This dissertation is focus on the study of solid-electrolyte interphases (SEIs) on advanced lithium ion battery (LIB) anodes. The purposes of this dissertation are to a) develop a methodology to study the properties of SEIs; and b) provide guidelines for designing engineered SEIs. The general knowledge gained through this research will be beneficial for the entire battery research community.

"Living Within and Outside the Margins and Borders…" depicts the lived experiences of eight Latinx high school seniors transitioning from an urban high school categorized by the State as a high poverty, high achieving, Latino majority-minority school in a large, southern Arizona city on the cusp of the U.S. Mexico border. This qualitative study spans the course of an academic school year, and includes an examination of narratives from three educational leaders within the target school. As longtime educators contained and often constrained inside a sizable metropolitan district, educational leaders were challenged to serve these Latinx youth within the limits set by state and national policies related to immigration, achievement testing, and education of emergent bilinguals. A major goal of the study was to understand how educational leaders negotiate educational policy margins to resist deficit-framed approaches and to incorporate socially just action within their schools. As demonstrated by the participants in the present study, many Latinx youth are searching for ways to navigate linguistic, cultural, racial, and class-based borders. Furthermore, many seek to breakthrough prescribed margins characterized by educational policies and practices that seek to track, label, and often marginalize them. These margins can be "more than a site of deprivation…[but] also a site of radical possibility, a space of resistance" (hooks, 1990, p.149). Thus, these Latinx students' narratives, which include descriptions of the capital employed to overcome these barriers, were analyzed via a Community Cultural Wealth lens (Yosso, 2005).

Submitted by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br) on 2017-02-20T13:58:14Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_CrisePalavraCentro.pdf: 3817964 bytes, checksum: 5fa05f214e61ee9f828458f754562e8a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br) on 2017-02-20T14:03:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_CrisePalavraCentro.pdf: 3817964 bytes, checksum: 5fa05f214e61ee9f828458f754562e8a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-20T14:03:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_CrisePalavraCentro.pdf: 3817964 bytes, checksum: 5fa05f214e61ee9f828458f754562e8a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A literatura e o cinema constituem dois campos de produção sígnica distintos cuja relação pode se tornar possível em razão da visualidade presente nas duas linguagens. Não é de hoje que o cinema se utiliza de outras linguagens e/ou outros signos para a construção, reconstrução, criação e recriação fílmica, provocando, dessa forma, o aparecimento de uma matéria híbrida. Porém, na atualidade, esse processo de influências/trocas também ocorre de forma contrária: se antes o cinema se valia da literatura como hipotexto, desta vez, a literatura pode valer-se do cinema para sua criação narrativo-verbal. O corpus de análise será o filme e romance homônimo EU SEI QUE VOU TE AMAR do cineasta, escritor, jornalista e crítico Arnaldo Jabor cujas obras exploram a linguagem cinematográfica de forma artística e também consegue, ao mesmo tempo, desenvolver seu cunho literário-poético, demonstrando assim, que a literatura pode sofrer influência do cinema. Os referenciais para análise se inserem nos estudos semiológicos que perpassam a teoria literária e fílmica. Far-se-á, portanto, análises das linguagens (literária e fílmica) empregadas pelo diretor/escritor e seu produto artístico final. / Literature and cinema are two distinct fields of sign production whose relationship may become possible because of visuality present in both languages. It is not today that the film makes use of other languages and/or other signs to the construction, reconstruction, creation and recreation film, causing thus the emergence of a hybrid material. However, at present, this process of influence/exchange also occurs in the opposite way: if before the film is worth of literature as hipotexto this time, the literature can make use of cinema for its creation narrative-verbal. The corpus of analysis will be the film and novel by I KNOW THAT I WILL LOVE YOU filmmaker, writer, journalist and critic whose works explore Arnaldo Jabor language cinematic art form and can also, at the same time developing his literary and poetic nature, thus demonstrating that literature can be influenced by the cinema. The references are included for analysis in semiotic studies that permeate the film and literary theory. Far will, therefore, analysis of language (literary and filmic) employed by the director/writer and his final artistic product.

This paper applies a hermeneutic approach to analyze, and a comparative approach to examine, Bai Juyi’s poems referenced in Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu, Pillow Book by Sei Shōnagon, Tongguk Yi Sang-guk Chip by Yi Kyu-bo and Kyewŏn Pilgyŏngjip by Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn. Through exploring Bai’s poetry in these texts, the author discovers how Murasaki, Sei, Ch’oe, and Yi contributed to transculturuation in Korea and Japan. Furthermore, the transculturation demonstrated by these literati shows a diversity of patterns: cultural mobilization from west to east; the emergence of overlapping histories in different eras and locations; a disappeared culture, recovered through being transmitted to other regions; cultural transplantation or transformation resulting from cultural contacts; and cultural products helped to stimulate economic growth. Subsequently, Bai Juyi’s works stand as a testament to the power of great poetry to improve and enhance cultures across a broad span of time and space.

This paper applies a hermeneutic approach to analyze, and a comparative approach to examine, Bai Juyi’s poems referenced in Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu, Pillow Book by Sei Shōnagon, Tongguk Yi Sang-guk Chip by Yi Kyu-bo and Kyewŏn Pilgyŏngjip by Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn. Through exploring Bai’s poetry in these texts, the author discovers how Murasaki, Sei, Ch’oe, and Yi contributed to transculturuation in Korea and Japan. Furthermore, the transculturation demonstrated by these literati shows a diversity of patterns: cultural mobilization from west to east; the emergence of overlapping histories in different eras and locations; a disappeared culture, recovered through being transmitted to other regions; cultural transplantation or transformation resulting from cultural contacts; and cultural products helped to stimulate economic growth. Subsequently, Bai Juyi’s works stand as a testament to the power of great poetry to improve and enhance cultures across a broad span of time and space.

The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the potential use of Sandplay psychotherapy with an adolescent who presented with poor self-esteem. In conducting my research I assessed one adolescent’s selfesteem by means of quantitative and qualitative measures and identified potential aspects that might require intervention, related to self-esteem. After the initial assessment, Sandplay psychotherapy was implemented as intervention, after which the participant’s self-esteem was re-assessed, comparing the results with those obtained during the initial assessment (baseline data). For the purpose of my study, I fulfilled the role of researcher, involving an intern educational psychologist in assessing the participant and conducting the intervention, thereby fulfilling the role of therapist. I followed a triangulation mixed methods intervention research approach, primarily relying on the interpretivist paradigm yet being informed and elaborated upon by a post-positivist component. I studied a single clinical case situated within the context of psychotherapy outcome research. This enabled me to draw conclusions on how suitable and helpful Sandplay psychotherapy might be (or not) for an adolescent who presented with poor self-esteem. In collecting quantitative data, I employed the Self-Esteem Index (Brown&Alexander, 1991) both prior to and after the intervention had been completed. In support, a qualitative post-modern assessment was included in the form of the Rosebush technique (Oaklander, 1988). Other qualitative data collection and documentation measures include observations, semi-structured interviews (with the participant and her parents), photographs of the sand trays and a semi-structured reflection journal (of the participant), as well as reflection journals of the researcher and therapist. Based on the pre- and post-assessments I was able to compare results of the participant’s self-esteem before and after the Sandplay psychotherapy intervention had been completed. Subsequent to thematic qualitative data analysis and my comparison of the quantitative results I obtained, three main themes emerged. Firstly, the self-esteem of the participant seemed to have improved following the intervention, since her limited self-knowledge, feelings of inferiority and her uncertainty in unknown situations seemingly changed into age-appropriate self-knowledge, feelings of self-worth and facing the unknown. Secondly, she displayed changes in the emotional domain of development post-intervention. She seemed more content with her situation, reportedly feeling more safe and secure as opposed to feeling academically pressured, as was the case at the onset of my study, and having a positive future perspective. Thirdly, changes in her social domain of development occurred as she displayed age-appropriate skills, acted more assertively and felt more accepted and ready to establish relationships. Based on the findings of my study, I can conclude that it seems possible to facilitate the improvement of adolescents’ self-esteem by conducting Sandplay psychotherapy. Besides an improvement in terms of overall self-esteem, the participant in my study seemingly displayed improvement in the areas of relationships and social skills, as well as conflict resolution skills. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Educational Psychology / unrestricted

Cette thèse se positionne dans le domaine des batteries lithium-ion. Elle a pourobjectif de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement de l’électrode négative de graphiteen étudiant le processus de formation du film de passivation, couramment appeléSEI (Solid Electrolyte Interface) créé à l’interface avec l’électrolyte. Ce travail nousa conduit à proposer des modèles pouvant expliquer comment se forme la SEI et àidentifier les phénomènes qui entrent en jeu dans le fonctionnement de la batterie.La SEI résulte de la réaction entre l’électrode de graphite, les ions lithium et les moléculesorganiques de l’électrolyte qui survient lors du premier processus d’insertion.Elle est principalement composée des produits de décomposition de l’électrolyte etles ions lithium consommés ne sont plus échangeables. Elle est donc responsable dela capacité irréversible observée lors du premier cycle de formation, correspondantà la différence de capacité entre le processus d’insertion et le processus de désinsertion.Il est donc essentiel de mieux comprendre les paramètres qui l’influencentpour pouvoir ainsi la contrôler et limiter la perte irréversible de capacité. Les performancesen capacité de l’élément lithium-ion sont directement liées à cette valeurde capacité irréversible, elle doit être limitée afin de maximiser la quantité d’ionslithium échangée entre l’électrode négative et l’électrode positive. La stabilité dela SEI conditionne ensuite le comportement en cyclage de l’électrode au cours dutemps.Dans ce mémoire de thèse, nous avons choisi de caractériser le comportement del’électrode de graphite en faisant varier la nature de l’électrolyte et la taille desparticules de graphite tout en restant le plus proche possible du fonctionnementd’une vraie batterie. Au travers des techniques de caractérisations électrochimiques(cyclage galvanostatique, spectroscopie d’impédance) associées à des techniques decaractérisation de surface (spectroscopie de photoélectrons X, microscopie électroniqueà balayage), les résultats obtenus ont permis de proposer un nouveau modèlede formation de la SEI.Pour l’électrolyte, nous avons choisi de ne regarder que l’effet du solvant (le carbonatede propylène) et de l’additif (le carbonate de vinylène). Ces deux composésentrent dans la composition des électrolytes utilisés dans les éléments lithium-ioncommerciaux. Pour l’électrode de graphite, le choix des particules s’avère primordialpuisque chaque type de particules possède une chimie de surface spécifique (plans223basaux ou plans prismatiques) susceptible de réagir différemment vis-à-vis de l’électrolyte.Deux particules de graphite, de taille et de morphologie différentes, ont étéétudiées. Elles sont utilisées séparément en tant que matière active dans les électrodesnégatives des batteries lithium-ion. Notre spécificité est d’avoir préparé desélectrodes constituées par un mélange de ces deux particules et de les avoir ensuitecaractérisées en formation. L’application de conditions de fonctionnement différentescomme le régime de cyclage et la température d’essai ont mis en évidence les valeursidéales conduisant à minimiser la dégradation de l’électrolyte et à optimiser laqualité du film.Nous avons abouti, au travers de l’ensemble des méthodes de caractérisations misesen oeuvre, à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de formation du film depassivation permettant ainsi d’améliorer cette étape essentielle à la pérennité desperformances de l’électrode dans le temps. Ce travail a donc un réel impact auniveau industriel. Le modèle de formation proposé apporte un éclairage nouveau auprocessus de formation et peut permettre également d’aider en amont à la fabricationdes particules de graphite. / This work relates to the lithium ion battery field. The purpose of this study is tobetter understand the behavior of graphite electrodes by focusing on the formationof a passive layer named Solid Electolyte Interface (SEI) which is formed at thegraphite/electrolyte interface. This work has led us to put forward models whichcan explain the SEI formation and identify the reactions which take place in alithium ion battery.The SEI results from reactions between graphite electrode, lithium ions and organicmolecules from the electrolyte during the first charge of the lithium ion battery. It ismainly composed of decomposition products from the electrolyte. Consumed lithiumions can no longer be used in the next cycle. The SEI is therefore responsible for theirreversible capacity during the first formation cycle which is the charge loss betweenthe intercalation process and the deintercalation process. It is necessary to betterunderstand the impact of the formation conditions and other parameters in orderto control and limit the irreversible charge loss. Lithium ion battery performancesdepend on this irreversible capacity, this value has to be reduced in order to maximizethe amount of exchanged lithium ions between negative and positive electrodes. TheSEI stability will determine the electrode behavior upon cycling.In this thesis, we chose to study the graphite behavior by testing several electrolytecompositions and graphite particle sizes in electrochemical cells similar to areal battery. Electrochemical techniques (galvanostatic cycling and electrochemicalimpedance spectroscopy) and surface analyses (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,scanning electron microscopy) will be combined. These results helped us to developa new model of the SEI formation.For the electrolyte, we chose to study the effect of the solvent (propylene carbonate)and the additive (vinylene carbonate). Both components are commonly used inthe electrolyte for commercial lithium ion batteries. For the graphite electrode, thechoice of graphite particles is essential because each graphite family has its ownsurface chemistry (basal and prismatic surfaces) which can react in many wayswith the electrolyte. Two graphite particles, with specific sizes and morphologiesare studied. They are separately used as active materials for negative electrodes inlithium ion batteries. Our unique approach is to prepare graphite electrodes basedon a mix of both particles with various compositions and then test the electrode225performances. After testing several formation conditions such as the cycling rateand the temperature, we found the ideal formation conditions for minimizing theelectrolyte decomposition and optimizing the film quality.Finally, based on all the characterization methods, we came to a better understandingof the film formation process. In this way, we have improved this essentialpreliminary step which can now lead to more durable cycling performances overtime. This study can have a major impact on the industrial level. The formationmodel cast a new light on the formation process and can therefore help to makeefficient graphite electrodes.

The rate of degradation of a lithium-ion battery depends on its use i.e. how it is charged and discharged. Physics-based models are used to represent the processes inside a cell as well as the degradation mechanisms. This thesis aimed to compare how the battery lifetime is affected when charging with different charging protocols using different battery models and degradation mechanisms. The investigated models are the Single Particle Model (SPM), the Single Particle Model with electrolyte (SPMe), and the Doyle-Fuller Newman model (DFN). The degradation mechanisms are solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), and lithium plating (LP). The used charging protocols are constant-current constant voltage(CCCV), positive pulsed current (PPC), and constant current (CC). Pulsed charging was included to investigate if the battery lifetime can be improved as in an experiment by Huang where pulsed charging increased the battery lifetime by 60%. To perform the simulations using the physics-based models, PyBaMM (PythonBattery Mathematical Modeling) was used. The simulations were performed for a lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) cell. Two types of SEI were implemented, solvent-diffusion limited and reaction limited. For the LP only irreversible LP was used.1200 cycles were simulated. Comparing the PPC and CC protocols, there were no significant changes between the degradation mechanisms for the different protocols. The results were the same for all the models, except for the results of the internal resistance. The conclusion is that for the PPC and CC protocols, the cell degrades the same although the PPC protocol used twice the C-rate. The PPC charging did not increase the battery lifetime. For the CCCV and CC protocols, there were some bigger differences between the protocols, but between the different models, there weren’t any significant differences. The CCCV degrades the cell faster for all degradation mechanisms and all models. Simulating one degradation submodel at a time resulted in a very small capacity fade for some submodels. Therefore, for future work, it is suggested to use several degradation submodels at the same time but also to try other degradation mechanisms or try PPC protocols with different frequencies and duty cycles. / Hur snabbt litiumjonbatterier degraderas beror på hur de används, laddas och laddas ur. Fysikbaserde modeller används för att representera processerna inuti cellen och även degraderingsmekanismerna. Denna studie har genomförts för att undersöka hur batteriets livslängd påverkas av olika laddningsprotokoll genom att använda olika batterimodeller och degraderingsmekanismer. Modellerna som användes är Singel-partikelmodellen (SPM), Singel-partikelmodellen med elektrolyt (SPMe) och Doyle-Fuller Newman-modellen (DFN). Degraderingsmekanismerna är fast elektrolytinterfas (SEI) och litiumplätering (LP). Laddningsprotokollen som användes är konstant ström konstant spänning (CCCV), positiv pulserande ström (PPC) och konstant ström konstant (CC). Protokollet för pulsad laddning inkluderades för att undersöka om batteriets livslängd kan förbättras som i ett experiment av Huang, där pulsad laddning ökade batteriets livslängdmed 60%. För att utföra simuleringar med fysikbaserade modeller användes PyBaMM(Pyhton Battery Mathematical Modeling). Simuleringarna utfördes för en lithiumkobaltoxid-cell (LCO). Två typer av SEI implementerades, lösningsmedelsdiffusion-begränsad och reaktions-begränsad SEI. För LP användes endast irreversibel LP.1200 cykler simulerades. Jämförande PPC- och CC-protokollen fanns det inga signifikanta förändringar mellan degraderingsmekanismerna för de olika protokollen. Resultaten vardesamma för alla modellerna, förutom resultaten av den interna resistansen. Slutsatsen är att för både PPC- och CC-protokollen så degraderades cellen på samma sätt, trots att PPC-protokollet använde dubbelt så hög C-faktor. PPC-protokollet ökade inte batteriets livslängd. För CCCV- och CC-protokollen fanns det några större skillnader mellan protokollen, men mellan de olika modellerna fanns det inga signifikanta skillnader. CCCV-protokollet försämrade cellen snabbare för alla degraderingsmekanismer och alla modeller. Att simulera en degraderingsmodell i taget resulterade i mycket små kapacitetsförluster. Därmed föreslås det att i framtida arbete använda flera degraderingsmodeller samtidigt men även testa andra degraderingsmekanismer eller PPC-protokoll med olika frekvenser och arbetscykler

Master of Music / School of Music, Theatre, and Dance / Reginald L. Pittman / This Master’s Report is an examination of four vocal song cycles for the baritone voice. Song cycles researched, interpreted, and performed include An die ferne Geliebte (1816) by Ludwig van Beethoven, Sei Romanze (1838) by Giuseppe Verdi, Don Quichotte à Dulcinée (1932-1933) by Maurice Ravel, and Let Us Garlands Bring (1938-1942) by Gerald Finzi. In this report you will find information on the history of vocal song cycles, biographical information about composers and poets/lyricists, compositional analysis, historical breakdowns of the musical periods, musical and poetic interpretations, original texts and English translations, pedagogical and performance practice insights, and never before published transpositions of “Non t’accostare all’urna,” “More, Elisa, lo stanco poeta,” and “Nell’orror di note oscura” from Giuseppe Verdi’s Sei Romanze (1838). Songs in this report are: “Auf dem Hügel sitz ich spähend,” “Wo die Berge so blau,” “Leichte Segler in den Höhen,” “Diese Wolken in den Höhen,” “Es kehret der Maien, es blühet die Au,” and “Nimm sie hin den diese Lieder” from An die ferne Geliebte by Ludwig an Beethoven. “Non t’accostare all’urna,” “More, Elisa, lo stanco poeta,” “In solitaria stanza,” and “Nell’orror di note oscura” from Sei Romanze by Giuseppe Verdi. “Chanson romanesque,” “Chanson épique,” and “Chanson à boire” from Don Quichotte à Dulcinée by Maurice Ravel. “Come away, come away, death,” “Who is Silvia?,” “Fear no more the heat o’ the sun,” “O Mistress Mine,” and “It was a lover and his lass” from Let Us Garlands Bring by Gerald Finzi. The graduate recital was presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Music degree in vocal performance on April 9th, 2017 in All Faiths Chapel on the campus of Kansas State University. The recital featured the talents of baritone Matthew D. Cyphert and pianist Mitchell S. Jerko.

This work focuses on sodium-ion batteries. It describes the basic principles of accumulators, focusing more on secondary cells, their electrodes, especially negative electrodes. The work is lightly based on the basics of lithium-ion batteries. The practical part of the work is the production of negative electrodes Na2Ti3O7, which are further measured at three different temperatures. These measurements are then evaluated.