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Many interesting behaviours in the animal and human world involve cooperation among individuals. Yet, cooperating individuals are often susceptible to exploitation by cheaters. Because cheaters do better than the cooperators they exploit, the evolution and persistence of cooperation has been a challenging topic of study in biology, sociology and economics. Studies often abstract from real cooperative interactions, and construct simple games in which players can choose either cooperation with other players, or defection, e.g., the well known prisoner’s dilemma and the snowdrift game. In these games and other social dilemmas, mutual cooperation yields greater payoffs than mutual defection, but individuals are still tempted to defect (because of the possibility that if they cooperate, the other player will defect). Similar dilemmas also arise in situations where multiple individuals may be affected by the actions of one (such as volunteering for community service or evading taxes), and the main theme of this thesis is cooperation in groups. In chapter 2, we analyze pre-emptive vaccination for an outbreak of smallpox (following a bioterrorist attack or accidental release), from the public health (i.e., group) and individual perspectives. Chapters 3 and 4 deal with an extension of the snowdrift game to n interacting players and continuous strategy sets (where individuals decide on their degree of cooperation): in chapter 3, we analyze global evolutionary stability of cooperative strategies in a large class of n-player snowdrift games in infinite populations; chapter 4 analyzes general continuous n-person snowdrift games in finite populations, and compares the evolutionary dynamics with their infinite population analogues. In chapter 5, we present a general framework to model selection processes in finite populations, necessary for the analysis in chapter 4. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The purpose of the current study was to examine the effect of a blind selection process on gender discrimination. Due to persistent gender discrimination in selection processes, the intention of the current study was to investigate a blind selection process as a means to decrease gender discrimination against women. A total of 391 individuals were recruited through SONA and convenience sampling to participate in the current study. Materials included a selection scenario, three applicant résumés with applicant names and three with applicant ID numbers, a rank order form, and measures for procedural justice and fairness, modern sexism inventory, and the attitudes towards women scale. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions; one with applicant names, one with applicant ID numbers with no explanation for the ID numbers, and one with applicant ID numbers without an explanation. Results illustrated partial support for hypothesis 1a (H1a) and H2a, such that there was a significant difference in rank orders (H1a) and job suitability scores (H2a) as a function of condition assignment, though in the opposite direction than hypothesized. There was support for H1b, H1c, H2b, and H2c such that in blind conditions, qualified applicants received similar rank orders (H1b) and job suitability scores (H2b), while the unqualified applicant received the lowest rank order (H1c) and job suitability scores (H2c). Procedural justice scores were similar between the two blind conditions, and as such, H3a and H3b was not supported. Participants with an explanation perceived blind conditions as fair and non-blind conditions as unfair, thus H3c was supported. However, H3d was not supported, as participants without an explanation still perceived a blind process as fair and a non-blind process as unfair. Neither H4a nor H4b were supported, as sexism did not serve as a covariate with rank orders as a function of condition assignment. Last, H5 was not supported, as participants across all three conditions were similarly confident in their rank order decisions. Limitations included an imbalanced sample of primarily female (N = 320) psychology students (N = 380). Possible explanations for results obtained include the effects of similarity bias, identification, sophistication and education, and experimenter effects. Results expand the current body of literature in personnel selection processes and create implications for blind selection processes and practical use in organizations to decrease gender discrimination.

Large institutional actors in the financial arena are moving their capital in a sustainable direction. This implies a change of the institutional norms and rules regarding sustainable investing. One of the problematic aspects of sustainable investing is how investors use different strategies to influence their holdings and what implications this choice might have on a sector level. The purpose of this paper is to empirically examine how the strategies from institutional investors are an expression of the current norms and rules in the field of sustainable investing. It also intends to illustrate how institutional pressures influence the strategies of investors and their holdings. By interviewing respondents from eleven institutional investors, we present data regarding norms and rules for sustainable investing and the consequences of the investor’s strategies. Our findings indicate there has been an immense increase in demand for sustainable products in recent years, resulting in institutional pressures that have influenced both the investors and their holdings. This exposes the field to selection processes which may force organizations to the point of adapt or die. Finally, our conclusion provides practical implications on what role institutional investors have in the quest for sustainable development.

There was a culture debate during 2019 in the Swedish newspaper, Dagens Nyheter, about what kind of literature children should take part of. We took an interest in the debate and wanted to study teachers’ approach to literature in preschools. We found a problem whether the literature should have an educational purpose for the unready child or as stated in the curriculum that children should be viewed as owners of their agency. From the social constructivism concepts of being and becoming, this paper aims to investigate educators’ selection processes of literature and approaches to reading in preschools, and to conceptualise how this type of literary content can be used to teach children civic pointers.In this qualitative study we interviewed people who were working in preschools. We included teachers from different workplaces, assignments and age groups. The results of this study show that the preschools not exclusively have a being or becoming approach to literature, but that the approaches actually coexist in the everyday work. That is, the children are sometimes considered competent enough to handle rather complex ethical problems in the literature, but in other situations the preschool teachers change the stories to for example not scare the children. The literature had distinct purposes in the preschools, for example to help the children reflect over different life situations and teach them how to properly handle such situations. A common strategy the teachers used to accomplish this was to change the stories or characters of the literature they used. In conclusion, this study shows that the selection processes of literature in preschools aim for children to recognise themselves in the literature and it should be developing and challenging for the children. Furthermore, teachers make conscious choices when reading to the children. We also found that teaching civic pointers to children is a constant process in early education. This study can help teachers to be aware of how literature is selected in preschools, that different approaches to literature might form children and that it is an ongoing process.

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This work has as main objective to analyze the written text production of graduates of the lower grades of primary education in public and private schools in the state of Sergipe. This requires a reflection on aspects that involve the teaching/learning of mother tongue in primary education in Brazil. Held at the College of Application of the Federal University of Sergipe (Codap-UFS), this research has as corpus forty texts, chosen randomly. Twenty of them were produced by students who entered the College, as approved at the last examination for selection to the 6th grade of elementary school, 2009, identified here as texts in Group A and twenty produced by students who entered the College, through the public lottery of vacancies for the 2010 school year, identified as texts of Group B. From a historical survey about the College of Application of UFS, recover important aspects with emphasis on political and pedagogical, which provides a better context and characterization of the corpus. Include considerations on the subjects involved in research and proposals that generated the production of textual analysis. The study methodology adopted, mostly of qualitative nature, is based on documentary analysis, without disregarding the quantitative data that anchor this approach. The categories of analysis, based primarily on principles of text linguistics, were divided into two levels: the macrostructural aspects, considering the semantic-pragmatictextual and microstructural level, observing the orthographic and morphosyntactic. To support the analysis were elected studies of Koch and Traváglia (1999), Fávero (2001), Koch and Elias (2007) and Antunes (2010). We also consider studies that focus on studies of essays, though at other levels of education, like Carvalho (1997), Val (2006), Ferreira (2007) and Machado (2009). As a result of the analysis, it could observe that the texts produced by students in both groups, regardless of the form for admission to college, had higher satisfaction scores in the analysis of the semantic-pragmatic-textual in the context of this study, considered the most relevant aspects of the analysis. / Este trabalho tem como principal objetivo analisar a produção textual escrita de egressos das séries iniciais do Ensino Fundamental, de escolas da rede pública e privada do estado de Sergipe. O que requer uma reflexão sobre aspectos que envolvem o ensino/aprendizagem de língua materna na escola básica brasileira. Realizada no Colégio de Aplicação da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, (Codap-UFS), esta pesquisa tem como corpus quarenta textos, escolhidos de forma aleatória. Vinte deles foram produzidos por alunos que ingressaram no Colégio, mediante aprovação no último exame de seleção ao 6º ano do Ensino Fundamental, ano 2009, aqui identificados como textos do Grupo A, e vinte produzidos por alunos que ingressaram no Colégio, através do sorteio público das vagas, para o ano escolar de 2010, identificados como textos do Grupo B. Partindo de um resgate histórico sobre o Colégio de Aplicação da UFS, recuperam-se aspectos importantes com ênfase no políticopedagógico, o que possibilita uma melhor contextualização e caracterização do corpus. Destacam-se considerações sobre os sujeitos envolvidos na pesquisa e as propostas que geraram as produções textuais da análise. A metodologia de estudo adotada, majoritariamente, de natureza qualitativa, baseia-se na análise documental, sem desconsiderar os dados quantitativos que ancoram a referida abordagem. As categorias de análise, fundamentadas, prioritariamente, em princípios da Linguística Textual, foram distribuídas em dois níveis: o macroestrutural, considerando os aspectos semântico-pragmático-textuais e o nível microestrutural, observando os aspectos ortográficos e morfossintáticos. Para sustentar a análise foram eleitos estudos de Koch e Traváglia (1999), Fávero (2001), Koch e Elias (2007) e Antunes (2010). Consideramos também, trabalhos que enfocam estudos de redações, ainda que em outros níveis de escolaridade, a exemplo de Carvalho (1997), Val (2006), Ferreira (2007) e Machado (2009). Como resultado da análise, pode-se observar que os textos produzidos pelos alunos de ambos os Grupos, independente da forma de ingresso no Colégio, apresentaram melhores índices de satisfação na análise dos aspectos semântico-pragmáticotextuais, no contexto deste estudo, considerados como os mais relevantes aspectos da análise

This work has as main objective to analyze the written text production of graduates of the lower grades of primary education in public and private schools in the state of Sergipe. This requires a reflection on aspects that involve the teaching/learning of mother tongue in primary education in Brazil. Held at the College of Application of the Federal University of Sergipe (Codap-UFS), this research has as corpus forty texts, chosen randomly. Twenty of them were produced by students who entered the College, as approved at the last examination for selection to the 6th grade of elementary school, 2009, identified here as texts in Group A and twenty produced by students who entered the College, through the public lottery of vacancies for the 2010 school year, identified as texts of Group B. From a historical survey about the College of Application of UFS, recover important aspects with emphasis on political and pedagogical, which provides a better context and characterization of the corpus. Include considerations on the subjects involved in research and proposals that generated the production of textual analysis. The study methodology adopted, mostly of qualitative nature, is based on documentary analysis, without disregarding the quantitative data that anchor this approach. The categories of analysis, based primarily on principles of text linguistics, were divided into two levels: the macrostructural aspects, considering the semantic-pragmatictextual and microstructural level, observing the orthographic and morphosyntactic. To support the analysis were elected studies of Koch and Traváglia (1999), Fávero (2001), Koch and Elias (2007) and Antunes (2010). We also consider studies that focus on studies of essays, though at other levels of education, like Carvalho (1997), Val (2006), Ferreira (2007) and Machado (2009). As a result of the analysis, it could observe that the texts produced by students in both groups, regardless of the form for admission to college, had higher satisfaction scores in the analysis of the semantic-pragmatic-textual in the context of this study, considered the most relevant aspects of the analysis. / Este trabalho tem como principal objetivo analisar a produção textual escrita de egressos das séries iniciais do Ensino Fundamental, de escolas da rede pública e privada do estado de Sergipe. O que requer uma reflexão sobre aspectos que envolvem o ensino/aprendizagem de língua materna na escola básica brasileira. Realizada no Colégio de Aplicação da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, (Codap-UFS), esta pesquisa tem como corpus quarenta textos, escolhidos de forma aleatória. Vinte deles foram produzidos por alunos que ingressaram no Colégio, mediante aprovação no último exame de seleção ao 6º ano do Ensino Fundamental, ano 2009, aqui identificados como textos do Grupo A, e vinte produzidos por alunos que ingressaram no Colégio, através do sorteio público das vagas, para o ano escolar de 2010, identificados como textos do Grupo B. Partindo de um resgate histórico sobre o Colégio de Aplicação da UFS, recuperam-se aspectos importantes com ênfase no políticopedagógico, o que possibilita uma melhor contextualização e caracterização do corpus. Destacam-se considerações sobre os sujeitos envolvidos na pesquisa e as propostas que geraram as produções textuais da análise. A metodologia de estudo adotada, majoritariamente, de natureza qualitativa, baseia-se na análise documental, sem desconsiderar os dados quantitativos que ancoram a referida abordagem. As categorias de análise, fundamentadas, prioritariamente, em princípios da Linguística Textual, foram distribuídas em dois níveis: o macroestrutural, considerando os aspectos semântico-pragmático-textuais e o nível microestrutural, observando os aspectos ortográficos e morfossintáticos. Para sustentar a análise foram eleitos estudos de Koch e Traváglia (1999), Fávero (2001), Koch e Elias (2007) e Antunes (2010). Consideramos também, trabalhos que enfocam estudos de redações, ainda que em outros níveis de escolaridade, a exemplo de Carvalho (1997), Val (2006), Ferreira (2007) e Machado (2009). Como resultado da análise, pode-se observar que os textos produzidos pelos alunos de ambos os Grupos, independente da forma de ingresso no Colégio, apresentaram melhores índices de satisfação na análise dos aspectos semântico-pragmáticotextuais, no contexto deste estudo, considerados como os mais relevantes aspectos da análise

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