Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:30:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leticia Rodrigues da Fonseca.pdf: 1750631 bytes, checksum: 386ec52022d302b9f42a054db2a46380 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-19 / Faculdade Cenecista de Varginha / The Brazilian market for software and services has grown considerably in recent years. According to the Brazilian Association of Software Companies (ABES, 2011), Brazil occupies the eleventh position on the world stage, moving 19.04 billion dollars, equivalent to 1.0% of gross domestic product (GDP), this total, 6.74 billion refer to software production, representing 2.2% of the world market. However, fierce competition manifests itself in the same proportion opportunities. The national software compete with themselves and with those from other countries, because there are not yet many barriers or legal restrictions against marketing of international products (TONINI et al, 2008). This sector is still characterized by evolving at a rapid pace, which causes frequent changes related to products, services, processes and technology itself (MAURER et al, 2002; NIASI, 2009). Therefore, it is believed to be fundamental for Software Development Organizations (ODSs) create a work environment that supports continuous learning to cope with the challenges of the new economy and remain competitive in the market. In this context, this study aims to understand how learning occurs continuously of ODSs that have deployed MPSBR and identify which of its aspects favor the individual and collective learning. By this, we carried out a qualitative study of type multicase in four ODSs three classified at Level C and a level F. It was used as a method of data collection to semi-structured interview. We interviewed individuals involved in software development and representatives of the group responsible for the implementation of MPSBR. The analyzes were performed using software for qualitative analyzes that allowed Weft_QDA from the transcript of the interviews, the establishment of analytical categories for the constructs and verifying relationships between their categories. By the results was possible to understand how MPSBR can contribute to the establishment of a software process quality and affordable, understand how MPSBR can encourage continuous learning through their assumptions and developers understand how these companies learn at level individual and collective. / O mercado brasileiro de software e serviços tem crescido consideravelmente nos últimos anos. Segundo a Associação Brasileira das Empresas de Software (ABES, 2011), o Brasil ocupa a décima primeira posição no cenário mundial, movimentando 19,04 bilhões de dólares, o equivalente a 1,0% do produto interno bruto (PIB) brasileiro; desse total, 6,74 bilhões referem-se à produção de software, o que representa 2,2% do mercado mundial. Contudo, a concorrência acirrada manifesta-se na mesma proporção das oportunidades. Os softwares nacionais competem entre si e com aqueles provenientes de outros países, pelo fato de ainda não existirem muitas barreiras ou restrições legais contra a comercialização de produtos internacionais (TONINI et al, 2008). Esse setor é ainda caracterizado pela evolução em ritmo acelerado, o que ocasiona mudanças frequentes relacionadas aos produtos, serviços, processos e à própria tecnologia (MAURER et al, 2002; NIASI, 2009). Portanto, acredita-se que seja fundamental para as Organizações de Desenvolvimento de Software (ODSs) instituir um ambiente de trabalho que apóie o aprendizado contínuo, para lidar com os desafios da nova economia e manterem-se competitivas no mercado. Diante desse contexto o presente estudo propõe-se a compreender como ocorre a aprendizagem contínua no ambiente de trabalho de ODSs que implantaram o MPSBR e identificar quais de seus aspectos favorecem a aprendizagem individual e coletiva. Para isso, realizou-se uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa do tipo multicaso em quatro ODSs, sendo três classificadas no Nível C e uma no nível F. Utilizou-se como método de coleta de dados a entrevista semi-estruturada. Entrevistaram-se os indivíduos envolvidos no processo de desenvolvimento dos softwares e os representantes do grupo responsável pela implantação do MPSBR. As análises foram realizadas por meio do software para análises qualitativas Weft_QDA que permitiu, a partir da transcrição das entrevistas, o estabelecimento de categorias analíticas para os construtos e a verificação de relações entre as suas categorias. Ao final, foi possível compreender como o MPSBR pode contribuir para o estabelecimento de um processo de software de qualidade e a um custo acessível, compreender como o MPSBR pode incentivar a aprendizagem contínua por meio de suas premissas e entender como os desenvolvedores dessas empresas aprendem no nível individual e coletivo.

Les nouvelles technologies ont beaucoup modifié l’apprentissage en général et l’apprentissage des langues en particulier. Cela, à son tour, a changé les représentations et les rôles traditionnels des acteurs impliqués dans l’acte d’apprentissage : apprenants et enseignants. Cette recherche décrit l’apprentissage à distance du français mettant au point l’apprentissage du FLE au Pakistan via Internet et les problèmes liés à cette nouvelle approche d’apprentissage en autonomie qui requiert la modification des rôles des apprenants ainsi que des enseignants en suggérant des stratégies à utiliser afin d’autonomiser et responsabiliser les apprenants habitués à une méthode d’apprentissage traditionnel qui est différente de celle utilisée dans l’apprentissage de la langue française en ligne / The technology of information and communication has revolutionized the teaching in general and teaching of language in particular. This in its turn has altered the traditional concepts of roles attributed to the actors involved in the act of learning and teaching. This research work describes the distance learning especially online learning of French language in Pakistan using Internet and the problems related to this new approach of autonomous learning that requires the modification of roles and duties of both the learner and the teacher focusing on strategies to be used in order to make the learners get used to a method of learning that is totally different from traditional learning and to make them take responsibility of their learning.

In dieser Dissertation werden vier Studien durchgeführt, um die acht Arten von Räumen in Mensch-Natur-Systemen für die Widerstandsfähigkeit von Städten vorzuschlagen, die Verbesserung von städtischen Grünflächen unter qualitativen und quantitativen Gesichtspunkten zu analysieren, die Beziehung zwischen UGSLandschaftsmerkmalen und menschlichen Emotionen zu bestimmen und das Konzept der selbstlernenden Stadt für die städtische Raumplanung zu veranschaulichen. (1). Unterschiedliche Strategien in den Acht-Typen-Räumen in Mensch-Natur-Systemen. (2). Verbesserung der städtischen Grünflächen mit natürlichem Angebot und menschlicher Nachfrage. (3). Das Konzept der selbstlernenden Stadt für urbane Nachhaltigkeit. (4) Für die städtische Nachhaltigkeit erfordert die Planung eine Neubewertung der Verbindungen zwischen den verschiedenen menschlichen und natürlichen Systemen mit den Wechselwirkungen zwischen Bedarf und Versorgung Städtische Räume sind komplex, weisen aber in verschiedenen Methoden und Konzepten Regelmäßigkeiten auf. Für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung in Städten sind kreative Denkansätze für die Umsetzung und Integration von sich überschneidenden Räumen, Elementen und Kulturen in städtischen Mensch-Natur-Systemen erforderlich. Um eine nachhaltige Stadt zu schaffen, sind urbane Räume unerlässlich. / This dissertation conducts four studies to propose the eight-type spaces in human-natural systems for city resilience, to analyze the improvement of urban green spaces from quality and quantity perspectives, to determine the relationship between UGS landscape characteristics and human emotions and to illustrate the concept of city self-learning for urban space planning. (1). Different strategies in the eight-type spaces across human-natural systems. (2). Improving urban green spaces with natural supply and human demand. (3). The concept of city self-learning for urban sustainability. (4) For urban sustainability, planning requires reevaluating the connections between different human-natural systems with the interactions of demands and supplies. Dissertation title: Exploring Urban Spaces across Human-Natural systems And the Potential to Enhance City Resilience Urban spaces are complex but have regularity in several methods and concepts. For sustainable development in cities, creative ways to think about implementations and integrations utilize crossing spaces, elements, and cultures in urban human-natural systems. To make a sustainable city, urban spaces are essential.

Research and Development engineering is at the corner stone of humanity’s evolution. It is perceived to be a systematic creative process which ultimately improves the living standard of a society through the creation of new applications and products. The commercial paradigm that governs project selection, resource allocation and market penetration prevails when the focus shifts from pure research to applied research. Furthermore, the road to success through commercialisation is difficult for most inventors, especially in a vast and isolated country such as Australia which is located a long way from wealthy and developed economies. While market leading products are considered unique, the actual process to achieve these products is essentially the same; progressing from an idea, through development to an outcome (if successful). Unfortunately, statistics indicate that only 3% of ‘ideas’ are significantly successful, 4% are moderately successful, and the remainder ‘evaporate’ in that form (Michael Quinn, Chairman, Innovation Capital Associates Pty Ltd). This study demonstrates and analyses two techniques developed by the author which reduce uncertainty in the engineering design and development phase of new product development and therefore increase the probability of a successful outcome. This study expands the existing knowledge of the engineering design and development stage in the new product development process and is couched in the identification of practical methods, which have been successfully used to develop new products by Australian Small Medium Enterprise (SME) Excel Technology Group Pty Ltd (ETG). Process theory is the term most commonly used to describe scientific study that identifies occurrences that result from a specified input state to an output state, thus detailing the process used to achieve an outcome. The thesis identifies relevant material and analyses recognised and established engineering processes utilised in developing new products. The literature identified that case studies are a particularly useful method for supporting problem-solving processes in settings where there are no clear answers or where problems are unstructured, as in New Product Development (NPD). This study describes, defines, and demonstrates the process of new product development within the context of historical product development and a ‘live’ case study associated with an Australian Government START grant awarded to Excel Technology Group in 2004 to assist in the development of an image-based vehicle detection product. This study proposes two techniques which reduce uncertainty and thereby improve the probability of a successful outcome. The first technique provides a predicted project development path or forward engineering plan which transforms the initial ‘fuzzy idea’ into a potential and achievable outcome. This process qualifies the ‘fuzzy idea’ as a potential, rationale or tangible outcome which is within the capability of the organisation. Additionally, this process proposes that a tangible or rationale idea can be deconstructed in reverse engineering process in order to create a forward engineering development plan. A detailed structured forward engineering plan reduces the uncertainty associated with new product development unknowns and therefore contributes to a successful outcome. This is described as the RETRO technique. The study recognises however that this claim requires qualification and proposes a second technique. The second technique proposes that a two dimensional spatial representation which has productivity and consumed resources as its axes, provides an effective means to qualify progress and expediently identify variation from the predicted plan. This spatial representation technique allows a quick response which in itself has a prediction attribute associated with directing the project back onto its predicted path. This process involves a coterminous comparison between the predicted development path and the evolving actual project development path. A consequence of this process is verification of progress or the application of informed, timely and quantified corrective action. This process also identifies the degree of success achieved in the engineering design and development phase of new product development where success is defined as achieving a predicted outcome. This spatial representation technique is referred to as NPD Mapping. The study demonstrates that these are useful techniques which aid SMEs in achieving successful new product outcomes because the technique are easily administered, measure and represent relevant development process related elements and functions, and enable expedient quantified responsive action when the evolving path varies from the predicted path. These techniques go beyond time line representations as represented in GANTT charts and PERT analysis, and represent the base variables of consumed resource and productivity/technical achievement in a manner that facilitates higher level interpretation of time, effort, degree of difficulty, and product complexity in order to facilitate informed decision making. This study presents, describes, analyses and demonstrates an SME focused engineering development technique, developed by the author, that produces a successful new product outcome which begins with a ‘fuzzy idea’ in the mind of the inventor and concludes with a successful new product outcome that is delivered on time and within budget. Further research on a wider range of SME organisations undertaking new product development is recommended.