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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The definition and function of Socratic irony has been much disputed in contemporary scholarship. This thesis identifies some methodological difficulties in interpreting and defining Socratic irony and attempts to narrow the field of interpretation in order to facilitate the formulation of a new definition of the concept. With reference to the primary texts of Plato, Xenophon and Aristophanes, as well as some fragments, the different types of irony as employed by Socrates are identified as verbal, in the form of self-deprecation and knowledge disavowal, and physical. A review of late 18th, 19th and 20th century philosophical scholarship on the topic is done in order to gain a better understanding of the perceived functions of Socratic irony. On the basis of this, as well as the opinions of prominent classical scholars, it is argued that the function of Socratic irony in its verbal form is primarily heuristic, while the physical form is a political mode of being designed to criticise 5th-century Athenian politics. Socratic irony is then redefined to allow for these forms and functions, which are shown to be much more complex than previously thought. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar word baie gedebatteer oor die definisie en funksie van die Sokratiese ironie in die onlangse navorsing. Hierdie tesis identifiseer sommige metodologiese probleme in die interpretasie en die definisie van Sokratiese ironie en poog om die veld van interpretasie te beperk ten einde die formulering van 'n nuwe definisie van die begrip te fasiliteer. Met verwysing na die primêre tekste van Plato, Xenophon en Aristophanes, asook 'n paar fragmente, word die verskillende vorme van ironie soos deur Sokrates gebruik, geïdentifiseer as verbaal, in die vorm van self-afkeuring en ontkenning van kennis, en fisies. ʼn Oorsig van die laat 18de-, 19de- en 20ste-eeuse filosofiese navorsing is gegee ten einde 'n beter begrip te verkry van die waargenome funksies van Sokratiese ironie. Op grond hiervan, asook die menings van vooraanstaande klassici, word aangevoer dat die funksie van die Sokratiese ironie in sy verbale vorm hoofsaaklik heuristies is, terwyl die fisiese vorm 'n politieke bestaanswyse is, met die doel om die 5de-eeuse Atheense politiek te kritiseer. Teen hierdie agtergrond word Sokratiese ironie dan herdefinieer om voorsiening te maak vir bogenoemde vorme en funksies wat blyk baie meer kompleks te wees as wat voorheen gemeen is.

Nearly one in five American adults are currently experiencing stress and anxiety throughout their daily lives. While there are countless techniques by which to cope with stress and anxiety, evidence suggests that consumption of humorous adult animated television is a popular coping mechanism. This thesis posits the reasons for the success of these popular adult animated television series used for stress coping is the utilization of self-deprecating humor and the relatable narratives stemmed from such humor. To explore the possible similarities of self-deprecating humor within these television series, this qualitative content analysis examined randomly selected episodes from ten of the most popular adult animated television series and coded for different aspects of the utilization of self-deprecating humor. Results from this study found that the adult animated data selected and analyzed all utilize self-deprecating humor, with narratives mainly surrounding self-worth and personal, familial, and cultural stressors. These narratives may lend themselves to aid in the stress coping process through the relation the audiences feel towards these stressors. Acknowledging these specific narratives within television shows that are possibly helpful in coping with mental afflictions and stress could aid in creating more beneficial media narratives for future generations to come. / Media Studies & Production

Submitted by Adriana Alves Rodrigues (aalves@espm.br) on 2017-11-27T14:56:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 BARBARA CONTE.pdf: 5513593 bytes, checksum: a80e52230fea102ad0f64a185e76317a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Alves Rodrigues (aalves@espm.br) on 2017-11-27T14:56:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 BARBARA CONTE.pdf: 5513593 bytes, checksum: a80e52230fea102ad0f64a185e76317a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Cristina Ropero (ana@espm.br) on 2017-12-01T11:21:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 BARBARA CONTE.pdf: 5513593 bytes, checksum: a80e52230fea102ad0f64a185e76317a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-01T11:23:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BARBARA CONTE.pdf: 5513593 bytes, checksum: a80e52230fea102ad0f64a185e76317a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-27 / One of the great problems of Brazil's best-selling book lists is the fact that it is not possible to have an overview of national authors, which happens because of the strong presence of foreign authors. The main purpose of this dissertation is to investigate whether self-deprecation causes prejudice with books of national authors, through four specific objectives: 1) To determine if selfdepreciation precedes the preference for foreign products (xenocentrism); 2) Check if the author's fame precedes the prejudice, 3) Investigate if the author's nationality precedes the prejudice, 4) Investigate if self-deprecation precedes the preference for famous authors. To do so, a causal quantitative research has been developed, consisting of eight independent experiments, in which four hypotheses have been tested with the participation of 254 respondents. The results suggest that although Brazilians self-describe with more positive than negative adjectives in the section of self-depreciation, the works of foreign authors tend to receive more favorable ratings than those of national authors. It has also been identified that the averages of famous and not famous books, national or foreign, with or without a section of self-deprecation, have not had significant difference, revealing that book genre can exert more influence than the author's fame in the consumer's preference. Autobiography, self-help, and entrepreneurship books have received the most favorable rankings, while "colouring" and religion books have achieved the least favorable ratings. The evaluation of technical-scientific books has been also carried out, so that the respondents would probably buy, whether they were national or foreign works, with slight preference not significant by foreigners. Thus, as contributions, discussion on prejudice in consumer behavior has started, contributing with new theoretical and scientific elements in the respective gap, and has obtained possible data to be used in marketing strategies and editorial product management as well as in techniques to encourage reading in Brazil. / Um dos grandes problemas das listas de livros mais vendidos do Brasil é o fato de não ser possível uma visão geral das obras de autores nacionais, o que acontece por causa da forte presença de autores estrangeiros. O objetivo principal desta dissertação é investigar se a autodepreciação causa preconceito com livros de autores nacionais. Para tanto, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa quantitativa causal constituída por dois grupos independentes, por meio de modelagem de equações estruturais, análise fatorial exploratória, confirmatória e modelagem; em que foram testadas quatro hipóteses com a participação de 254 respondentes. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que, apesar de os brasileiros se autodescreverem com mais adjetivos positivos do que negativos na seção de autodepreciação, as obras de autores estrangeiros tendem a receber classificações mais favoráveis em relação às de autores nacionais. Também identificou-se que as médias de avaliação dos livros famosos e não-famosos, nacionais ou estrangeiros, com ou sem seção de autodepreciação, não tiveram diferença significativa, revelando que o gênero da obra pode exercer mais influência do que a fama do autor na preferência do consumidor. Os livros de autobiografia, autoajuda e empreendedorismo receberam as classificações mais favoráveis, enquanto os livros “para colorir” e de religião obtiveram as classificações menos favoráveis. A avaliação de livros técnico-científicos também foi realizada, de forma que os respondentes provavelmente comprariam, fossem obras nacionais ou estrangeiras, com leve preferência não significativa pelos estrangeiros. Dessa forma, como contribuição, iniciou-se a discussão do preconceito no comportamento do consumidor, contribuindo com novos elementos teóricos e científicos para preencher a respectiva lacuna; obtiveram-se dados possíveis de serem utilizados em estratégias de marketing e gerenciamento de produto editorial bem como em técnicas de incentivo à leitura no Brasil.

This thesis explores the factors leading to the images of self-deprecation and shame in contemporary Scottish film. It would seem that the causes of these reoccurring motifs may be because the Scottish people are unable to escape from their past and are uneasy about the future of the nation. There is an internal struggle for both Scottish men and women, who try to adhere to their predetermined roles in Scottish culture, but this role leads to violence, alcoholism, and shame. In addition, there is also a fear for the future of the nation that represented in films that feature a connection between children and the creation of life with the death of Scotland's past. This thesis will focus on films created under a recent boom in film production in Scotland beginning in 1994 till the present day.