Division 8 is a prototype single player adventure game that challenges players to solve a story in a sci-fi fantasy world. Based on an Afrofuturist framework, Division 8 is designed to educate, engage and inform players on the affordable housing crisis. The concept of Division 8 is to parallel the section 8 housing vouchers system. In the United States, housing choice vouchers (popularly known as “Section 8”), subsidizes families’ rental payments so they can lease housing that they would otherwise not be able to afford.[1] Unlike games like the Redistricting game and the Westchester game that attempt to capture the housing crisis and housing history of the United States, Division 8 utilizes an interactive narrative to integrate players traveling through the reality of the public housing system. The objective of the game is to explore the convoluted paths and unravel the incentives of characters in the affordable housing crisis. Players will click through different character interactions and dialogue boxes to investigate, analyze and garner information. In making moves, players must consider not only the stories that will assist in solving the puzzle of surviving the housing system, but also the inherent knowledge and subtle clues that are embedded within the game’s framework. The end-state is reached once the player discovers the incentives of characters and ultimately, what decisions lead to the unsuccessful policies of the public housing system.

Several aesthetic, health, and plumbing quality issues can arise during new construction or renovation of premise plumbing. There has been little research done on many of these concerns and therefore few guidelines or regulations are in place to protect the health of the consumer or the integrity of the plumbing infrastructure. This work examines common construction practices including: 1) effect of residual construction debris, 2) shock chlorination of new plumbing lines, and 3) lead leaching propensity of new brass ball valves. During installation of plumbing systems, residual chemicals and debris including copper brass particles and flux, can be left in plumbing lines following construction and installation. This debris is considered undesirable from health, aesthetic, and corrosion perspectives. Soldering flux is of particular concern due to its corrosive nature. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of residual solder flux, PVC glue, and metallic debris and to quantify flushing velocities and durations to effectively remove them from a new plumbing system. A flushing velocity of 3 fps for 30 minutes is needed to remove water soluble flux, while petroleum based flux still persists after extensive flushing at 7 fps. Currently a practice known as shock chlorination, whereby super chlorinated water is used for disinfection, is used in water mains after installation or repair as specified in the ANSI/AWWA C651 Standard. This practice is now starting to be required by some building codes in premise plumbing for new construction. Water mains are typically made of concrete where as premise plumbing using copper or PVC piping. Copper pipe is susceptible to attack by high chlorine, and this reaction will also remove the chlorine residual. There is concern about potential damage to copper from free chlorine and that in some systems targeted residuals of chlorine might not be obtained. Experiments did not detect serious damage to copper pipe, but in some waters it was not possible to meet targeted residual levels of chlorine. The addition of orthophosphate corrosion inhibitor or adjustment of pH can sometimes reduce the chlorine decay rate. Extremely high and persistent lead leaching in a brand new building at the University of North Carolina (UNC) traced to leaded bronze ball valves, prompted an extensive forensic evaluation how existing standards (National Sanitation Foundation Section 8) could allow for installation of products that could create a human health hazard due to high lead. Diffusion of lead from within the device to water in the pipe, high velocity, microbial activity and other factors caused more leaching in practice than would be expected based on NSF testing and normalization factors applied to certify a valve as safe. Moreover, use of flux during soldering of joints, increased lead leaching by orders of magnitude relative to results of NSF testing without flux. / Master of Science

The ban on lead plumbing materials in the Safe Drinking Water Act (1986) and the EPA Lead and Copper Rule (1991) have successfully reduced lead contamination of potable water supplies. The success of these regulations gave rise to a belief that serious lead contamination was an important past problem that had been solved, and that additional fundamental research was therefore unnecessary. This work carefully re-examined the lead contamination issue from the perspective of 1) new regulations causing a shift from chlorine to chloramine disinfectant, 2) assumptions guiding sampling strategies, 3) existing performance standards for brass, and 4) galvanically driven corrosion of lead bearing plumbing materials. The results were instrumental in uncovering and understanding a serious problem with lead contamination in Washington, D.C. A critical reading of the literature indicates that chloramines can accelerate corrosion of lead bearing materials and increase lead contamination of water. When a new sampling protocol was conceived and used in Washington homes to assess the nature of the problem, hazardous levels of lead were found to be present in some drinking water samples. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, lead was not always highest in first draw samples, but often increased with flushing. This has several important implications for monitoring and public health. For instance, well-intentioned public education materials were causing consumers to drink water containing very high levels of lead in some circumstances. Laboratory and field-testing proved that chloramines were causing serious lead corrosion problems. That testing also discovered that, unbeknownst to scientists and utilities, free chlorine itself can act as a corrosion inhibitor, reducing lead solubility and contamination of water. The net result is that changing disinfectant from free chlorine to chloramine can sometimes trigger serious lead contamination of water. While the worst problems with lead in Washington, D.C. came from the lead services, significant levels of lead were occasionally sampled from homes with solders or brass as the lead source. This prompted re-evaluation of the ANSI/NSF 61, Section 8 standard, which is relied on to protect public health from in-line brass plumbing devices that might leach excessive lead to potable water. In-depth study of the standard revealed serious flaws arising from use of a phosphate buffer in the test waters and a failure to control carbonate dissolution from the atmosphere. Due to these deficiencies, small devices made of pure lead could actually pass the performance test. The public therefore has no assurance that devices passing NSF Section 8 testing are safe and reforms to the standard are obviously needed. Other problems arise from connecting copper pipe to lead bearing plumbing in practice. The copper is cathodic and dramatically accelerates corrosion of the lead anode via a galvanic current. Corrosion and hydrolysis of released Pb²⁺ can lower pH near the surface of the lead and increase its solubility. A similar galvanic effect can arise from cupric ions present in the water via deposition corrosion mechanism. In cases where part of a lead service line is replaced by copper pipe, the galvanic corrosion effect can create a serious long-term problem with lead contamination. Such partial lead service line replacements are occurring in many US cities and the practice should be stopped. Lead contamination of potable water is not only a problem of the past but also of the present. While additional research is necessary before regulators, utilities and homeowners can anticipate and mitigate such problems with confidence, this work provides sound fundamental basis for future progress. / Master of Science

In 1995, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) took over the Chicago Housing Authority (CHA) on grounds of mismanagement and failure to revitalize a failing housing stock. When the CHA regained independence five years later, in 2000, the agency launched the most extensive redevelopment effort of public housing in the nation’s history. This paper assesses the extent to which the CHA has succeeded in meeting the directive outlined by the Plan for Transformation. It concludes that, despite setbacks in meeting specific goals, the CHA has demonstrated itself to be an effective and accountable housing agency. Nonetheless, the CHA needs to addresses shortcomings in the transparency of management, efficiency of operations, and accessibility of services.

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The Department of Housing and Urban Development is the primary public agency responsible for providing housing subsidies to low-income households. The Home Choice Voucher Program (HCVP) is currently the most significant housing subsidy. The voucher can be transferred to any location where the landlord is registered with the local housing agency to participate in the program. The mobility of the voucher is designed to decrease concentrations of low-income households in areas that lack economic, educational, and social opportunities. The results of the study found that race and income have a strong negative impact on the percentage of subsidized households and rental units. The findings also show that median area rents have a negative impact on subsidized households, while home values have a negative impact on subsidized rental units. There are more subsidized households and rental units in highly populated with many households living in areas with more transit stops. finally, the data showed that jobs paying under $3,333 per month had a negative impact on the percentage of subsidized housing units. These outcomes can provide insight for HUD and public housing agencies to assist in the utilization of subsidies and encourage more landlord participation to add units to the current housing supply. The geographical selection of subsidized households and units can help promote better housing options for voucher recipients.