Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston University

abstract: Decades ago in the U.S., clear lines delineated which neighborhoods were acceptable for certain people and which were not. Techniques such as steering and biased mortgage practices continue to perpetuate a segregated outcome for many residents. In contrast, ethnic enclaves and age restricted communities are viewed as voluntary segregation based on cultural and social amenities. This diversity surrounding the causes of segregation are not just region-wide characteristics, but can vary within a region. Local segregation analysis aims to uncover this local variation, and hence open the door to policy solutions not visible at the global scale. The centralization index, originally introduced as a global measure of segregation focused on spatial concentration of two population groups relative a region's urban center, has lost relevancy in recent decades as regions have become polycentric, and the index's magnitude is sensitive to the particular point chosen as the center. These attributes, which make it a poor global measure, are leveraged here to repurpose the index as a local measure. The index's ability to differentiate minority from majority segregation, and its focus on a particular location within a region make it an ideal local segregation index. Based on the local centralization index for two groups, a local multigroup variation is defined, and a local space-time redistribution index is presented capturing change in concentration of a single population group over two time periods. Permutation based inference approaches are used to test the statistical significance of measured index values. Applications to the Phoenix, Arizona metropolitan area show persistent cores of black and white segregation over the years 1990, 2000 and 2010, and a trend of white segregated neighborhoods increasing at a faster rate than black. An analysis of the Phoenix area's recently opened light rail system shows that its 28 stations are located in areas of significant white, black and Hispanic segregation, and there is a clear concentration of renters over owners around most stations. There is little indication of statistically significant change in segregation or population concentration around the stations, indicating a lack of near term impact of light rail on the region's overall demographics. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Geography 2012

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ix, 44 p. : ill. (some col.) / The physical weathering of rock in cryogenic regions through a process called ice segregation is important for understanding subglacial processes, landscape evolution and cold region engineering. Ice segregation was examined by freezing water-saturated cores of Eugene Formation sandstone at temperatures between -15° and -2°C. Cores between -8° and -5°C took 30-45 minutes to crack, while cores at warmer or cooler temperatures took either more than 90 minutes or did not crack at all. Numerical modeling shows that cores break under isothermal conditions. The results of this study suggest that previous models in which temperature gradients are held responsible for driving flow towards growing cracks are incomplete. I introduce a new model of ice segregation to explain how premelted liquids from smaller pores can migrate and contribute to the growth of large cracks. This dissertation includes unpublished material. / Committee in charge: Alan Rempel, Chairperson; Joshua Roering, Member; Rebecca Dorsey, Member

Orientador: Auro Aparecido Mendes / Banca: Bernadete Aparecida Caprioglio de Castro Oliveira / Banca: Geisa Daise Gumiero Cleps / Resumo: Na sociedade de consumo o cidadão-consumidor está condicionado a interagir com relações virtuais, consumir mercadorias signos e simulacros. Nesta referida sociedade tudo pode ser transformado em mercadoria e o espaço não é exceção. O espaço passa a ser produzido a fim de satisfazer as necessidades símbolos criadas com o propósito de oferecer status, privacidade, segurança associado a um ambiente mais próximo da natureza. Encontramos nos condôminos residenciais, horizontais e verticais, de direito ou de fato, um produto elaborado que se propõe a satisfazer tais necessidades , existentes nas diferentes categorias sócioeconômicas. Os condomínios residenciais não possuem, em si, a capacidade de suprir tais necessidades e acabam sendo o mecanismo utilizado pelas empresas imobiliárias para a valorização especulativa do espaço urbano. Este processo acaba culminando na produção de segregação sócio-espacial, devido ao estímulo a auto - segregação, além de ser um instrumento, utilizado pelo Estado, à produção de segregação imposta no Município de Rio Claro(SP). O trabalho, como objetivo geral, identificou os condomínios no tempo e no espaço bem como sua tipologia .Como objetivo específico , encontrou através de pesquisa realizada em cinco condomínios de diferentes categorias sociais, que a busca por segurança é, inicialmente, a maior motivação para as pessoas que buscam morar em condomínio nesses lugares. / Abstract: In the society of consumption the citizen consumer is conditioned to interact with virtual relations, goods, signs and simulacrums. In that society everything can be transformed in goods and the space is not an exception. The space will be produced to meet the needs symbols created with the aim of offering status, privacy, security associated with a more close to nature. We find in residential condominiums, horizontal and vertical, in law or in fact, a developed product that proposes to meet those needs that exist in the various socioeconomics categories. The residential condominiums have not, in itself, the ability to meet such needs and end up being the mechanism used by real estate companies for the speculative valorization of urban space. This process eventually culminate in production of spatial partner segregation, due to stimulate the self - segregation, besides being an instrument, used by the State, to the production of imposed segregation in the city of Rio Claro (SP). The work, as general purpose, identified the condominiums in time and space and their typology. As a specific objective, was found through research done in five different social categories condominiums', that the quest for security is, initially, the biggest motivation for people seeking live in condominium. / Mestre

Orientador: Regina Celia Bega dos Santos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T19:36:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernandes_AnaMariaVieira_M.pdf: 14009479 bytes, checksum: dd49cb1a79b48bb43c4cc9decca394d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Esta dissertação procura compreender a dinâmica da produção do espaço urbano nos distritos de Sousas e Joaquim Egídio - Campinas/SP, mediante a utilização da ideologia ambientalista no ordenamento e reorganização deste território. Pelos distritos se localizarem em uma Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA), nossa área de estudo possui grande relevância ambiental, abrigando muitas áreas verdes. Além disso, os mesmos localizam-se próximos ao centro urbano de Campinas, mas caracterizam-se como uma porção diferenciada do município, pois apresentam paisagens bucólicas. Nesta perspectiva, nos últimos 20 anos, os distritos tornaram-se alvo de uma especulação imobiliária que só tende a crescer. Devido às suas características "naturais", novos empreendimentos voltados às classes média e alta surgem a todo instante. A incorporação da ideologia ambientalista pelo mercado faz com que o mesmo influencie parte da sociedade através do chamado marketing verde, que vende os empreendimentos ressaltando os benefícios de se aproximar da natureza a fim de obter maior qualidade de vida. Tais empreendimentos caracterizam-se como as novas formas de habitar e obter lazer, por meio dos condomínios horizontais e loteamentos fechados e também do turismo gastronômico, rural e ecoturismo. Dessa forma, as áreas "naturais" são urbanizadas devido ao reencantamento que algumas pessoas têm pela natureza mitificada, o que as motivam a abandonar o dia a dia urbano e procurar tranquilidade próximo às áreas verdes. Portanto, temos a apropriação das áreas verdes como mercadoria e, por isso, acessível apenas àqueles que podem pagar. Uma vez que os distritos abrigam as novas formas de habitar com acesso restrito, a segregação socioespacial consolida-se. No lazer, a segregação também está presente, pois os estabelecimentos (bares, restaurantes) têm como público alvo classes mais abastadas. Nesse sentido, são formadas novas territorialidades no local, de uso exclusivo. Tais formas de apropriação do espaço reforçam a apartação social, sendo responsáveis pela segregação daqueles que ficam à margem deste processo. Por isso, essa pesquisa tem como objetivo discutir a maneira como se dá a apropriação do espaço em Sousas e Joaquim Egídio, investigando ainda as contradições que tais processos exercem na dinâmica do espaço urbano em questão. / Abstract: This dissertation seeks to understand the dynamics of production of urban space in the districts of Sousas and Joaquim Egidio - Campinas / SP, through the use of ideology in environmental planning and reorganization of the territory. Those districts are located in an Area of Environmental Protection (APA), our area of study has very important environmental, housing many green areas. Moreover, they can be found near the town of Campinas, but characterized it as a different portion of the municipality, since they have bucolic landscapes. Accordingly, in the last 20 years, the districts have become the target of a property speculation that only tends to grow. Owing to their "natural", new ventures aimed at middle and upper classes appear at any moment. The incorporation of environmentalist ideology that the market makes it influences the society through the so-called green marketing, which sells enterprise emphasizing the benefits of getting closer to nature in order to obtain higher quality of life. Such enterprises are characterized as new ways of living and more leisure by means of horizontal condominiums and lots closed and tourism: food, rural and ecotourism. Thus, the areas' natural 'are due to the urbanized reenchantment that some people are by nature mythicize, which motivate to leave the town and day to day stress and seek tranquility close to green areas. So we have the ownership of the green areas as a commodity and therefore accessible only to those who can pay. Since the home districts for new forms of living with restricted access, segregation socio consolidates it. In tourism, the segregation is also present, as the establishments (bars, restaurants) have to target more affluent classes. Accordingly, new territorialities are formed on site, with restricted use, exclusive. Such forms of ownership strengthens the social apartheid, being responsible for the segregation of those who are excluded from this process. Therefore, this research aims to discuss how it gives ownership of the area in Sousas and Joaquim Egidio, still investigating the contradictions that these processes exert on the dynamics of urban space in question. / Mestrado / Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial / Mestre em Geografia

Centromere identity is integral for proper kinetochore formation and chromosome segregation. In most species chromosomes have a centromere at a defined locus that is propagated across generations. The histone H3 variant CENP-A acts as an epigenetic mark for centromere identity in most species studied. CENP-A is absent from the inactivated centromere on dicentric chromosomes and present at neocentromeres that form on non-centromeric sequences. Thus, the canonical centromere sequence is neither necessary nor sufficient for centromere function. Nevertheless, centromeres are generally associated with particular sequences. Understanding the organisation of centromeric sequence features will provide insight into centromere function and identity. In this study I use the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe model system to address the relationship between CENP-ACnp1 and centromeric sequence features. These analyses reveal that CENP-ACnp1 nucleosomes are highly positioned within the central domain by large asymmetric AT-rich gaps. The same sequence features underlying CENP-ACnp1 positioning are conserved in the related species S. octosporus, but are not found at neocentromeres, suggesting that they are important but non-essential for centromere function. CENP-ACnp1 over-expression leads to ectopic CENP-ACnp1 incorporation primarily at sites associated with heterochromatin, including the sites where stable neocentromeres form. Ectopic CENP-ACnp1 also occupies additional sites within the central domain that are not occupied in cells with wild-type CENP-ACnp1 levels. In wild-type cells CENP-ACnp1 occupied sites are likely also occupied by H3 nucleosomes or the CENP-T/W/S/X nucleosome-like complex in a mixed population. Several candidate proteins were investigated to determine a protein residing in the large gaps between CENP-ACnp1 nucleosomes could be identified. No proteins could be localised to the AT-rich gaps between CENP-ACnp1 nucleosomes, but the origin recognition complex in a promising candidate. The results presented in this thesis demonstrate that nucleosomes within the fission yeast centromere central domain are highly positioned by sequence features in a conserved manner. This positioning also allows for another complex, possibly the origin recognition complex, to bind to DNA. Nucleosome positioning, DNA replication, and transcription could individually and collectively influence CENP-ACnp1 assembly and centromere function. Further experiments in fission yeast will continue to provide insight into the general properties of centromere function and identity.

Syftet med studien är att öka förståelsen för hur det brottsförebyggande arbetet bedrivs i ett segregerat bostadsområde, hur de boende i området upplever resultatet och möjliga konsekvenser av det befintliga brottsförebyggande arbetet. Vi har använt oss av kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med nio informanter i form, av en polis och åtta boende. Den metodologiska ansats vi använt oss av är hermeneutiken. Empirin har tolkats genom användning av teorier och begrepp om socialt kapital (Robert Putman), situationell och social brottsprevention samt stigma (Erving Goffman). Resultatet visar att informanterna upplever att segregationen i området bidrar till att det skapas problem med kriminalitet. Kriminaliteten behöver lösas genom ett välfungerande brottsförebyggande arbete vilket kunnat påverka diskursen om Andersberg i positiv bemärkelse. Idag brister det i arbetet genom att det saknas resurser och det finns en problematik i vem som ska åtgärda problemen. Det bidrar till att konsekvenser uppstår för lokalbefolkningen i form av att kriminalitet i området, brist på kunskap bland de boende, låg sysselsättning och en misstro mot polisen i området.

Masters in Public Administration - MPA / This research study focuses on the community of Blue Downs and their associated problems. The study furthermore provides some insight on the history of Local Government, the past policies of the Government of the day with specific reference to separation of communities, which was based on racial segregation. In this context the distribution of wealth, resources and income was uneven and separate development of population groups was a deliberate policy of the previous government. Townships such as Mitchells Plain, Atlantis and Blue Downs came into being as a result of these policies, while no employment opportunities existed. This and other social factors all lead to hardship and poverty. It is commonly accepted and consensus exists that the continuing high levels of poverty are the single biggest threat to sustainable economic growth and democratic consolidation. It is thus important to understand and appreciate why Local Government can playa critical meaningful role in addressing these challenges. The purpose of the study is to identify the needs of the people in specifically the Blue Downs area and to look at ways to address and implement the findings of the research. The research can also be regarded as a blue print, which could be adapted to the needs of the communities in other areas within the Oostenberg Municipal area. The methodology adopted to achieve the objectives of this research comprises a literature review of relevant legislation, existing documentation on the Oostenberg Municipal socio-economic indicators and a literature review on any existing literature on Blue Downs. Public meetings were held during the months of June, July and September 2000. Whilst a quantitative approach in the form of open-ended questions was also undertaken. The research study is divided into the following 5 chapters: Chapter 1 sets out the scope of and the approach of the work, and draws together the themes and key fmdings of the research. Chapter 2 deals with a case study of Blue Downs, the historical perspective with relation to Local Government and the community and set the stage for job creation as determined in Chapter 4 of this study, which could be implemented to address the outcomes of the survey and workshops held with the community. Chapter 3 sets out the framework for analysing the data captured from the needsassessments, which was executed and provides descriptions of the key features and outcomes of the surveys. The ultimate objective of this research is to look at ways to improve the quality of life of the communities of Oostenberg, especially in the Blue Downs area. The research also paves the way for other research projects within the Municipal area or can be used or adapted for communities to address their own needs. Nonetheless, in a research of this nature, issues pertaining to communities are of vital importance. Where I have made comments and/or recommendations, it is important that these be reviewed for implementation. Chapter 4 looks at the existing and new economic opportunities that are available in the Blue Downs Area. Chapter 5 describes the fmdings of the research and recommendations. The research highlights the unemployment situation in the Blue Downs area. It is thus imperative that the local community, together with the Local authority becomes the driving force in order to ensure that the recommendations and implementation gets underway. The research study could be used as a tool for the upliftment of the local community by the community through a joint partnership with the business sector and local auth

Magister Scientiae (Biodiversity and Conservation Biology) - MSc (Biodiv and Cons Biol) / Squalus acutipinnis and S. bassi may be the most common dogfish species around South Africa, and show overlap in their latitudinal and bathymetric distributions. Even though these sharks are likely endemics, they are also the common bycatch species and still, species-specific studies are lacking. The overall objective of this thesis was to understand the intraspecific and interspecific variability in the distribution and feeding ecology of these two species around the West and South coasts of South Africa. All species catch records and samples were collected during routine demersal hake biomass research surveys, conducted by the Department of Forestry Fisheries and the Environment (DFFE). Distributional patterns were evaluated using catch records, dating from 1984 to 2015. These results indicated that S. acutipinnis were commonly caught on the South coast whereas S. bassi was more abundant on the West coast.