Na cultura da soja ocorre um grupo de percevejos sugadores de sementes, Euschistus heros (E.), Piezodorus guildinii (West.) e Nezara viridula (L.), que causam diversos distúrbios fisiológicos durante o cultivo, como o atraso da maturidade fisiológica, a retenção foliar, as perdas na produtividade e a redução do potencial fisiológico das sementes. A reação dos genótipos de soja ao estresse por percevejos é uma abordagem importante durante a etapa de melhoramento, produção de sementes e desenvolvimento de novas linhagens de soja resistente. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os parâmetros de produção e qualidade das sementes, e a resposta de defesa da planta dos diferentes genótipos de soja em condições de ataque de percevejos. Os ensaios foram conduzidos na Estação Experimental de Anhumas (Departamento da Genética, USP, ESALQ), com as populações de plantas de soja submetidas à condição de infestação natural dos percevejos nos anos agrícolas 2012/13 e 2013/2014, com plantas cultivadas sem o controle químico de percevejos e com o controle, em blocos casualizados com cinco repetições em cada sistema de controle. Análises dos dados foram feitas com ANOVA e MANOVA. No primeiro ano, vinte quatro genótipos de soja foram avaliados para os parâmetros agronômicos e de resistência da planta (período de formação de sementes (PFS), ciclo das plantas (Ciclo), altura da planta (AP), índice de acamamento (IA), valor agronômico (VA), número de vagem (NV), peso de mil sementes (PMS), produtividade (PROD), retenção foliar (RF) e peso de sementes boas (PSB)). No segundo ano com oito genótipos de soja, as plantas foram avaliadas pelos mesmos parâmetros agronômicos e de resistência do primeiro ano, exceto o NV e com o acréscimo da avaliação do índice percentual de danos nas vagens (IPDV) e as sementes quanto a qualidade fisiológica (germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, emergência, condutividade elétrica e tetrazólio). Além disso, as sementes e vagens de dois genótipos LQ1050 e CD215, coletadas entre os estágios R5 e R6, foram avaliadas quanto ao teor de isoflavonas em condições de estresse por percevejo no campo. Com o monitoramento da população de percevejos foi possível verificar um aumento de percevejos no PFS, sendo que a densidade populacional no ano agrícola 2012/13 foi mais alta. Para a seleção efetuada no primeiro ano agrícola 2012/13, considerou-se como principal critério o PSB mínimo e máximo para genótipos resistentes e suscetível ao percevejo para a avaliação da qualidade das sementes no segundo ano de cultivo 2013/14. Genótipos de soja com alta produtividade não garantem que os mesmos tenham resistência ao complexo de percevejos e produzam sementes com alta qualidade fisiológica. Foi verificada, nos oitos genótipos de soja do segundo ano de cultivo, variabilidade genética entre cultivares e linhagens de soja para características de qualidade fisiológica avaliada por meio dos testes de germinação e de vigor. Parâmetros utilizados para avaliação da qualidade fisiológica podem ser correlacionados com a resistência da planta ao complexo de percevejos. Coumestrol e gliocelina, compostos fitoalexinas, foram determinados nas vagens de genótipos contrastantes, mas não nas sementes. / A group of stink bugs composed by Euschistus heros (E.), Piezodorus guildinii (West.), and Nezara viridula (L.) causes several physiological disturbs in soybean during the field production, such as: delayed physiological maturity, leaf retention, yield loss, and decreased seed quality and germination potential. The reaction of soybean genotypes to stink bugs complex is an important approach for the crop breeding, seed production, and development of new resistant lines. This work aimed to compare the production and seed quality parameters, besides the plant defense under conditions of stink bugs attack. Assays were carried out at the Experimental Station of Anhumas (Department of Genetics, USP, ESALQ) with the soybean plants submitted to natural infestation by stink bugs, at 2012/13 and 2013/14 crop seasons, with absence and presence of chemical control of the insects, in a randomized block design with five replicates. The data were submitted to both ANOVA and MANOVA analysis. At the first season, 24 genotypes were evaluated as for the agronomic and plant resistance traits: seed formation period, plant life cycle, plant height, lodging index, agronomic value, number of pods per plant, mass of 1000 seeds, yield, foliar retention, and mass of healthy seeds. At the second season, eight genotypes were evaluated by the same agronomic and plant resistance traits of the first season, except the number of pods per plant. The pods damage index and seed physiological quality (germination, accelerated aging, emergence, electrical conductivity, and tetrazolium test) traits were evaluated only in the second season. The pods and seeds of LQ1050 and CD215 genotypes were collected between the R5 and R6 stages and had the isoflavones levels evaluated in conditions of stress by stink bugs attack. Through the monitoring of stink bugs population, it was possible to notice the increase of the insects in the seed formation period, with higher population density in the 2012/13 season. In the first season, the minimum and maximum masses of healthy seeds were taken as the main criterion to select susceptible and resistant genotypes, respectively, to the stink bugs attack, for the seed quality evaluation in the second season 2013/14. High yield genotypes do not ensure resistance to the stink bugs complex and, therefore, seeds with high physiological quality. We have noticed the genetic variability among the genotypes as for the physiological quality evaluated through the germination and vigor tests, at the second season. Traits used for the physiological quality can be correlated with the plant resistance to the stink bugs complex. Coumestrol and glyceollin, phytoalexin compounds, were identified in pods of the contrasting genotypes, but not in the seeds.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-09-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:39:09Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 zuim_ce_me_ilha.pdf: 206454 bytes, checksum: 21d45110bfb35795b4aee587ba2a4496 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / A busca pela qualidade do solo como base de sustentação do sistema de produção, tem aumentado o desafio de compreender um sistema que, além de reduzir sensivelmente a degradação do meio ambiente, pode permitir maior retorno econômico ao agricultor. Nesse sentido o presente trabalho foi desenvolvido no período de abril de 2005 a abril de 2006, com o objetivo de avaliar na cultura da soja, no sistema de plantio direto, o efeito de diferentes culturas de cobertura e presença ou ausência de adubação orgânica e mineral. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no município de Guararapes-SP (50°39’W, 21°09’S e 412 m de altitude aproximadamente) em um Latossolo Vermelho amarelo, com textura média, sendo cultivado com culturas anuais a partir de 1993. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o em blocos casualizados com 4 repetições, com os tratamentos dispostos em um esquema fatorial 5x2x2, ou seja, 5 culturas de cobertura (milho, milheto, sorgo, braquiária e mamona), cultivadas no período de outono/inverno, na presença e ausência de adubação orgânica (11.512 kg/ha de esterco de galinha), sendo semeado em sucessão, a cultura da soja, cultivar MGBR 46 (Conquista), na presença ou ausência de adubação mineral (500 kg/ha da fórmula 02-20-15). As culturas de cobertura e a soja foram irrigadas pelo sistema pivô central. As avaliações constaram da produção de massa seca das culturas de cobertura, estado nutricional da soja no florescimento pleno, características agronômicas e produção de grãos da soja e características químicas do solo, em diferentes profundidades, após o cultivo da soja. Através dos resultados obtidos, verificou-se que o milho apresentou maior produção de massa seca como cultura de cobertura, mas todas as... / The search for the soil quality as sustentation base of production system, has stimulated the challenge to understand a system that, beyond sensibly reducing the environment degradation, may allows greater economic return to the farmer. Thus, the present work was developed in the period of April 2005 to April 2006, with the objective to evaluate in soybean crop, in no tillage system, the effect of different cover crops and presence or absence of organic and mineral fertilization. The work was developed at the municipal district of Guararapes, State of São Paulo (50°39' W, 21°09' S and 412 m altitude approximately) in a Typic Haplustox, with sandy texture, being cultivated with annual crops since 1993. The exeprimental design used was randomized blocks with four replications, with treatments disposed in a 5x2x2 factorial scheme, i.e., five cover crops (corn, millet, sorghum, braquiaria grass and castor bean), cultivated in the autumn/winter period, in presence and absence of organic fertilization (11,512 kg ha-1 of chicken manure fertilizer), being sowedin succession of soybean crop, MGBR 46 cultivar, in presence or absence of mineral fertilization (500 kg ha-1 of 02-20-15 formula). The cover cultures and soybean had been irrigated by center pivot irrigation systems.The evaluations was cover crops dry matter production, nutritional status in flowering, agronomic characteristics and soybean grain production, soil chemical characteristis, in different depths, after soybean. Through the obtained results, it verified that the corn presents greater dry matter production as cover crop, but all the evaluated cover crops are adjusted to precede soybean; organic fertilization increases cover crop dry matter production, beyond provided significant P, Ca and K increases in 0 to 0.05 and 0.05 to 0.10 m depth and P and K in 0.10 to 0.20 m depth; ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-07-11T17:37:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FRAQUEZAS E AMEAÇAS DA LEI DE SEMENTES E COMO O MERCADO EST.pdf: 449314 bytes, checksum: 2f64f3164fbbd2b67a5e54e5f635bf85 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-07-12T12:26:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 FRAQUEZAS E AMEAÇAS DA LEI DE SEMENTES E COMO O MERCADO EST.pdf: 449314 bytes, checksum: 2f64f3164fbbd2b67a5e54e5f635bf85 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-07-12T12:29:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 FRAQUEZAS E AMEAÇAS DA LEI DE SEMENTES E COMO O MERCADO EST.pdf: 449314 bytes, checksum: 2f64f3164fbbd2b67a5e54e5f635bf85 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-12T12:35:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FRAQUEZAS E AMEAÇAS DA LEI DE SEMENTES E COMO O MERCADO EST.pdf: 449314 bytes, checksum: 2f64f3164fbbd2b67a5e54e5f635bf85 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-17 / A soja é a principal cultura do cerrado brasileiro na atualidade. O sistema de multiplicação e comércio de sementes é regido pela Lei de Sementes nº 10.711, de 5 de agosto de 2003 e o registro de cultivares é regido pela Lei de Proteção de Cultivares (LPC) nº. 9.456 de 25 de abril de 1997, que a instituiu LPC, e do Decreto n. 2.366 de 5 de novembro de 1997 que a regulamentou. Dentro desse sistema legal há todas as regras para o uso de sementes no Brasil. Essa sistemática é importante porque organiza o sistema de coleta de royalties para os obtentores, o acesso do agricultor a variedades e sementes de melhor qualidade safra após safra. Nesse processo são estabelecidos as categorias de sementes que em ordem crescente mostra a pureza da cultivar com relação as suas características fenológicas sendo estas: Genética, Básica, C1, C2 essas se refere as semente Certificadas e S1, S2 que se refere a sementes fiscalizadas. Dentro desse processo é facultado ao agricultor salvar a sua semente para o Uso Próprio em propriedade de seu domínio. Essa permissão ao agricultor não estabelece até que tamanho de área ele pode fazer o uso próprio e nem estabelece uma forma de remuneração ao Obtentor da cultivar. Com isso na safra de 2014/2015 foi notada no mercado uma explosão de agricultores com intenção de salvar semente cultivando soja safrinha no cerrado. Esse trabalho representa um registro e um copilado das ações e desdobramento do setor para permitir a cobrança de royalties e como ele está sendo arbitrado no mercado com contratos pelos obtentores de biotecnologias, tentativas de barrar o cultivo da soja safrinha, ações judiciais contra obtentores de tecnologia e a tentativa do agricultores de ter menor custo e qualidade de semente compatível com o que garante a Lei de Sementes. Como conclusão o setor sementeiro precisa mudar suas práticas de comercialização e é necessário garantir uma remuneração ao obtentor da cultivar nos casos que o agricultor salva semente como forma de garantir a continuidade das pesquisas e desenvolvimento de novas cultivares. / Soybean is currently the main crop of the Brazilian Cerrado. The seed production and trade system is governed by the Seed Act No. 10.711 of August 5th, 2003 and cultivar registration is ruled by the Plant Variety Protection Act no. 9456 of April 25th, 1997, which is regulated by the Decree n. 2366 of November 5th, 1997. All the rules for seed usage in Brazil are embedded in this legal system. This systematic is important because it organizes the collection of royalties for breeders and the access of farmers to cultivars and better quality seeds in every season. In this process, the categories of seeds are established in descending order of purity of the cultivar regarding their phenological characteristics as it follows: “Genética” (Genetic, equivalent to Breeder Seed), “Básica” (Basic, equivalent to Foundation Seed), “C1” (Certified Seed 1, equivalent to Registered Seed) and “C2” (Certified Seed 2, equivalent to Certified Seed) which concerns the certified seed system and “S1” and “S2” that refers to audited seeds. In this system, the farmers are entitled to save seeds for own use in their lands. Such permission does not set the size of the area that farmers can make own use and does not establish a form of remuneration to breeders. Thus, a burst of farmers intending to save seeds, planting off-season soybeans, was noted in the 2014/15 season in the Cerrado. This work represents a record and a complied of the actions and industry unfolding to allow the collection of royalties and how it is being arbitrated in the market with contracts by biotechnology companies, attempts to stop the cultivation of soybean off-season, lawsuits against biotechnology companies and farmers’ attempts to obtain lower costs and seed quality compatible with what is ensured by Seeds Act. In conclusion, the seed sector must change its marketing practices and it is necessary to guarantee remuneration to the breeder in cases where the farmer saved seeds in order to ensure the continuity of research and the development of new cultivars

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:33:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_rosemeri_olanda.pdf: 474088 bytes, checksum: b3ca7e189d033a5e523ce3ee94f5349e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-26 / The objective of this work was to evaluate the incorporate of arrow leaf clover cv. Yuchi for seed production in Nesting Novo Arroio Grande, Arroio Grande (RS) and the other benefits of the presence of this legume specie in agricultural and pasture system. This work was realized in seven production units where were identified three systems: beef cattle production, dairy cattle production and both. Were installed seven areas for seed production with approximately 0.25 ha. The forage production and quality were determined from cuts made in three replicates of 1.0m2 being quantified: the content and yield of dry matter, crude protein and in vitro digestibility. Phenological evaluations were made during the crop cycle and from the date of sowing these events were determined: first and sixth trifoliolade leaf, first branch, flowering start and full, and seed maturation. The yield components were evaluated such as number of plants for area, number of inflorescence for plant, number of inflorescence for area and thousand seed weight. Analysis of simple linear correlation were made between: the different yield components with seed production; the quantity of phosphor applied with yield seed, crude protein and dry matter production. The clover seed production including soil seed bank showed yield of 636 kg.ha-1 which creates an increase of 97% in the gain and showing as an alternative for nesting productions units. The forage production with high quality presents capability to change the reality of the production in agro-pastoral systems. Key Words: seed production, Trifolium vesiculosum, production systems, settlement, agrarian reform, diversified production. / O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a incorporação do trevo vesiculoso cv. Yuchi para produção de sementes no Assentamento Novo Arroio Grande, em Arroio Grande (RS), bem como os demais benefícios da presença desta leguminosa no sistema agropastoril. O trabalho foi realizado em sete unidades de produção, onde foram identificados três sistemas: produção de gado de corte, produção de gado de leite e misto. Foram instaladas sete áreas para produção de sementes com aproximadamente 0,25ha. A produção e a qualidade da forragem foram determinadas a partir de cortes realizados em três repetições de 1,0 m2 sendo quantificados: teor e rendimento de matéria seca, proteína bruta e digestibilidade in vitro. Avaliações fenológicas foram realizadas durante o ciclo do cultivo determinando-se a partir da data de semeadura os seguintes eventos: emergência, primeira folha trifoliolada, sexta folha trifoliolada, primeira ramificação, início e plena floração e colheita de sementes. Os componentes de rendimento avaliados foram: número de plantas por área; número de inflorescências por planta e por área e peso de mil sementes. Foram realizadas análises de correlação linear simples entre os diferentes componentes de rendimento com a produção de sementes; entre a quantidade de fósforo aplicado com o rendimento de sementes, a proteína bruta e a produção de massa seca. A produção de semente de trevo vesiculoso incluindo o banco de sementes no solo alcançou rendimento de 636 kg.ha-1, o que gerou incremento de renda de 97%, configurando-se como uma alternativa para unidades de produção de assentamentos; a produção de forragem com elevada qualidade apresenta potencialidade para alterar a realidade da produção dos sistemas agropastoris.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_nilson_matheus_mattioni.pdf: 1799258 bytes, checksum: 912da651dcccdf66da2b4f81f417e28a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-15 / Many factors can affect soybean seeds physiological quality in the field, and these factors do not occur in a homogeneous form. The aim of this study was to determine the spatial variability of soybean seed quality in a production fields during the pre-harvest by massal and individual electrical conductivity. Seeds were harvested following a grid georeferenced in four seed production fields (1, 2, 3 and 4). It was determined the yield of each grid point and seeds physiological quality by germination, first count of germination, seedling emergence, massal and individual electrical conductivity. Spatial variability of physiological seed quality between fields was observed and also within each field, but with varying intensity. The massal and individual electrical conductivity, have proved accurate in the estimation of seed physiological quality, except of the field 3, as evidenced by the significant correlation with the germination and seedling emergence. The spatial variability of soybean seeds physiological quality can be estimated by the massal and individual electrical conductivity, mainly in high vigor seeds. / Vários fatores podem afetar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de soja em um campo de produção, sendo que esses não ocorrem de forma homogênea. O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar a variabilidade espacial da qualidade fisiológica de sementes de soja nos campos de produção em pré-colheita através do teste da condutividade elétrica massal e individual. A sementes foram colhidas seguindo uma malha georeferenciado, em quatro campos de produção de sementes (1, 2, 3 e 4). Foram determinadas a produtividade de cada ponto da malha de amostragem e a qualidade fisiológica das sementes através dos testes de germinação, primeira contagem, emergência de plântulas e condutividade elétrica massal e individual. Foi observada a variabilidade espacial da qualidade fisiológica das sementes entre os campos e também dentro de cada campo, porém com intensidade variável. Os testes de condutividade elétrica massal e individual mostraram-se precisos para estimar a qualidade fisiológica das sementes, com exceção do campo 3, evidenciada pela correlação significativa com os testes de germinação e emergência de plântulas. A variabilidade espacial da qualidade fisiológica de sementes de soja pode ser estimada através dos testes de condutividade elétrica individual ou massal, sendo maior a precisão em campos de produção com sementes de alta qualidade fisiológica.

Resumo: Devido à escassez de informações relacionadas ao efeito da adubação na produção e qualidade de sementes de hortaliças, principalmente nas espécies que possuem aumento no ciclo com o estádio reprodutivo, nota-se a necessidade de determinar a dose dos nutrientes para auxiliar na recomendação que proporcione elevada produção de sementes com alto potencial fisiológico. Embora existam estudos sobre nutrição e recomendações de adubação para o cultivo comercial de brócolis, raramente se encontram trabalhos que abordem os efeitos dos nutrientes, além do tipo e doses de adubação na produção e qualidade de sementes. Em vista disso, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da adubação orgânica na produção e qualidade de sementes de brócolis. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda São Manuel e as avaliações foram feitas no Setor de Horticultura da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA/UNESP) em Botucatu-SP. Os tratamentos foram quatro doses de composto orgânico (30, 60, 90 e 120 t ha-1 em base seca), além da testemunha sem composto orgânico. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas as características vegetativas das plantas, intensidade de cor verde, teor de nutrientes nas folhas, acúmulo de nutrientes pelas sementes, produção em massa (g) e número de sementes por planta; além das características relacionadas com a qualidade das sementes: massa de mil sementes, teste padrão de germinação, primeira contagem do teste padrão de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG), condutividade elétrica, emergência em bandeja, índice de velocidade de emergência (IVE), e características relacionadas com as mudas obtidas através das sementes colhidas neste experimento. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas significativas para as características vegetativas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Due to lack of information about the fertilization effect in vegetable seed quality and yield, mainly in the species that have an increase in cycle due to reproductive stage, it is necessary to evaluate the nutrient level to aid in recommending fertilization that provides best productivity from high physiological potential seeds. Although there are studies about nutrition and recommendation of fertilization to broccoli, rarely it finds out works that approach the nutrients effects in seed quality and yield. The objective of this work was to evaluate the organic compost levels influence in broccoli seed quality and yield. The experiment was lead at São Manuel Experimental Farm and the evaluations at Horticulture Sector in Agronomic Science School (FCA/UNESP) in Botucatu-SP. The treatments were four organic compost levels (30, 60, 90 and 120 t ha-1), and control without organic compost. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications. The vegetative characteristics of plants, green color intensity, nutrient content in leaves, accumulation of nutrients by seed, mass production (g) and number of seeds per plant, in addition to the features related to seed quality: mass of a thousand seeds, germination test, first count of germination, speed of germination index (IVG), electrical conductivity, emergency in tray, emergency speed index (IVE), and features associated with seedlings obtained from the seeds harvested in this experiment were evaluated. There were no statistically significant differences in the vegetative characteristics of plants, as well as the green color intensity and content of nutrients of the leaves depending on the level of organic compost. The descending order of the nutrients accumulated in seeds was: nitrogen > sulfur > phosphorus > potassium > calcium magnesium > iron > zinc > manganese > boron > copper. It was observed a linear increasing... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Antonio Ismael Inácio Cardoso / Coorientador: Dirceu Maximino Fernandes / Banca: Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas / Banca: Atila Francisco Mogor / Banca: Luiz Antonio Augusto Gomes / Mestre

The effect of shared enemies between invasive and native species has been argued to facilitate biological invasions (i.e., the apparent competition hypothesis or ACH). This study investigated a previously untested possibility: whether granivorous small mammals facilitate cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) invasion by driving food-mediated apparent competition between cheatgrass and native grasses. Specifically, we tested three predictions that must be true if such apparent competition occurs. First, cheatgrass invasion augments total seeds available to granivorous small mammals. Second, density of granivorous small mammals increases in response to increased seed availability (simulated with experimental additions of cheatgrass seeds). Third, granivorous small mammals prefer seeds from native grasses over cheatgrass seeds. We tested these predictions in the Great Basin Desert of Utah, USA. Cheatgrass invasion augmented total yearly seed production. Granivorous small mammals preferred native seeds over cheatgrass seeds. However, neither abundance, richness, nor diversity of granivorous small mammals increased in response to experimental additions of cheatgrass seed. We therefore conclude that granivorous small mammals did not drive food-mediated apparent competition during the study period. The lack of support for the ACH in this study may suggest that the role of small mammal-driven apparent competition is either unimportant in the Great Basin, or that the appropriate indirect interactions between small mammals, cheatgrass, and native grasses have yet to be evaluated. Testing the third prediction required the separation of seeds from the soil matrix. We employed a chemical flotation methodology to recover target seeds from soil, and developed a novel method of decanting target material from the flotation solution. We compared the utility of the novel method to that of a traditional decantation method. Specifically, we compared effectiveness (the proportion of seeds recovered from a known sample), rapidity (the time required to decant that sample), efficiency (the number of seeds decanted per second), and recovery bias (the effect of relative density on seed recovery) between methods. Our proposed method was more effective, more rapid, more efficient, and less biased than the traditional method. Therefore, any future work relying on flotation to analyze seed banks should clearly describe how samples are decanted and should consider the proposed method as a potential means of enhancing the efficiency of chemical flotation.

Submitted by Maria Beatriz Vieira (mbeatriz.vieira@gmail.com) on 2017-03-30T15:10:38Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_mairson_robson_santana.pdf: 449314 bytes, checksum: 2f64f3164fbbd2b67a5e54e5f635bf85 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-04-05T19:08:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_mairson_robson_santana.pdf: 449314 bytes, checksum: 2f64f3164fbbd2b67a5e54e5f635bf85 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-04-05T19:09:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_mairson_robson_santana.pdf: 449314 bytes, checksum: 2f64f3164fbbd2b67a5e54e5f635bf85 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-05T19:09:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_mairson_robson_santana.pdf: 449314 bytes, checksum: 2f64f3164fbbd2b67a5e54e5f635bf85 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-17 / Sem bolsa / A soja é a principal cultura do cerrado brasileiro na atualidade. O sistema de multiplicação e comércio de sementes é regido pela Lei de Sementes nº 10.711, de 5 de agosto de 2003 e o registro de cultivares é regido pela Lei de Proteção de Cultivares (LPC) nº. 9.456 de 25 de abril de 1997, que a instituiu LPC, e do Decreto n. 2.366 de 5 de novembro de 1997 que a regulamentou. Dentro desse sistema legal há todas as regras para o uso de sementes no Brasil. Essa sistemática é importante porque organiza o sistema de coleta de royalties para os obtentores, o acesso do agricultor a variedades e sementes de melhor qualidade safra após safra. Nesse processo são estabelecidos as categorias de sementes que em ordem crescente mostra a pureza da cultivar com relação as suas características fenológicas sendo estas: Genética, Básica, C1, C2 essas se refere as semente Certificadas e S1, S2 que se refere a sementes fiscalizadas. Dentro desse processo é facultado ao agricultor salvar a sua semente para o Uso Próprio em propriedade de seu domínio. Essa permissão ao agricultor não estabelece até que tamanho de área ele pode fazer o uso próprio e nem estabelece uma forma de remuneração ao Obtentor da cultivar. Com isso na safra de 2014/2015 foi notada no mercado uma explosão de agricultores com intenção de salvar semente cultivando soja safrinha no cerrado. Esse trabalho representa um registro e um copilado das ações e desdobramento do setor para permitir a cobrança de royalties e como ele está sendo arbitrado no mercado com contratos pelos obtentores de biotecnologias, tentativas de barrar o cultivo da soja safrinha, ações judiciais contra obtentores de tecnologia e a tentativa do agricultores de ter menor custo e qualidade de semente compatível com o que garante a Lei de Sementes. Como conclusão o setor sementeiro precisa mudar suas práticas de comercialização e é necessário garantir uma remuneração ao obtentor da cultivar nos casos que o agricultor salva semente como forma de garantir a continuidade das pesquisas e desenvolvimento de novas cultivares. / Soybean is currently the main crop of the Brazilian Cerrado. The seed production and trade system is governed by the Seed Act No. 10.711 of August 5th, 2003 and cultivar registration is ruled by the Plant Variety Protection Act no. 9456 of April 25th, 1997, which is regulated by the Decree n. 2366 of November 5th, 1997. All the rules for seed usage in Brazil are embedded in this legal system. This systematic is important because it organizes the collection of royalties for breeders and the access of farmers to cultivars and better quality seeds in every season. In this process, the categories of seeds are established in descending order of purity of the cultivar regarding their phenological characteristics as it follows: “Genética” (Genetic, equivalent to Breeder Seed), “Básica” (Basic, equivalent to Foundation Seed), “C1” (Certified Seed 1, equivalent to Registered Seed) and “C2” (Certified Seed 2, equivalent to Certified Seed) which concerns the certified seed system and “S1” and “S2” that refers to audited seeds. In this system, the farmers are entitled to save seeds for own use in their lands. Such permission does not set the size of the area that farmers can make own use and does not establish a form of remuneration to breeders. Thus, a burst of farmers intending to save seeds, planting off-season soybeans, was noted in the 2014/15 season in the Cerrado. This work represents a record and a complied of the actions and industry unfolding to allow the collection of royalties and how it is being arbitrated in the market with contracts by biotechnology companies, attempts to stop the cultivation of soybean off-season, lawsuits against biotechnology companies and farmers’ attempts to obtain lower costs and seed quality compatible with what is ensured by Seeds Act. In conclusion, the seed sector must change its marketing practices and it is necessary to guarantee remuneration to the breeder in cases where the farmer saved seeds in order to ensure the continuity of research and the development of new cultivars

A number of morphological, floral, rhizome, root and herbage characteristics were studied in order to describe genetic variation and environmental responses in T. ambiguum. From each of six lines, 30 genotypes were clonally progagated into five diverse edaphic and altitudinal sites and grown for one season. Comparisons of growth and form were also made between T. ambiguum, T. repens cv. 'Grasslands Huia' and Lotus pedunculatus cv. 'Grasslands Maku'. The polyploid lines were found to have larger leaves than the diploids while all the lines of T. ambiguum had larger leaves than did white clover. Tetraploid lines had longer petioles and were taller and more erect than the diploids or hexaploids. Floral initiation was found to become later as ploidy level increased but the tetraploid lines exhibited a very large variation in flowering date. The cultivar Treeline was found to produce the most herbage under all conditions although not significantly more than cultivar Prairie or C.P.I. 57353. However, as nodulation was not studied it was not possible to determine whether variety differences were due to root nodulating ability or some other genetically determined parameter. None of the T. ambiguum varieties produced as much herbage as cv. Huia or cv. Maku at any site. However, all the T. ambiguum lines performed relatively better under harsher conditions. Because a large proportion of T. ambiguum was below ground the best T. ambiguum line, cultivar Treeiine, produced equivalent total plant dry weight to cv. Huia and cv. Maku at 1200 m. a.s.l., the high altitude site. Cultivar Prairie was found to have the highest proportion of rhizomes to total plant mass bu because cv. Treeline had higher total plant dry weight both cultivars produced equivalent mean rhizome dry weight. The number of rhizomes, number of daughter plants and rhizome dry weight were all highly correlated and these three characteristics showed similar trends among varieties. Rhizome length was found to increase with ploidy level, as did rhizome internode length. However, the number of nodes was found to be higher in the diploids than in the polyploids. Cultivar Treeline was found to have a high proportion of branching nodes on its rhizomes while C.P.I. 57353 and cv. Summit had the least. Rhizome production was restricted in the Wakanui silt loam soil of high bulk density. However, herbage growth and rhizome branching was increased, probably because of the higher fertility. It was shown using factor analysis on genotypic correlations, that rhizome characteristics and herbage yields were relatively independently inherited. However, morphological characters tended to be related to herbage yields. The polyploid varieties were found to be more genetically variable than the diploids . Broad sense heritabilities were calculated for all parameters measured, and in general, morphological characteristics had higher values than agronomic characteristics. As the genetic variation within each line was higher than the variation among lines, it is apparent that selection within lines should result in the largest gains. Therefore, comparison of the mean performance of the presently highly variable lines is relatively uninformative. By sacrificing some genetic diversity, large gains could be made in performance. It is suggested that cv. Prairie be used as the basis for selecting a highly rhizomatous cultivar while cv. Treeline could be used in the selection of a cultivar with higher herbage production suitable for high country conditions. In a second trial, an established stand of cv. Treeline produced up to 13250 kg ha⁻¹ for one season under good growing conditions. The management required to produce this amount of herbage was to irrigate and cut to ground level every two months. The growth rate was considerably depressed when cut monthly. It was also shown that root and rhizome yield reached 12600 kg ha⁻¹, indicating a massive reserve of assimilates, particularly useful for surviving periods of stress. Seed yields were found to be adequate, reaching levels equivalent to 500-700 kg ha⁻¹. These results were discussed in relation to earlier observations on T. ambiguum by workers in Russia, Australia, U.S.A. and New Zealand. Suggestions were made for further genetic and agronomic testing.

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / A renewed focus on generalised pollinator systems has inspired a conceptual framework which highlights that spatial and temporal interactions among plants and their assemblage of pollinators can vary across the individual, population, regional and species levels. Pollination is clearly a dynamic interaction, varying in the number and interdependence of participants and the strength of the outcome of the interaction. Therefore, the role of variation in pollination is fundamental for understanding ecological dynamics of plant populations and is a major factor in the evolution and maintenance of generalised and specialised pollination systems. My study centred on these basic concepts by addressing the following questions: (1) How variable are pollinators in a generalised pollination system? To what degree do insect visitation rates and assemblage composition vary spatially among populations and temporally among flowering seasons? (2) How does variation in pollinators affect plant reproductive success? I chose to do this using a model system, Trachymene incisa subsp. incisa (Apiaceae), which is a widespread Australian herbaceous species with simple white flowers grouped into umbels that attract a high diversity of insect visitors. The Apiaceae are considered to be highly generalist in terms of pollination, due to their simple and uniform floral display and easily accessible floral rewards. Three populations of T. incisa located between 70 km and 210 km apart were studied over 2-3 years. The few studies investigating spatial and temporal variation simultaneously over geographic and yearly/seasonal scales indicate that there is a trend for more spatial than temporal variation in pollinators of generalist-pollinated plants. My study showed both spatial and temporal variation in assemblage composition among all populations and variation in insect visitation rates, in the form of a significant population by year interaction. However, removing ants from the analyses to restrict the assemblage to flying insects and the most likely pollinators, resulted in a significant difference in overall visitation rate between years but no difference in assemblage composition between the Myall Lakes and Tomago populations. These results indicate more temporal than spatial variation in the flying insect visitor assemblage of T. incisa. Foraging behaviour provides another source of variation in plant-pollinator interactions. Trachymene incisa exhibits umbels that function as either male or female at any one time and offer different floral rewards in each phase. For successful pollination, pollinators must visit both male and female umbels during a foraging trip. Insects showed both preferences and non-preferences for umbel phases in natural patches where the gender ratio was male biased. In contrast, insects showed no bias in visitation during a foraging trip or in time spent foraging on male and female umbels in experimental arrays where the gender ratio was equal. Pollinator assemblages consisting of a mixture of different pollinator types coupled with temporal variation in the assemblages of populations among years maintains generalisation at the population/local level. In addition, spatial variation in assemblages among populations maintains generalisation at the species level. Fire alters pollination in T. incisa by shifting the flowering season and reducing the abundance of flying insects. Therefore, fire plays an important role in maintaining spatial and temporal variation in this fire-prone system. Although insect pollinators are important in determining the mating opportunities of 90% of flowering plant species worldwide, few studies have looked at the effects of variation in pollinator assemblages on plant reproductive success and mating. In T. incisa, high insect visitation rates do not guarantee high plant reproductive success, indicating that the quality of visit is more important than the rate of visitation. This is shown by comparing the Agnes Banks and Myall Lakes populations in 2003: Agnes Banks received the highest visitation rate from an assemblage dominated by ants but produced the lowest reproductive output, and Myall Lakes received the lowest visitation rate by an assemblage dominated by a native bee and produced the highest seedling emergence. Interestingly, populations with different assemblage composition can produce similar percentage seed set per umbel. However, similar percentage seed set did not result in similar percentage seedling emergence. Differences among years in reproductive output (total seed production) were due to differences in umbel production (reproductive effort) and proportion of umbels with seeds, and not seed set per umbel. Trachymene incisa is self-compatible and suffers weak to intermediate levels of inbreeding depression through early stages of the life cycle when seeds are self-pollinated and biparentally inbred. Floral phenology, in the form of synchronous protandry, plays an important role in avoiding self-pollination within umbels and reducing the chance of geitonogamous pollination between umbels on the same plant. Although pollinators can increase the rate of inbreeding in T. incisa by foraging on both male and female phase umbels on the same plant or closely related plants, most consecutive insect movements were between plants not located adjacent to each other. This indicates that inbreeding is mostly avoided and that T. incisa is a predominantly outcrossing species, although further genetic analyses are required to confirm this hypothesis. A new conceptual understanding has emerged from the key empirical results in the study of this model generalised pollination system. The large differences among populations and between years indicate that populations are not equally serviced by pollinators and are not equally generalist. Insect visitation rates varied significantly throughout the day, highlighting that sampling of pollinators at one time will result in an inaccurate estimate and usually underestimate the degree of generalisation. The visitor assemblage is not equivalent to the pollinator assemblage, although non-pollinating floral visitors are likely to influence the overall effectiveness of the pollinator assemblage. Given the high degree of variation in both the number of pollinator species and number of pollinator types, I have constructed a model which includes the degree of ecological and functional specialisation of a plant species on pollinators and the variation encountered across different levels of plant organisation. This model describes the ecological or current state of plant species and their pollinators, as well as presenting the patterns of generalisation across a range of populations, which is critical for understanding the evolution and maintenance of the system. In-depth examination of pollination systems is required in order to understand the range of strategies utilised by plants and their pollinators, and I advocate a complete floral visitor assemblage approach to future studies in pollination ecology. In particular, future studies should focus on the role of introduced pollinators in altering generalised plant-pollinator systems and the contribution of non-pollinating floral visitors to pollinator assemblage effectiveness. Comparative studies involving plants with highly conserved floral displays, such as those in the genus Trachymene and in the Apiaceae, will be useful for investigating the dynamics of generalised pollination systems across a range of widespread and restricted species.