Bakgrund och problem: Majoriteten av försäljningen mellan företag, samt mellan företag och offentlig sektor sker via handelskrediter. Detta leder till att företagen ofta blir utsatta för risker i form av sena och uteblivna betalningar. I sådana situationer finns det behov av riskreduceringsmekanismer som ska reducera och minimera dessa risker. Mekanismerna för reducering av risker har vi fördelat i två kategorier, privata och offentliga. Avsikten med uppsatsen är att undersöka vilka av dessa mekanismer som har störst inverkan på beviljandet av handelskrediter. Den här studien är den första av sitt slag som genomförts i Sverige. Syfte: Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka, analysera och utvärdera vilka av de privata eller offentliga riskreduceringsmekanismerna som har störst inverkan på beviljandet av handelskrediter. Metod: Den kunskapsteoretiska uppfattningen som har legat till grund för vår undersökning är positivism. Den positivistiska ansatsen har lett till att en hypotetisk-deduktiv ansats med en kvantitativ metod valdes för att få fram resultat och analys. Teoretiska ramverk: Vår studie utgår från ett eklektiskt teoretiskt angreppssätt och tidigare forskning inom området. Vi använder teori som disposition och som en beskrivande del av vår studie. Våra teorier om de privata och offentliga riskreduceringsmekanismerna kommer även att presenteras i detta kapitel. Empirism: Det empiriska materialet är baserat på en enkätundersökning där enkäten skickades som webbenkät och delades ut för hand till olika företag. Materialet har sedan analyserats med hjälp av statistiska tes Resultat: Majoriteten av respondenterna svarade att de offentliga riskreduceringsmekanismerna inte påverkar deras beviljande av handelskrediter i Sverige medan de privata riskreduceringsmekanismerna till en viss grad har påverkan på beviljandet av handelskrediter. Det råder relativt låg risk i den svenska ekonomin vilket kan förklara riskreduceringsmekanismernas relativt låga inverkan på beviljandet av handelskrediter. / Background and problem: Today, the biggest sales between businesses and between businesses and the public sector are through trade credit. As a result, companies are often exposed to risk in the form of late and missing payments. In such situations, there is a need for mechanisms of risk reduction to reduce and minimize these risks. The mechanisms of risk reduction are divided into private and public risk reduction. The point with this dissertation is to show which of these mechanisms that have the greatest impact on the decision making of trade credit. This study is the first in Sweden to implement this type of investigation. Purpose: The point with this paper is to investigate, analyze and evaluate which of the private or public mechanisms of risk reduction those have the greatest impact on decision making on trade credit. Method: The epistemological view which has been the basis for our study is positivism. The positivistic approach has led to a hypothetical-deductive approach with a quantitative method, chosen to obtain the results and analysis. Theoretical perspective: Our study is based on an eclectic theoretical approach and previous research in the area. We use theory to outline the descriptive part of our study. Our theory about the private and public mechanisms of risk reduction will also be included in this chapter. Empirical: The empirical material is based on a survey where a web-questionnaire was distributed to various companies. The material was then analyzed by statistical tests. Results: The majority of respondents replied that the public mechanisms of risk reduction did not affect their decision making on trade credit while the private mechanisms of risk reduction to some degree did affect the decision making on trade credit. There is a relatively low risk in the Swedish economy, which can explain why the mechanisms of risk reduction had relatively low impact on decision making on credit trade.

Many companies of Taiwan have been moved to Mainland China due to Mainland China have greatly promoted in economic. Many companies have been closed or downsized in Taiwan due to politic-insecurity in Taiwan recently. The economic of Taiwan regressed more drastic. Many people are out of employment increasingly. Many companies belong to government having been changed to private enterprise. It makes employees fell threatened under organization change context, so that they breed job insecurity and their working attitude will be affected. After referring to the relative data, the thesis considers that under organization change context makes employees have job insecurity, which affects their job involvement. In addition, personality of internal-external control, employee self-efficiency and specific skill interfere with affection toward job insecurity under organization change context. Based on above inferences, the thesis' target people who are professionals in Chinese Petroleum Corporation to make an investigation framework and construct hypothesizes. It leads to the following points: (1) CPC professionals score higher in the matter of job insecurity toward job's characteristic change, job reshuffle and overall insecurity. (2) These professionals perceive job insecurity, insecurity of job reshuffle and overall insecurity more when organization change context is more drastic. (3) If these professionals score higher in job insecurity of job reshuffle, they will have less job involvement. (4) If these professionals score higher in perceive job insecurity, and overall insecurity they will have more job involvement. (5) If these professionals score higher in employee self-efficiency they will have more job insecurity. (6) If these professionals score higher in specific skill interfere they will have more perceive job insecurity, and overall insecurity. (7) Personality of internal-external control interferes with affection toward job insecurity of job reshuffles insecurity under organization structure and business change factor of organization change context.

Cette recherche doctorale explore les perspectives d’une complémentarité des approches humanistes et (socio-)cognitivistes des théories de la motivation avec des élèves scolarisés en SEGPA pour l’apprentissage du français. L’analyse statistique non paramétrique puis paramétrique de questionnaires élaborés à partir de la théorie de l’auto-détermination et de celle du sentiment d’auto-efficacité traduit l’évolution des variables de la motivation de ces élèves suite à une formation à laTRIZ (Theory of Inventive Problem Solving, Altshuller). Ces résultats sont comparés aux réussites à une épreuve de français du Certificat de Formation Générale pour définir le comportement comme une fonction croissante des variables de motivation et d’activité. Le traitement du corpus conduit cette étude à proposer une rupture épistémologique et à adopter un positionnement porté par une analogie entre le concept de force en physique et celui de motivation en psychologie. / This doctoral research explores the complementarity, for learning French, of humanistic and (socio-)cognitive approaches of the theories of motivation with students enrolled in SEGPA. The non parametric statistical analysis (then parametric) of scales based on the theory of self-determination and on the theory of self-efficacy, reflects the evolution of the variables of motivation of these students after training in TRIZ (Theory of Inventive Problem Solving, Altshuller). These results are compared to the mark at a French exam coming from the academic qualification (CFG) in order to define the behavior as an increasing function of the variables « motivation » and « activity ».The treatment of the corpus conducted the study to propose an epistemological rupture and to adopt a position supported by an analogy between the concept of force in physic and motivation in psychology.

近年來GPS相關產品與各項應用蓬勃發展，當中又以GPS手持裝置最受人矚目，根據各項數據顯示，GPS手持裝置的出貨量近年來呈現高度的成長，GPS手持裝置產品與其相關應用無疑是當前最具前景的產業之一。然而目前有關GPS的研究多半偏向技術為主，鮮少有研究以消費者為焦點從事研究，因此本研究將朝這個方向出發，主要探討影響消費者GPS手持裝置採用意願的相關影響因素。 本研究以科技採用模型為主要的理論依據，在經過文獻探討後將影響因素分成個人因素、社會因素與科技因素三大類，並據此發產出相關研究架構。同時本研究採用研究調查法，以北部大專以上學生為主要抽樣對象，紙本問卷與網路問卷共回收有效問卷286份。在經過資料分析後，發現個人創新性、自我效能、知覺服務可獲得性、社會影響各會以不同方式影響消費者GPS手持裝置行為採用意願。本研究並據此對實務與後續研究提出相關建議。