PARC à Tokai.Nous présentons dans cette thèse le phénomène d’oscillation des neutrinos et les effets nucléaires qui permettent de décrire les interactions entre neutrinos et noyaux. Nous illustrons également la construction du premier module WAGASCI – appelé le WaterModule – effectuée à l’automne 2015 ainsi que les études d’étalonnage de la réponse en énergie du détecteur.Les données collectées avec le WaterModule sont ensuite utilisées pour mesurer la section efficace des interactions par courant chargé des neutrinos muoniques produisant un pion dans l’état final (canal CC1π). Nous présentons ainsi les étapes menant à cette mesure : l’identification des particules, la sélection d’un échantillon d’évènements candidats puis l’étude des incertitudes statistiques et systématiques. Pour extraire la section efficace en fonction de l’angle et de l’impulsion du muon, nous utilisons une méthode statistique (unfolding) itérative pour laquelle un critère de convergence doit être établi ; nous présentons cette méthode ainsi qu’un moyen de construire un critère de convergence dicté par les données.Cette mesure, comme l’ensemble des mesures effectuées avec le détecteur WAGASCI, contribuera à réduire de manière significative les incertitudes systématiques de l’expérience T2K, ouvrant la voie à la mesure de la phase de violation de la symétrie CP. / The Tokai-to-Kamioka experiment (T2K), located in Japan, studies oscillations of muon neutrinos and antineutrinos. It aims to measure neutrino mixing parameters, such as the mixing angle θ13 and the CP-symmetry violating phase. The principal uncertainty on these measurements relates to the limited knowledge on neutrino-nucleus interactions on various target materials in the detectors. In order to reduce these systematic uncertainties, the WAGASCI detector – a lattice of scintillator bars in a water tank – has been built and installed in 2016 at J-PARC (Tokai, Japan).In this thesis we introduce neutrino oscillations alongside the nuclear effects required to describe how neutrinos interact with nuclei. We also show how the first WAGASCI module, the so-called WaterModule, was built in autumn 2015 in Tokai. The charge calibration of the WaterModule is also presented.The first WaterModule data are used to measure the muon neutrino charged-current cross section with one charged pion in the final state (CC1π channel). We detail the steps leading to this measurement: the particle identification; the selection of CC1π-candidate events; and the study of statistical and systematic uncertainties. To extract the double differential cross section with respect to muon momentum and angle, we use an iterative unfolding approach that requires a convergence criterion. We present this method and a way to build a data-driven convergence criterion.This measurement, as well as all coming measurements from the full WAGASCI detector, will contribute to significantly reduce the systematic errors for the T2K experiment. We will thus take a step further towards the measurement of the CP-symmetry violating phase.

No description available.

Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, 1980 / Includes bibliographical references. / by Joel Steven Karp. / Ph. D. / Ph. D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Physics

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Physics / Yurii Maravin / In this Dissertation I present a detailed study of ppbar->WZ production using fully leptonic decays of W and Z bosons with electrons and muons in the final state. Data used for the study were collected by the D0 detector at the Fermilab proton-antiproton collider with a center-of-mass energy of 1.96 TeV and correspond to 4.1 fb[surepscript]-1 of integrated luminosity. The most precise measurement of the WZ production cross section is obtained and found to be in a good agreement with the standard model prediction. I also present a search for new phenomena in the WZ production by investigating the coupling between W and Z bosons and by searching for new charged particles that can decay into WZ boson pair. No evidence for new physics is found, and the most stringent limits are set on the anomalous WWZ coupling parameters and masses of charged resonances. This result also sets the stringest limit on one of the possible sources of electroweak symmetry breaking, a low-scale Technicolor with a typical heavy techni-pion hypothesis.

South Africa’s labour legislation went through significant changes recently, with the changes to section 198 of the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 being the most contentious. The purpose of this research was to explore the perceptions of employees in the HR department of an integrated petroleum and chemical company regarding the changes to labour broking and the potential implications of these changes for an integrated petroleum and chemical company and its employees. The qualitative exploratory study was conducted with six employees of a large integrative petroleum and chemical company making use of labour brokers, until data saturation was reached. The data were collected by means of individual interviews and telephonic interviews. The results indicated that the changes to section 198 will have some positive and negative implications. The positive implications for an organisation included more productive employees and the ability to identify high-quality employees more easily. The positive implications for the company's employees are that the lower-income employees will be protected, the new legislation will provide permanent employment and there will be better dispute resolution procedures. The negative implications to the changes to section 198 for the organisation, include for instance higher costs, the drafting of new policies and guidelines and less employment flexibility. Negative implications for the employees include unemployment, negative attitudes towards the organisation, poor employability and a situation where the current and/or permanent employees have to do all the work. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)

Scanning Laser Epitaxy (SLE) is a new laser-based layer-by-layer generative manufacturing technology being developed in the Direct Digital Manufacturing Laboratory at Georgia Tech. SLE allows creation of geometrically complex three-dimensional components with as-desired microstructure through controlled melting and solidification of stationary metal-alloy powder placed on top of like-chemistry substrates. The proposed research seeks to garner knowledge about the fundamental physics of SLE through simulation-based studies and apply this knowledge for hot section turbine component repair and ultimately extend the process capability to enable one-step manufacture of complex gas turbine components. Prior methods of repair specifically for hot-section Ni-base superalloys have shown limited success, failed to consistently maintain epitaxy in the repaired part and suffered from several mechanical and metallurgical defects. The use of a fine focused laser beam, close thermal control and overlapping raster scan pattern allows SLE to perform significantly better on a range of so-called “non-weldable” Ni-base superalloys. The process capability is expanded further through closed-loop feedback control of melt pool temperature using an infra-red thermal camera. The process produces dense, crack-free and epitaxial deposit for single-crystal (SX) (CMSX4), equiaxed (René-80, IN 100) and directionally solidified (DS) (René-142) Ni-based superalloys. However, to enable consistent and repeatable production of defect-free parts and future commercial implementation of the technology several concerns related to process capabilities and fundamental physics need to be addressed. To explore the process capability, the fabricated components are characterized in terms of several geometrical, mechanical and metallurgical parameters. An active-contour based image analysis technique has been developed to obtain several microstructural responses from the optical metallography of sample cross-sections and the process goes through continuous improvement through optimization of the process parameters through subsequent design of experiments. The simulation-based study is aimed at developing a multiphysics model that captures the fundamental physics of the fabrication process and allows the generation of constitutive equations for microstructural transitions and properties. For this purpose, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) finite-volume solver is used to model the melting and solidification process. The development work also focuses on studying process response to different superalloy materials and implementing a multivariate statistical process control that allows efficient management and optimization of the design parameter space. In contrast to the prior work on single-bead laser scan, the model incorporates the raster scan pattern in SLE and the temperature dependent local property variations. The model is validated through thermal imaging data. The flow-thermal model is further tied to an empirical microstructural model through the active-contour based optical image analysis technique, which enables the identification of several microstructural transitions for laser beam describing a raster scan pattern. The CFD model can effectively be coupled with finite element solver to assess the stress and deformation and can be coupled with meso-scale models (Cellular Automata) to predict different microstructural evolutions. The research thus allows extending the SLE process to different superalloy materials, performs statistical monitoring of the process, and studies the fundamental physics of the process to enable formulation of constitutive relations for use in closed-loop feedback control; thus imparting ground breaking capability to SLE to fabricate superalloy components with as-desired microstructures.

Thesis (MMed)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background: During caesarean section mothers can be in different positions. Theatre tables could be tilted laterally, upwards, downwards or flexed and wedges or cushions could be used. There is no consensus on the best positioning at present. Objectives: We assessed all available data on positioning of the mother to determine if there is an ideal position during caesarean section that would improve outcomes. Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (September 2009), PubMed (1966 to 14 September 2009) and manually searched the references of retrieved articles. Selection criteria: Randomised trials of women undergoing caesarean section comparing different positions. Data collection and analysis: Two authors assessed eligibility, trial quality and extracted data. Results: We identified 17 studies with a total of 683 woman included. We included nine studies and excluded eight studies. Included trials were of variably quality with small sample sizes. Most comparisons had data from single trials. This is a shortcoming and applicability of results is limited. The incidence of air embolism was not affected by head up versus horizontal position (risk ratio (RR) 0.91; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.65 to 1.26). We found no change in hypotensive episodes when comparing left lateral tilt (RR 0.11; 95% CI 0.01 to 1.94), right lateral tilt (RR 1.25; 95% CI 0.39 to 3.99) and head down tilt (mean difference (MD) -3.00; 95% CI -8.38 to 2.38) with horizontal positions or full lateral tilt with 15-degree tilt (RR 1.20; 95% CI 0.80 to 1.79). Hypotensive episodes were decreased with manual displacers (RR 0.11; 95% CI 0.03 to 0.45), a right lumbar wedge compared to a right pelvic wedge (RR 1.64; 95% CI 1.07 to 2.53) and increased in right lateral tilt (RR 3.30; 95% CI 1.20 to 9.08) versus left lateral tilt. Position did not affect systolic blood pressure when comparing left lateral tilt (MD 2.70; 95% CI -1.47 to 6.87) or head down tilt (RR 1.07; 95% CI 0.81 to 1.42) to horizontal positions, or full lateral tilt with 15-degree tilt (MD -5.00; 95% CI -11.45 to 1.45). Manual displacers showed decreased fall in mean systolic blood pressure compared to left lateral tilt (MD -8.80; 95% CI -13.08 to -4.52). Position did not affect diastolic blood pressures when comparing left lateral tilt versus horizontal positions. (MD-1.90; 95% CI -5.28 to 1.48). The mean diastolic pressure was lower in head down tilt (MD -7.00; 95% CI -12.05 to -1.95) when compared to horizontal positions. There were no statistically significant changes in maternal pulse rate, five-minute Apgars, maternal blood pH or cord blood pH when comparing different positions. Authors' conclusions There is limited evidence to support or clearly disprove the value of the use of tilting or flexing the table, the use of wedges and cushions or the use of mechanical displacers. Larger studies are needed. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond: Tydens keisersnitte kan moeders in verskillende posisies wees. Teater tafels kan lateraal, opwaarts, afwaarts of gebuig word, of 'n wig en kussings kan gebruik word. Op die oomblik is daar geen konsensus oor die beste posisie nie. Doelwitte: Ons het alle beskikbare data oor die plasing van die moeder ondersoek, met die doel om 'n ideale posisie vir 'n verbeterde uitkoms tydens 'n keisersnit vas te stel. Metodes: Ons het die “Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register“ (September 2009), PubMed (1966 tot 14 September 2009) deursoek en die herwinde artikels se verwysings per hand nagegaan. Keuringskriteria: Gerandomiseerde proewe van vroue wat keisersnitte ondergaan het, is in verskillende posisies vergelyk. Data insameling en analise: Twee outeurs het die kwaliteit, die geskiktheid en data van die studie beoordeel. Resultate: Ons het 17 studies geidentifiseer wat 'n totaal van 683 vroue ingesluit het. Ons het nege studies ingesluit en agt uitgesluit. Die ingeslote studies was van wisselvallige gehalte en die monster groepe was klein. Die meeste vergelykings het data van enkele studies gegee. Dit is 'n tekortkoming en die bruikbaarheid van die resultate is beperk. Die plasing van kop-op teenoor horisontale posisie het die voorkomssyfer van lug embolisme nie geaffekteer nie.(risiko verhouding RR 0.91;95% 95% vertroue interval Cl 0.65 tot 1.26). Daar is geen hipotensiewe veranderinge gevind toe 'n vergelyking gemaak is tussen linker laterale kantel (RR 0.11; 95% Cl 0.01 tot 1.94) regter laterale kantel (RR 1.25; 95% Cl 0.39 tot 3.99) en kop-af kantel (“mean difference” MD -3.00; 95%Cl -8.38 tot 2.38) teenoor horisontale posisies of volle laterale kantel met 'n 15 grade kantel nie (RR 1.20;95% Cl 0.8. tot 1.79). Hipotensiewe episodes het verminder met hand verplasers (RR 0.11; 95% Cl 0.03 tot 0.45), 'n regter lumbale wig in vergelyking met 'n regter bekken wig (RR 1.64; 95% Cl 1.07 tot 2.53) en 'n vermeerdering van die regter laterale kantel (RR3.30; 95% Cl 1.20 tot 9.08) teenoor die linker laterale kantel. In die vergelyking tussen die posisie van linker laterale kantel (MD 2.70; 95% Cl -1.47 tot 6.87) of kop-af kantel (RR 1.07; 95% Cl 0.81 tot 1.42) teenoor horisontale posisies, of volle laterale kantel met 15 grade kantel (MD -5.00; 95% Cl -11.45 tot 1.45) het die posisie nie die sistoliese bloeddruk geaffekteer nie. Hand verplasers het 'n verminderde daling in gemiddelde sistoliese bloeddruk veroorsaak in vergelyking met linker laterale kantel plasing (MD -8.80;95% Cl-13.08 tot -4.52). In die vergelyking tussen linker laterale kantel en horisontale posisie was daar geen effek op die diastoliese bloeddruk nie (MD -1.90; 95% Cl -5.28 tot1.48). Die gemiddelde diastoliese druk was laer in die kop-af kantel (MD -7.00; 95% Cl -12.05 tot -1.95) in vergelyking met horisontale posisies. In die vergelyking tussen die verskillende posisies was daar geen betekenisvolle statistiese veranderinge in die moeder se polstempo, vyf minute Apgartellings, moederlike bloed pH of naelstringbloed pH nie. Outeur se gevolgtrekkings: Daar is beperkte getuienis om die waarde van kantel, buiging van tafel, die gebruik van wieë en kussings of die gebruik van maganiese verplasers te ondersteun of totaal te verwerp. Groter studies is nodig.

Thesis (MMed)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Objective: To review the difference in short term neonatal and maternal outcomes among singleton infants with breech presentation delivered by vaginal or elective caesarean section route at term, at Tygerberg Academic Hospital (TBH) in Cape Town. The study design was a retrospective case control study. Method: Part I A total of 120 patients were selected. 60 vaginal breech deliveries and 60 elective caesarean sections for breech presentation (comprising the control group). 60 cases of vaginal deliveries were collected and 60 control cases of planned elective caesarean sections, where the indication for CS was breech presentation, were collected in the same manner. Part II Nineteen registrars completed a questionnaire regarding their subjective experiences of vaginal breech deliveries at Tygerberg Academic Hospital. Results: Part I An analysis of the results found statistically significant differences in maternal ages between the two groups, with younger women delivering by CS; gravidity and parity was lower in the CS group; blood loss was observed to be higher in the CS group with more women requiring a blood transfusion when compared to vaginal delivery; there were more neonatal admissions in the vaginal delivery group as well as more birth trauma, neonatal seizures and death in this group; Apgar scores were higher in the CS group and finally, neonates born by CS were more commonly discharged at the same time as their mothers in the CS group. Part II When analyzing the registrar questionnaire it can be noted that although clinicians are performing an adequate number of breech vaginal deliveries, with an average of 10 deliveries per year, the skills training for clinicians is invaluable. Not all registrars learned skills from a senior clinician and skills training in skills labs are essential for initial and even continual training of these clinicians. It is suggested that these skills training programs be made compulsory for all registrars and that a biyearly attendance and completing of such a course be mandatory for those wishing to work in the labour ward. Conclusions: Although not statistically significant, there was more morbidity and mortality associated with vaginal breech delivery. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Doel: Om die korttermyn neonatale en moederlike uitkomste van enkeling swangerskappe met stuitligging wat vaginaal of met elektiewe keisersnee verlos is by die Tygerberg Akademiese Hospitaal in Kaapstad, te bepaal. Die werkstuk is ‘n retrospektiewe gekontroleerde-gevallestudie. Metode: Deel 1 ‘n Totaal van 120 pasiënte is gekies. 60 gevalle van vaginale stuitverlossings en 60 kontrolegevalle van beplande elektiewe keisersnitte waar die indikasie stuitligging was. Deel 2 Negentien kliniese assistente het die vraelys oor hul persoonlike ervaring van vaginale stuitverlossing by die Tygerberg Akademiese Hospitaal ingevul. Resultate: Deel 1 ‘n Ontleding van die resultate wys statisties betekenisvolle verskille in die moederouderdom van die twee groepe, met meer jong vroue wat met keisernit geboorte gee. Graviditiet en pariteit was laer in die keisersnit-groep. Bloedverlies was hoër in die keisersnit-groep en in vergelyking met die vaginale verlossings met meer vroue wat bloedoortapping benodig. In die vaginale verlossingsgroep was meer neonatale toelatings nodig asook meer geboortetrauma, neonatale konvulsies en sterftes. Apgar-tellings was hoër in die keisersnitgroep en neonate wat met ‘n keisersnitte gebore is, is meer dikwels saam met hul moeders ontslaan. Deel II Ontleding van die vraelys vir kliniese assistente wys dat hoewel klinici ‘n genoegsame getal van gemiddeld 10 vaginale stuitverlossings per jaar uitvoer, vaardigheidsopleiding vir klinici van onskatbare waarde sal wees. Nie alle kliniese assistente leer vaardighede by senior klinici nie en opleiding in ‘n vaardigheidslaboratorium is noodsaaklik vir die aanvanklike en selfs voortdurende opleiding van dié kliniese assistente. Dit word voorgestel dat hierdie vaardigheidkursusse verpligtend gemaak word vir alle kliniese asssistente en bywoning en voltooiing van die kursus twee maal per jaar verpligtend moet wees vir diegene wat in ‘n kraamsaal wil werk. Gevolgtrekking: Vaginale stuitverlossings, hoewel nie stastisties betekenisvol nie, het met meer morbiditeit en sterftes gepaardgegaan.