Archaeological sites in the North Central Hills of Mississippi consist mostly of Woodland period occupations, which grew gradually in size over time. The ways in which these occupations grew can be explained potentially through various models of aggregation, in which occupations nucleated together, grew to absorb other occupations, or otherwise increased in size. In this study, temporal ordering through seriation, site size change over time, and rank size analysis appear to indicate that these sites increased gradually over time from the Tchula through Baytown periods, indicating potential adherence to an aggregation growth model.

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Les maladies chroniques constituent l'un des défis du 21ème siècle. La Broncho-pneumopathie chronique obstructive est une maladie respiratoire caractéristique de ces maladies, en raison de son caractère hétérogène et de ses répercussions systémiques. Parmi celles-ci, la dysfonction musculaire périphérique est cruciale, mais ses liens avec l'atteinte pulmonaire restent mal expliqués. La réduction d'activité physique a été le premier lien proposé, mais le remodelage musculaire dans la BPCO est bien différent à celui observé chez des sujets déconditionnés (possiblement en raison d'une exposition à la sédentarité plus ancienne et importante), et d'autres facteurs tels le stress oxydant ont été incriminés. La comparaison directe de la dysfonction musculaire périphérique de BPCO à celle de sujets sains sédentaires est limitée par l'hétérogénéité de l'atteinte musculaire. Enfin, chez les patients BPCO, le réentrainement n'a jamais fait la preuve d'adaptations musculaires similaires à celles de sujets sains sédentaires. L'objectif de cette thèse est donc la mise en évidence du rôle exact de la réduction d'activité physique et de l'exercice dans la dysfonction musculaire périphérique hétérogène de la BPCO. Nous montrons que l'exposition à la l'inactivité au cours de la vie n'est pas plus importante dans la BPCO que chez des sujets sains sédentaires. Parallèlement, il existe des phénotypes de dysfonction musculaire dans la BPCO. Cependant, quel que soit le phénotype considéré, il persiste des anomalies ultrastructurales entre patients BPCO et sujets sains de même niveau d'activité physique. Finalement, un même programme de réentrainement à l'effort n'a pas entrainé les mêmes adaptations fonctionnelles, morphologiques et angiogéniques que chez les sujets sains sédentaires.En conclusion, ces différents travaux remettent en cause le paradigme classique de la spirale du déconditionnement dans la BPCO et ouvrent des pistes pour l'optimisation de la réhabilitation respiratoire. / Chronic diseases are one of the medical challenges of the 21st century. The chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is paradigmatic of this type of diseases, because of its heterogeneity, and its systemic repercussions. The peripheral muscle dysfunction constitutes a key-repercussion in COPD. However, the links between this muscle dysfunction and the pulmonary impairment remain poorly understood.The physical activity reduction has been the first link proposed. However, the magnitude of structural muscle remodeling in COPD differs to the one of deconditioned sedentary subjects (though, this could be the consequence of greater and older inactivity in COPD), and other factors like the oxidative stress have been incriminated. The peripheral muscle dysfunction in COPD patients has never been directly compared to the one of healthy subjects of the same physical activity level, and is limited by the heterogeneity of the muscle dysfunction in COPD patients. Last, the exercise training has never shown similar muscle response in COPD patients as compared to healthy sedentary subjects. The aim of this PhD Thesis was to understand the exact contribution the physical inactivity and the exercise training in the heterogeneous peripheral muscle, dysfunction in COPD patients.First, we observed that the lifetime physical activity was not greater in COPD patients as compared to lifetime sedentary healthy subjects. In another hand, we showed phenotypes of peripheral muscle dysfunction in COPD patients. However, and whatever the phenotype considered, there was significantly more ultra-structural damage in COPD patients vs. healthy sedentary subjects. Last, a similar exercise training program did not induce similar functional, histo-morphological and angiogenic muscle responses in COPD patients vs. healthy sedentary subjects.Altogether, our work challenges the classical paradigm of the COPD spiral of decline and open doors to research on other specific pathways of the field of muscle dysfunction in COPD in order to optimize the pulmonary rehabilitation.

Site 38CH1693 is a coastal site located in Charleston County, South Carolina. Thom’s Creek ceramics place the site in the Late Archaic/Early Woodland Period and radiocarbon dating corroborates this, placing the features present between 3650 and 3950 BP. Faunal analysis was undertaken to assess seasonality in order to understand the occupations that occurred at the site. Faunal seasonality, botanical seasonality, and sedentariness indicators are used to determine the sedentariness of the site. The presence of certain marine fish species is one of the most important seasonality indicators used. It is determined from the available evidence that at least one short-duration, year-round occupation is represented by the materials recovered at 38CH1693. Site 38CH1693 does not fit into the current Late Archaic settlement pattern models for the coast, calling for a reevaluation of these settlement pattern models and the sedentary sites within them.

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