In many higher plants, seed oil accumulation is governed by complex multilevel regulatory networks including transcriptional regulation, which primarily affects fatty acid biosynthesis. Tree peony (), a perennial deciduous shrub endemic to China is notable for its seed oil that is abundant in unsaturated fatty acids. We discovered that a tree peony trihelix transcription factor, PrASIL1, localized in the nucleus, is expressed predominantly in developing seeds during maturation. Ectopic overexpression of in leaf tissue and seeds significantly reduced total fatty acids and altered the fatty acid composition. These changes were in turn associated with the decreased expression of multitudinous genes involved in plastidial fatty acid synthesis and oil accumulation. Thus, we inferred that PrASIL1 is a critical transcription factor that represses oil accumulation by down-regulating numerous key genes during seed oil biosynthesis. In contrary, up-regulation of oil biosynthesis genes and a significant increase in total lipids and several major fatty acids were observed in silenced tree peony leaves. Together, these results provide insights into the role of trihelix transcription factor PrASIL1 in controlling seed oil accumulation. can be targeted potentially for oil enhancement in tree peony and other crops through gene manipulation.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.796181.].

O objetivo geral deste estudo foi avaliar, em ratos, o efeito do óleo da semente de romã (PSO) sobre o perfil lipídico tecidual e sua influência sobre parâmetros bioquímicos em processos oxidativos. Foi realizada a caracterização do PSO, confirmando a presença do ácido punícico (PA; 55%) como ácido graxo majoritário e a alta concentração de fitosteróis (539mg/100g), bem como a presença de vitamina E (175mg/100g). O PSO apresentou-se dentro dos padrões de qualidade e a sua estabilidade oxidativa foi melhor em comparação ao óleo de linhaça. A suplementação de ratos saudáveis com o PSO, por via intragástrica durante 40 dias, não afetou o ganho de peso total e o peso dos tecidos muscular (gastrocnêmio) e adiposos (epididimal e retroperitonial). No entanto o PA foi metabolizado e incorporado na forma de ácido linoléico conjugado, sendo dose-dependete nos tecidos hepático, muscular, cardíaco, renal e adiposos. No cérebro, não foram observados ácidos graxos conjugados, mas as substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) apresentaram-se significativamente reduzidas nos animais suplementados com PSO, em relação ao controle. De modo geral, os resultados mostram que o PSO não provoca alterações no metabolismo lipídico e não participa do processo de inibição da oxidação em animais saudáveis. Em ratos submetidos ao estresse oxidativo hepático pelo tetracloreto de carbono (CCl4), a suplementação com PSO durante 21 dias não foi capaz de prevenir o quadro de estresse oxidativo, indicando que este óleo não tem efeito antioxidante utilizando esse modelo animal; embora a análise histológica tenha mostrado menores áreas lesionadas no parênquima hepático nos grupos tratados. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho contribui com a literatura fornecendo mais informações a respeito do uso dos ácidos graxos conjugados, bem como do PSO em organismos saudáveis e submetidos à estresse oxidativo. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pomegranate seed oil (PSO) on tissue lipid profile and its influence on biochemical parameters in oxidative processes of Wistar rats. Characterization of PSO was carried out, confirming the presence of the punicic acid (PA, 55%) as the major fatty acid present in the oil and high concentrations of phytosterols (539mg/100g) were also observed, as well as the presence of vitamin E (175mg/100g). The PSO was within quality standards and it presented a higher oxidative stability as compared to flaxseed oil. The supplementation of healthy rats with the PSO via gavage during 40 days did not affect weight gain and total weight of muscle (gastrocnemius) and adipose (epididymal and retroperitoneal) tissues. However, PA was metabolized and incorporated as CLAs in a dose-dependent manner in the liver, muscle, heart, kidney and adipocytes. In the brain, conjugated fatty acids were not detected, but the values of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were significantly reduced in animals supplemented with PSO as compared to the control group. Overall, the results showed that the PSO caused no changes in the lipid metabolism and did not inhibit tne oxidation in healthy animals. In rats that underwent hepatic oxidative stress by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), the PSO supplementation for 21 days was not able to prevent the oxidative stress, indicating that this oil has no antioxidant effect using this animal model; although histological analysis has shown less injured areas in the liver parenchyma in the test groups. The results obtained in this study are a good addition to the literature once it provided more information about the use of conjugated fatty acids as well as garnered useful information about the effects of consumption of PSO in oxidative stress-induced rats.

O carcinoma hepatocelular (HCC) apresenta mau prognóstico o que torna importante sua quimioprevenção. Nesse sentido, a tributirina (TB), um inibidor de desacetilases de histonas (HDACi), mostrou-se um quimiopreventivo promissor da hepatocarcinogênese. Avaliaram-se aqui efeitos quimiopreventivos de lipídios estruturados (EST) obtidos por interesterificação enzimática a partir da TB com o óleo de linhaça (LIN). Ratos foram tratados com EST (grupo EST; 165 mg/100g peso corpóreo [p.c]), TB (grupo TB; 200 mg/100g p.c), LIN (grupo LIN; 133 mg/100g p.c), mistura de TB com LIN (grupo LIN; 165 mg/100g p.c) ou maltodextrina (MD) (grupo MD; controle isocalórico; 300 mg/100g p.c) diariamente durante 8 semanas consecutivas por gavagem. Duas semanas após início dos tratamentos, os animais foram submetidos ao modelo de hepatocarcinogênese do \"hepatócito resistente\" (RH). Os grupos EST e TB apresentaram atividade quimiopreventiva bloqueadora e supressora, respectivamente, da hepatocarcinogênese. TB induziu a apoptose, ao contrário dos EST. O tratamento com TB resultou na acetilação e trimetilação da H3K9 e H3K27, enquanto EST atuaram somente na trimetilação das mesmas. Quando analisada a expressão de genes envolvidos com modificações em histonas, EST e TB reduziram a expressão de Ezh2 e de Hdac4. Por outro lado, somente os EST aumentaram a expressão de Hdac6. Tal efeito por parte dos EST merece ser mais investigado, uma vez que esta desacetilase vem sendo sugerida como alvo potencial para o desenvolvimento de fármacos. Em conclusão, a atividade quimiopreventiva de EST e da TB envolve na hepatocarcinogênese experimental mecanismos epigenéticos que podem ou não ser distintos. / Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a poor prognosis, which makes its chemoprevention important. Tributyrin (TB), which is a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), is a promising chemopreventive agent of hepatocarcinogenesis. The chemopreventive effects of structured lipids (STLs) that were obtained by the enzymatic interesterification of TB with flaxseed oil (FSO) were evaluated in the present study. Rats were treated with STLs (STL group, 165 mg/100 g body weight (bw)), TB (TB group, 200 mg/100 g bw), FSO (FSO group, 133 mg/100 g bw), TB mixed with FSO (BLD group, 165 mg/100g bw) or maltodextrin (MD) (MD group; isocaloric control; 300 mg/100 g bw) daily for eight consecutive weeks by gavage. Two weeks after the initiation of treatment, the animals were subjected to the resistant hepatocyte hepatocarcinogenesis model (RH). The STL and TB groups developed blocker and suppressive chemopreventive activity against hepatocarcinogenesis, respectively. TB treatment induced apoptosis, unlike the STL treatment. Additionally, TB treatment resulted in the acetylation and trimethylation of H3K9 and H3K27, whereas the STLs acted only in the trimethylation of these histones. When analyzing the expression of genes involved in histone modifications, the STLs and TB reduced enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (Ezh2) and histone deacetylase 4 (Hdac4) gene expression. Conversely, only the STLs increased Hdac6 gene expression. This effect of the STLs warrants further investigation because this deacetylase has been suggested as a potential drug development target. In conclusion, the chemopreventive activities of the STLs and TB in experimental hepatocarcinogenesis involve epigenetic mechanisms that may be distinct.

Submitted by NATÁLIA BASSAN null (nataliabassan27@hotmail.com) on 2018-01-16T16:16:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Diseertassão _NATALIA_IMPRESSA_15 janeiro 2018_AN vancouver_CORRIGIDA_Repósitório.doc: 2779648 bytes, checksum: 02c7a7808d0127cdc16506f50f009392 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Irani Coito null (irani@fcfar.unesp.br) on 2018-01-18T10:31:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Diseertassão _NATALIA_IMPRESSA_15 janeiro 2018_AN vancouver_CORRIGIDA_Repósitório.doc: 2779648 bytes, checksum: 02c7a7808d0127cdc16506f50f009392 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-18T10:31:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Diseertassão _NATALIA_IMPRESSA_15 janeiro 2018_AN vancouver_CORRIGIDA_Repósitório.doc: 2779648 bytes, checksum: 02c7a7808d0127cdc16506f50f009392 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-28 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Objetivo: o presente trabalho teve como objetivo a síntese enzimática de lipídeos estruturados a partir dos óleos de semente de uva e algodão, especificamente os triglicerídeos dietéticos do tipo MLM (médio:longo:médio), ou seja, aqueles que possuem ácidos graxos de cadeia média (M), em posições sn-1 e sn-3, e de cadeia longa (L), na posição interna da molécula de triacilglicerol. Métodos: fez-se a caracterização das matérias primas (óleos de semente de uva e algodão) e dos TAGs (triglicerídeos) modificados em relação aos índices de acidez, peróxido, perfil em ácidos graxos por cromatografia gasosa e determinação da posição sn-2. Determinou-se as atividades de hidrólise e de esterificação das lipases empregadas. Utilizou-se um planejamento de experimentos (DCCR- Central Composite Rotatable Design) para verificar a influência de razão molar e temperatura sobre o grau de incorporação (GI) do ácido graxo de cadeia média. Por fim fez-se a caracterização hidrodinâmica do reator de leito fixo e/ou empacotado. Resultados: os resultados mostraram que as matérias primas estão dentro dos padrões de especificação (0,6 mg KOH/g para acidez e 10 meq/kg para peróxido), fornecendo valores semelhantes, independentemente do óleo analisado. Os óleos foram ainda caracterizados quanto à composição em ácidos graxos por cromatografia gasosa. Ambos apresentaram altas quantidades de ácidos graxos insaturados, ressaltando-se o essencial ácido linoleico (C18:2n6). Em seguida, foram efetuadas reações de acidólise, visando-se à seleção do ácido graxo e do biocatalisador. Para o óleo de uva, foram obtidos valores de grau de incorporação (GI, %) que variaram de 23,62±1,34 a 34,53±0,05%. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos empregando-se C10 como ácido graxo e a lipase Lipozyme RM IM (34,53±0,05%). Para o óleo de algodão, os melhores resultados de GI também foram obtidos empregando-se C10:0 e a lipase Lipozyme RM IM (36,63±0,23%), e o GI variou de 22,92±4,35 a 36,63±0,23%. Finalmente, realizou-se um planejamento de experimentos (DCCR) que avaliou a influência de razão molar e temperatura sobre o grau de incorporação, observando-se que apenas razão molar obteve influência significativa sobre o grau de incorporação. Com relação às reações de acidólise em leito fixo, estas foram conduzidas empregando-se tempo espacial de 1 hora, e o GI máximo foi em torno de 35% para ambos os óleos. Conclusão: diante do exposto, foi possível sintetizar triglicerídeos dietéticos do tipo MLM a partir dos óleos de semente de uva e algodão, utilizando reatores de tanque agitado e leito fixo. / Objective: the objective of the present work was the enzymatic synthesis of structured lipids from grape and cottonseed oils, specifically the MLM type dietary triglycerides, that is, those with medium chain fatty acids (M), in positions sn-1 and sn-3, and long-chain (L), in the internal position of the triacylglycerol molecule. Methods: The raw materials (grape and cottonseed oils) and the modified TAGs (triglycerides) were characterized in relation to the acid, peroxide, fatty acid profile by gas chromatography and the sn-2 position determination. The hydrolysis and esterification activities of the lipases employed were determined. A DCCR (Central Composite Rotatable Design) was used to verify the influence of molar ratio and temperature on the degree of incorporation (ID) of the medium chain fatty acid. Finally, the hydrodynamic characterization of the fixed bed reactor and / or packaged was performed. Results: The results showed that the raw materials are within the specification standards (0.6 mg KOH / g for acidity and 10 meq / kg for peroxide), providing similar values regardless of the oil analyzed. The oils were further characterized for fatty acid composition by gas chromatography. Both presented high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids, emphasizing the essential linoleic acid (C18: 2n6). Then, acidolysis reactions were carried out, aiming at the selection of the fatty acid and the biocatalyst. For the grape oil, values of degree of incorporation (ID,%) ranging from 23.62±1.34 to 34.53±0.05% were obtained. The best results were obtained using C10:0 as fatty acid and Lipozyme RM IM lipase (34.53 ± 0.05%). For cotton oil, the best ID results were also obtained using C10 and Lipozyme RM IM lipase (36.63 ± 0.23%), and ID ranged from 22.92 ± 4.35 to 36.63 ± 0.23%. Finally, an experiment planning (DCCR) was carried out, which evaluated the influence of molar ratio and temperature on the degree of incorporation, observing that only molar ratio had a significant influence on the degree of incorporation. In relation to the fixed bed acidolysis reactions, these were conducted using 1 hour spatial time, and the maximum ID was around 35% for both oils. Conclusion: in view of the above, it was possible to synthesize MLM type dietary triglycerides from the grape and cottonseed oils, using batch and fixed bed reactors. / CNPq: 446371/2014-9

Submitted by ISABELA CRISTINA DE SOUZA MARQUES null (isabelamarques@terra.com.br) on 2016-03-09T16:07:22Z No. of bitstreams: 2 tese isabela cristina de souza marques final.pdf: 6465517 bytes, checksum: 55023e7b2380abb38ca39b874f034c05 (MD5) tese isabela cristina de souza marques final.pdf: 6465517 bytes, checksum: 55023e7b2380abb38ca39b874f034c05 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-03-09T18:03:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marques_ics_dr_jabo.pdf: 6465517 bytes, checksum: 55023e7b2380abb38ca39b874f034c05 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-09T18:03:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marques_ics_dr_jabo.pdf: 6465517 bytes, checksum: 55023e7b2380abb38ca39b874f034c05 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-05 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O presente trabalho, teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial cicatricial do óleo de semente de maracujá. O óleo de semente de maracujá é um fitoterápico, inovador com grandes perspectivas para para acelerar o processo cicatricial de lesões cutâneas. Nesse estudo foram avaliados feridas de equinos e ratos Wistar. Foram feitas avaliações macroscópicas e microscópicas nos equinos e avaliação imunuistoquímica nos ratos Wistar. Nas primeiras avaliações macroscópicas e microscópicas nos equinos, pudemos notar a diferença entre o grupo controle e o grupo tratado com óleo de semente de maracujá, os resultados fora estatisticamente significativos, em relação ao grupo tratado com óleo de semente de maracujá. Quando feita a imunoistoquímica no material biológico coletado dos ratos, obtivemos um resultado significativo, estatisticamente comprovado, avaliando COX-2, TGFβ, VEGF, Alfa Actina, Fator VIII, CD68. São marcadores de extrema importância na evolução cicatricial. Com os resultados obtidos, pudemos comprovar que o fitoterápico, óleo de semente de maracujá é eficiente e a acelera o processo cicatricial. / This study aimed to evaluate the healing potential of passion fruit seed oil. The passion fruit seed oil is a herbal, innovative with great prospects for to accelerate the healing process of skin lesions. In this study were evaluated wounds of horses and Wistar rats. Macroscopic and microscopic evaluations were done in horses and imunuistoquímica assessment in Wistar rats. In the first macroscopic and microscopic evaluations in horses, could tell the difference between the control group and the group treated with passion fruit seed oil, the results had been statistically significant, compared to the group treated with passion fruit seed oil. When done immunohistochemistry biological material collected from the mice, we obtained a significant result, demonstrated statistically evaluating COX-2, TGFb, VEGF, Actin alpha, Factor VIII, CD68. Markers are very important in scar evolution. With the results, we could confirm that the herbal medicine, passion fruit seed oil is efficient and speeds up the healing process. / CNPq: 141919/2013

Dans un contexte de valorisation de la biodiversité, certaines espèces oléagineuses représentent une source intéressante de métabolites actifs. C’est le cas par exemple des espèces du genre Calophyllum qui sont utilisées en médecine traditionnelle pour leurs diverses propriétés. Elles ont déjà fait l’objet de nombreuses études afin de préciser leurs caractéristiques chimiques en relation avec leurs usages traditionnels. En Guadeloupe l’espèce la plus représentée est Calophyllum calaba L. ; l’huile de ses graines est utilisée pour traiter certaines affections dermatologiques (plaies, brûlures…) et lutter contre le vieillissement cutané. Au cours de ce travail, une méthode d’extraction a été mise au point afin de concentrer les métabolites secondaires de l’huile dans une partie appelée « résine ». Une étude chimique approfondie de cette résine a été réalisée par différentes techniques séparatives, analytiques et spectroscopiques. Des fractionnements successifs par chromatographie liquide/solide sur colonne de silice ont conduit à l’isolement de 14 composés. Des études analytiques et spectroscopiques ont permis de déterminer les structures de ces molécules, essentiellement de type pyranochromanone. Parmi ces composés, 4 correspondent à de nouvelles structures identifiées et décrites pour la première fois .L’huile de Galba, ses fractions et produits purs ont ensuite été testés pour leurs activités biologiques relatives à la sphère dermatologique. Leurs propriétés anti-oxydantes ont été déterminées par différentes méthodes in vitro : ORAC, DPPH, BCBT. L’activité anti-inflammatoire a été évaluée par dosage des nitrites et du TNF-α dans une culture cellulaire de macrophages stimulés par le LPS. La mesure de la concentration minimale inhibitrice de ces extraits sur 5 souches bactériennes impliquées dans des pathologies cutanées a permis d’évaluer leur activité antimicrobienne. Leur potentiel cicatrisant a été mis en évidence sur des cultures cellulaires de fibroblastes humains et de kératinocytes HaCaT, de même que leur influence sur la mélanogénèse. Enfin, l’évaluation de la capacité de certaines fractions à inhiber l’élastase et la collagénase montre l’intérêt de l’utilisation de l’huile pour ses propriétés anti-âge. Notre étude a permis de montrer que les activités biologiques de l’huile de Galba sont principalement liées aux métabolites secondaires de la résine. De plus, des précisions ont pu être apportées sur la nature des constituants impliqués dans les différentes activités biologiques étudiées.Ces résultats constituent un appui scientifique à l’utilisation traditionnelle de l’huile de Galba et permettent d’élargir son champ d’application dans le domaine dermocosmétique. / In the context of biodiversity’s valorization, some oleaginous species are a good source of active metabolites. This is the case of Calophyllum species that are used in traditional medicine for their various properties. Many studies have been done on this botanical genus to clarify the chemical composition but also the biological activities of various parts of these plants. In Guadeloupe, Calophyllum calaba L. is the most widespread species, the oil from its seeds is used to treat certain skin problems (wounds, burns ...) and prevent skin aging.During this study, a method of extraction was developed to concentrate the secondary metabolites of the oil in a part called "resin".A thorough study of the chemical compounds of the resin was carried out by various analytical and spectroscopic techniques. Successive fractionations by liquid/solid chromatography on silica column led to the isolation of fourteen compounds. Extensive analytical and spectroscopic studies allowed to know the structures of these molecules which were essentially pyranochromanone type. Among these compounds, four of them correspond to new structures identified and described for the first time.Galba Oil, its fractions and pure products were then tested for different biological activities relative to the dermatological field. The antioxidant properties were determined by various in vitro methods: ORAC, DPPH, BCBT. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by determination of nitrite and TNF-α in cell culture of macrophages stimulated by LPS. The measurement of the minimal inhibitory concentration of these extracts on 5 bacterial strains involved in cutaneous pathologies allowed to know their antimicrobial activity. Their wound-healing potential has been demonstrated in cell cultures of human fibroblasts and keratinocytes HaCaT, as well as their action on melanogenesis. Finally, the ability of certain fractions to inhibit elastase and collagenase may be related to the use of this oil for its anti-aging properties.Our study has shown that most of biological activities were linked to the secondary metabolites of the resin. In addition, some clarifications were made on the nature of the constituents involved in the different biological activities which were studied.These results provide scientific support to the traditional use of Galba oil and broaden its use in the dermocosmetic area.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-10-05T18:50:29Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE_Mariana Barbosa_VERSÃO_BIBLIOTECA_CENTRAL.pdf: 1489451 bytes, checksum: 4e3839e49acb76090a6b6fbb42273bdd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-05T18:50:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE_Mariana Barbosa_VERSÃO_BIBLIOTECA_CENTRAL.pdf: 1489451 bytes, checksum: 4e3839e49acb76090a6b6fbb42273bdd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-01 / Capes / Este trabalho avaliou a presença de compostos bioativos em sementes de alguns representantes de Malvaceae (Basiloxylon brasiliensis (Allemão) K. Schum., Christiania africana DC., Pachira aquatica Aubl., Sterculia foetida L.), Meliaceae (Guarea guidonea (L.) Sleumer) e Sapindaceae (Allophylus puberulus (Cambess.) Radlk. e Paullinia elegans Cambess.) presentes do Brasil, a fim de indicar sua aplicação tecnológica. Observou-se que a maioria das sementes apresentou elevado teor de óleo (> 30%) com predomínio dos ácidos graxos insaturados. Os óleos de G. guidonea, S. foetida e P. aquatica apresentaram maiores níveis de compostos fenólicos, os de C. africana e B. brasiliensis foram mais abundantes em tocóis e β-caroteno e o de B. brasiliensis apresentou maior poder antioxidante. O método de microextração propiciou uma extração mais eficiente dos tocóis e β – caroteno em relação ao método em soxhlet em alguns dos óleos estudadas. Os carboidratos e lipídios foram os principais componentes das sementes e foi observada a presença de açúcares totais e redutores, alcaloides, compostos fenólicos e terpenoides nos extratos orgânicos polares das sementes (metanol 80% e acetona 80%). Os extratos em acetona 80% foram mais abundantes em compostos fenólicos, flavonoides e taninos totais em algumas sementes. As sementes de P. aquatica demonstraram maior teor de compostos fenólicos e, o maior conteúdo de flavonoides, taninos totais e a maior atividade antioxidante foram observados em S. foetida. Os resultados demonstram que as sementes em estudo são ricas em substâncias com propriedades bioativas, especialmente B. brasiliensis, C. africana, S. foetida e P. aquatica, sugerindo-as como fontes alternativas de substâncias com aplicação industrial. / In this work was evaluated the presence of bioactive compounds in the seeds of some representatives from Malvaceae (Basiloxylon brasiliensis (Allemão) K. Schum., DC Christiania africana, Pachira aquatica Aubl., Sterculia foetida L.), Meliaceae (Guarea guidonea (L.) Sleumer) and Sapindaceae (Allophylus puberulus (Cambess.) Radlk. and Paullinia elegans Cambess.) presented in Brazil in order to indicate their possible technological application. It was observed that most of the seeds showed high level of oil (> 30%) with a predominance of unsaturated fatty acids. Oils of G. guidonea, S. foetida and P. aquatica showed higher levels of phenolic compounds, C. africana and B. brasiliensis were more abundant in tocols and β-carotene and B. brasiliensis presented higher antioxidant power. The microextraction method provided a more efficient extraction of tocols and β-carotene in relation to the method in Soxhlet in the some oils studied. Carbohydrates and lipids were the main components of the seeds and it was observed the presence of total and reducing sugars alkaloids, phenolic compounds and terpenoids, in the polar organic extracts of the seeds (80% methanol and 80% acetone). The extracts in 80% acetone were more abundant in phenolic compounds, flavonoids and total tannins in some seeds. P. aquatic seeds demonstrated higher content of phenolic compounds. The highest content of flavonoids and total tannins and higher antioxidant activity were observed in S. foetida. The results show that the seeds in study are rich in substances with bioactive properties, especially B. brasiliensis, C. africana, S. foetida and P. aquatica, suggesting them as alternative sources of substances with industrial application.

O objetivo geral deste estudo foi avaliar, em ratos, o efeito do óleo da semente de romã (PSO) sobre o perfil lipídico tecidual e sua influência sobre parâmetros bioquímicos em processos oxidativos. Foi realizada a caracterização do PSO, confirmando a presença do ácido punícico (PA; 55%) como ácido graxo majoritário e a alta concentração de fitosteróis (539mg/100g), bem como a presença de vitamina E (175mg/100g). O PSO apresentou-se dentro dos padrões de qualidade e a sua estabilidade oxidativa foi melhor em comparação ao óleo de linhaça. A suplementação de ratos saudáveis com o PSO, por via intragástrica durante 40 dias, não afetou o ganho de peso total e o peso dos tecidos muscular (gastrocnêmio) e adiposos (epididimal e retroperitonial). No entanto o PA foi metabolizado e incorporado na forma de ácido linoléico conjugado, sendo dose-dependete nos tecidos hepático, muscular, cardíaco, renal e adiposos. No cérebro, não foram observados ácidos graxos conjugados, mas as substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) apresentaram-se significativamente reduzidas nos animais suplementados com PSO, em relação ao controle. De modo geral, os resultados mostram que o PSO não provoca alterações no metabolismo lipídico e não participa do processo de inibição da oxidação em animais saudáveis. Em ratos submetidos ao estresse oxidativo hepático pelo tetracloreto de carbono (CCl4), a suplementação com PSO durante 21 dias não foi capaz de prevenir o quadro de estresse oxidativo, indicando que este óleo não tem efeito antioxidante utilizando esse modelo animal; embora a análise histológica tenha mostrado menores áreas lesionadas no parênquima hepático nos grupos tratados. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho contribui com a literatura fornecendo mais informações a respeito do uso dos ácidos graxos conjugados, bem como do PSO em organismos saudáveis e submetidos à estresse oxidativo. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pomegranate seed oil (PSO) on tissue lipid profile and its influence on biochemical parameters in oxidative processes of Wistar rats. Characterization of PSO was carried out, confirming the presence of the punicic acid (PA, 55%) as the major fatty acid present in the oil and high concentrations of phytosterols (539mg/100g) were also observed, as well as the presence of vitamin E (175mg/100g). The PSO was within quality standards and it presented a higher oxidative stability as compared to flaxseed oil. The supplementation of healthy rats with the PSO via gavage during 40 days did not affect weight gain and total weight of muscle (gastrocnemius) and adipose (epididymal and retroperitoneal) tissues. However, PA was metabolized and incorporated as CLAs in a dose-dependent manner in the liver, muscle, heart, kidney and adipocytes. In the brain, conjugated fatty acids were not detected, but the values of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were significantly reduced in animals supplemented with PSO as compared to the control group. Overall, the results showed that the PSO caused no changes in the lipid metabolism and did not inhibit tne oxidation in healthy animals. In rats that underwent hepatic oxidative stress by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), the PSO supplementation for 21 days was not able to prevent the oxidative stress, indicating that this oil has no antioxidant effect using this animal model; although histological analysis has shown less injured areas in the liver parenchyma in the test groups. The results obtained in this study are a good addition to the literature once it provided more information about the use of conjugated fatty acids as well as garnered useful information about the effects of consumption of PSO in oxidative stress-induced rats.

O carcinoma hepatocelular (HCC) apresenta mau prognóstico o que torna importante sua quimioprevenção. Nesse sentido, a tributirina (TB), um inibidor de desacetilases de histonas (HDACi), mostrou-se um quimiopreventivo promissor da hepatocarcinogênese. Avaliaram-se aqui efeitos quimiopreventivos de lipídios estruturados (EST) obtidos por interesterificação enzimática a partir da TB com o óleo de linhaça (LIN). Ratos foram tratados com EST (grupo EST; 165 mg/100g peso corpóreo [p.c]), TB (grupo TB; 200 mg/100g p.c), LIN (grupo LIN; 133 mg/100g p.c), mistura de TB com LIN (grupo LIN; 165 mg/100g p.c) ou maltodextrina (MD) (grupo MD; controle isocalórico; 300 mg/100g p.c) diariamente durante 8 semanas consecutivas por gavagem. Duas semanas após início dos tratamentos, os animais foram submetidos ao modelo de hepatocarcinogênese do \"hepatócito resistente\" (RH). Os grupos EST e TB apresentaram atividade quimiopreventiva bloqueadora e supressora, respectivamente, da hepatocarcinogênese. TB induziu a apoptose, ao contrário dos EST. O tratamento com TB resultou na acetilação e trimetilação da H3K9 e H3K27, enquanto EST atuaram somente na trimetilação das mesmas. Quando analisada a expressão de genes envolvidos com modificações em histonas, EST e TB reduziram a expressão de Ezh2 e de Hdac4. Por outro lado, somente os EST aumentaram a expressão de Hdac6. Tal efeito por parte dos EST merece ser mais investigado, uma vez que esta desacetilase vem sendo sugerida como alvo potencial para o desenvolvimento de fármacos. Em conclusão, a atividade quimiopreventiva de EST e da TB envolve na hepatocarcinogênese experimental mecanismos epigenéticos que podem ou não ser distintos. / Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a poor prognosis, which makes its chemoprevention important. Tributyrin (TB), which is a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), is a promising chemopreventive agent of hepatocarcinogenesis. The chemopreventive effects of structured lipids (STLs) that were obtained by the enzymatic interesterification of TB with flaxseed oil (FSO) were evaluated in the present study. Rats were treated with STLs (STL group, 165 mg/100 g body weight (bw)), TB (TB group, 200 mg/100 g bw), FSO (FSO group, 133 mg/100 g bw), TB mixed with FSO (BLD group, 165 mg/100g bw) or maltodextrin (MD) (MD group; isocaloric control; 300 mg/100 g bw) daily for eight consecutive weeks by gavage. Two weeks after the initiation of treatment, the animals were subjected to the resistant hepatocyte hepatocarcinogenesis model (RH). The STL and TB groups developed blocker and suppressive chemopreventive activity against hepatocarcinogenesis, respectively. TB treatment induced apoptosis, unlike the STL treatment. Additionally, TB treatment resulted in the acetylation and trimethylation of H3K9 and H3K27, whereas the STLs acted only in the trimethylation of these histones. When analyzing the expression of genes involved in histone modifications, the STLs and TB reduced enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (Ezh2) and histone deacetylase 4 (Hdac4) gene expression. Conversely, only the STLs increased Hdac6 gene expression. This effect of the STLs warrants further investigation because this deacetylase has been suggested as a potential drug development target. In conclusion, the chemopreventive activities of the STLs and TB in experimental hepatocarcinogenesis involve epigenetic mechanisms that may be distinct.