<p dir="ltr">Human interaction with different levels of automation, ranging from simpler decision aids to fully autonomous systems, is becoming increasingly common in society. This is particularly true in safety-critical applications. If humans exhibit inappropriate reliance, meaning depending either too much or too little, the consequences can range from failure in completing a task to injuring a human worker. For this reason, researchers have studied human reliance behavior on different levels of automation. Seminal results have shown that human reliance decisions are strongly influenced by their self-confidence and trust in the automation. However, even if a user trusts the automation, the environmental conditions may be sufficiently risky such that the user should not use it. Indeed, researchers have shown that risk perception can influence decisions, but despite this, relatively little research has studied human risk perception as it relates to decisions about reliance on automation. In this thesis, a new model for how human risk perception (RP) and human self-confidence (SC) affect their reliance on a visual aid is proposed and validated. A novelty of the model is its emphasis on the relative difference between RP and SC and demonstrating that this difference can accurately predict human reliance behavior. A secondary contribution of this thesis is the utilization of the model to design an algorithm that automatically decides when to provide the aid to the user. Main findings include the ability to calibrate a user’s cognitive state when using the algorithm that automatically provides the aid to the user. Another finding is the improvement in cognitive states during trials without the aid after trials in which an algorithm decided when to provide the aid. Other findings include analyses of the statistical differences in cognitive states based on an individual participant’s subpopulation membership. Extensions of these contributions to human-machine interaction contexts is discussed in future work.</p>

There are a great number of people whose suggestions and encouragement have contributed to the preparation and completion of this study. Special recognition is due to the committee of faculty evaluating this study through the various stages from inception. I appreciate the patience plus clear arid precise guidance of Tom Hohenshil, and Dennis Hinkle's counsel and completion of the computer analyses of the results of this study, I am grateful for the inspiration Dean Hummel provided especially during the early stages of this project. I wish also to express my thanks to Cherry Houck who’s door was always open and was also instrumental in the inception of this study, I also appreciate Harriett Cobb's perceptiveness and special efforts in dissipating my committee meeting jitters. Finally, I consider myself fortunate to have had exposure to these individual's expertise and vast experiences. I wish also to acknowledge the assistance and financial support, I received from Charlotte McNulty, SYEP Project Director, and from the Board of Directors of People Places Inc. in Staunton, Virginia. I am indebted to the patience and trust Ms. McNulty repeatedly afforded me throughout the various stages of carrying out this project. The generous offer of the use of equipment .and office space of People Places Inc. is also greatly appreciated. And finally, I consider myself fortunate to have a wife supportive of my efforts in achieving an advanced degree in education. Her genuine interest in the topic of this study and willingness to listen, proofread, type, and many other supportive actions deserve a special "thank you". / Ed. D.

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Musik finns i alla kulturer och berör oss alla på olika sätt. Syftet med denna uppsats är att söka en djupare förståelse för vad en musikgenre kan betyda för elever. Studien går ut på att undersöka hur elever använder musiken för att klara av sin vardag både vad gäller skola och fritid. Det har i utredningar visats att musik är viktig för inlärning av kärnämnen. I mitt arbete som musiklärare har jag fått höra från elever att de inte skulle komma till skolan om det inte var för musikämnena. Det är musiken som gör skolan intressant och som gör att de orkar delta även i andra ämnen. Läraren är viktig för elevernas utbildning. En modern lärare använder sig av relationellt lärande. Metoden går ut på att läraren skapar en relation där eleven ges förtroende och stort utrymme i undervisningen. I relationen måste läraren släppa på sin auktoritet och en kamp kan då uppstå mellan lärare och elev, vilket kräver både kunskap och mod av läraren. / Music exists in all cultures and affects us all in different ways. The purpose of this study is to seek a deeper understanding of what a genre of music can mean to students. The study is to investigate how students use music to cope with their daily lives both in school and leisure. Investigations have shown that music is important to the learning of main subjects. In my job as a music teacher I have learnt from students that they would not come to school if it was not for the music subjects. It's the music that makes the school attractive and enables them to have the energy to participate in other subjects. The teacher is important for the students' education. A modern teacher uses ”relational learning”. The approach is that the teacher creates a relationship where students are given freedom and space in class. In the relationship with the student the teacher must let go of his authority and a struggle can then occur between teacher and student, which requires both the knowledge and the courage of the teacher.

Among all the international students enrolled in the U.S. colleges or universities, Chinese international students, including those who come from Taiwan, mainland China, and Hong Kong, accounted for 16.7%, which is a fairly high percentage (Institute of International Education, 2004). They may encounter very unique acculturative stress because of different cultural norms and academic expectations between Chinese and American cultures. Ward and her colleagues (1990) claimed that cross-cultural adjustment can be best examined from two fundamental dimensions: psychological and sociocultural adjustment. These two dimensions are conceptually distinct but empirically related. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the influences of acculturation strategies (Berry, 1980), self-views in relation to others (Markus & Kitayama, 1991; Kagitcibasi, 1996 & 2005), perceived cultural distance (Babiker et al., 1980), and English self-confidence (Clement & Baker, 2001) on different dimensions of Chinese international students’ cross-cultural adjustment. Research questions and hypotheses were focused on how each factor affects the cross-cultural adjustment, and how these factors interact with each other as they generate impacts on adjustment. 177 international students of Chinese heritage from Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong participated in the study. They were asked to fill out self-report questionnaires about their demographic information, acculturation strategies, self-construals, perceived cultural distance, English self-confidence, and psychological and sociocultural adjustment in the U.S. Results indicated that length of residence in the U.S., participation in the host society (one dimension of acculturation strategies), direct communication, autonomy (sub-dimensions of independent self-construal), and English self-confidence were positively correlated with psychological adjustment. On the other hand, length of residence, marital status, direct communication (a sub-dimension of independent self-construal), perceived cultural distance, and English self-confidence were positively associated with sociocultural adjustment. In addition, a few mediating effects were revealed: (a) Independent self-construal mediated the relation between participation in the U.S. society and sociocultural adjustment; (b) English self-confidence mediated the relation between participation in the host society and cross-cultural adjustment; (c) English self-confidence mediated the relation between independent self-construal and sociocultural adjustment. Limitations and implications for future research are discussed. / text

This essay investigates the motivation of newly-arrived immigrant students, in the Swedish upper secondary school system, in connection with their simultaneous studies of the Swedish and English language. The essay investigates the students’ motivation as well as their linguistic self-confidence during their simultaneous studies. In order to investigate these factors, this essay uses the operative terms from Gardner and Lambert in their study of student motivation in regards to language learning. These terms codify and structure student motivation into two groups, integrative motivation and instrumental motivation. The former term denoted motivation based on the will to integrative and communicate with native speakers. The latter term instead denoted motivation based on the will to use the language in purely practical terms, for example for advancement in the work force or in educational institutions. This essay also uses the aforementioned term linguistic self-confidence as used by Dörnyei. The term denoted a speaker’s confidence in their own proficiency in a language. The selection process of the study showed that the improvement, of the students’ knowledge, was visible in both languages. However, there was no clear indication as to whether integrative or instrumental motivation had a greater effect on the improvement. Previous research indicates that integrative motivation had been more successful in language learning. The study showed a connection between the students’ linguistic self-confidence and their improvement. This further emphasises the importance for students to recognise their own progress and thus strengthen their linguistic self-confidence, which useful information for language teachers active in a simultaneous language learning situation.

Objective: To compare community pharmacists' self-perceived communication confidence in prescription drug abuse and addiction (PDAA)-related scenarios to their self-confidence in other scenarios. Methods: An 18-item survey instrument adapted from the Self-Perceived Communication Competence instrument was administered to 2000 licensed Tennessee community pharmacists. Items elicited communication confidence across common community pharmacy scenarios. Analysis of communication self-confidence scores across context, receiver, audience, and demographic variables was conducted. Results: Mean self-confidence ratings ranged from 54.2 to 92.6 (0-100 scale). Self-perceived communication confidence varied across context, receiver, audience, personal and practice setting characteristics. Scenarios that involved PDAA communication with patients were scored significantly lower than non-PDAA patient scenarios (mean = 84.2 vs. 90.4, p Conclusion: Community pharmacists are less confident in their ability to communicate with patients about PDAA as compared to non-PDAA scenarios. Practice Implications: Engaging patients and prescribers in PDAA conversations is a critical component of preventing and treating PDAA. Research is warranted to further explore measures of situational communication self-confidence and interventions to optimize self-confidence beliefs across PDAA scenarios.

Often, education regarding low volume and high-risk procedures, like tracheostomy, are ignored. Lack of experience, skills, and human resources can lead to decreases in confidence levels, diminished quality of care, and potentially an adverse event. The purpose of this DNP project was to prepare simulation-based education on the tracheostomy procedure and provide hands-on education to bedside nurses. The project answered the question: To what extent will a simulation-based teaching method adequately prepare staff nurses in a post-acute surgical unit to perform this high risk low volume procedure? The Johns Hopkins evidence-based model method was used to assist in translation of the practice change process. The International Nursing Association for Clinical Simulation and Learning standards were used to design simulation scenarios. Surgical acute care nurses (n = 35) including day and night shift nurses, new graduates, and experienced nurses participated. Groups of five to eight nurses participated in a two-hour simulation session at hospital simulation center. Pre- and post-surveys on confidence level data, and National League of Nursing evaluation tool data on educational practices and simulation designs were collected from all participants. Paired t-test statistics showed a significant increase in confidence level from pre to post education (p < .001). Because of the significant impact on patient care due to preventing complications and by improving nursing staff's level of confidence, the project may contribute to positive social change.

The research was undertaken to quantify the power of selected extrinsic (price and country of origin) and intrinsic cues (acid in chardonnay and fat in brie) on consumer evaluations of both experienced and expected product quality, and further, to measure the respective influences of objective knowledge, subjective knowledge and self-confidence on these quality assessments. The study also seeks to determine if a survey conducted measuring expectations of quality would yield comparable results with quality assessments based on actual product experience. The study was comprised of sensory experiments using full profile conjoint analysis experimental design to measure quality perception, followed by a survey where only product description profiles were provided. The analysis from both stages show findings that are remarkably similar in most respects. Results of the sensory experiment for chardonnay show both extrinsic cues tested to be more important than acid levels, while results for the survey show price maintained the strongest influence, with comparable expectations regarding the importance of country of origin and acid. For brie (both stages) consumer opinions were consistent; with price found the most influential; and while country of origin was considered relatively important, fat levels were more influential for both groups. Whilst for chardonnay (both stages) respondents held consistent beliefs regarding each acid level tested, for brie respondents experiencing the highest level of fat held an opposite view to respondents assessing quality based on their expected liking for this type of product. The influence of knowledge (objective and subjective) and self-confidence was found to be sporadic and weak, likely due to respondents’ general lack of objective knowledge in both stages of the survey. In the case of self-confidence, results are surprising given that respondents in both studies exhibited reasonably healthy degrees of self-confidence. The research provides important information to marketers seeking to exploit the most attractive aspects of their products and platform for a number of subsequent studies. / Thesis(PhD)-- School of Commerce, 2007

<p>Denna studie syftar på att ta reda på hur anställningsbarheten ser ut i förhållande till personlighet och sökbeteende. Studien vänder sig till tidigare studenter på det Arbetsvetenskapliga programmet på Högskolan i Halmstad. Finns det någon personlighetsprofil som är mer gynnsam i arbetssökningsprocessen? Hur ser kraven ut för tjänster inom yrkesområdet samt finns det något samband mellan personlighet, anställningsbarhet och beteende i sökprocessen.</p><p>Genom att granska platsannonser sammanställdes vilka krav som krävs för tjänster inom yrkesområdet. En enkätundersökning skickades till personer som gått utbildningen. Även intervjuer gjordes med respondenter för att få ett djup i studien.</p><p>Resultatet visar bland annat att det är egenskaper inom området samvetsgrannhet och extroversion som mest efterfrågas i platsannonser inom yrkesområdet. Över hälften av respondenterna som idag har arbete inom yrkesområdet har fått arbete genom sitt sociala kontaktnät. I intervjuerna framkom att respondenterna upplevt att personlighet är en viktig faktor som arbetsgivare tittar på vid rekrytering. Studien visar även att de som är arbetslösa är mer proaktiva än övriga. Dessutom finns ett tydligt samband mellan kön, familjesituation och geografisk rörlighet.</p><p>Att vara en strategiker samt utarbeta ett stort och brett socialt nätverk har i denna studie visat sig viktigt på vägen mot drömmen om ett arbete, medan däremot skillnader inom gruppen verkar sakna betydelse.</p>