The goal of this thesis is an analysis of situation between self - employed and employees with respect to tax duties and net profit. This topic is actual because constant changes tend to be miss-interpreted. Such interpretations often suites more political needs rather than truthfully reflect actual situation. Theoretical part will describe legal framework for self - employed and employees, explain major differences between two groups, describe over time evolution of private enterprise in our country. Pros and cons will be pointed out for each group. In case of self - employed, overall influence on the global economy will be described. The preface of analytical part will focus on construction and over time evolution of tax duties, namely income tax, health and social care. Following sections will list actual amounts of each tax duty collected, effectively evaluating situation of each group. The last section will focus on time evolution in number of self employed in an effort to point out actual impacts of measures taken in private enterprise environment.

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The evolvement of a knowledge-based economy and the internet has changed the pattern of occupation, shortening the career life cycle of various professions. For many people wanting to realize their dreams and continue their careers, the choice is to start their own enterprise. Women have been restricted for a long time owing to the binding traditional roles, expectations and the differing sexual values in society. When choosing an occupation, women were faced with more difficult considerations than men. Hence, recently both academics and industrialists have attached importance to the discussion of women entrepreneurs in Taiwan. According to statistics from various countries, one-person business, a part of micro-business, is proportionally high in each nation. This could be seen as a common commercial pattern as well as an entrepreneurial model and also as an individual¡¦s choice of lifestyle. Many of these self-employed businesses, ¡¥non-companies¡¦, are in existence because they don¡¦t have complex organizational regulations and working procedures. They are seen in society as a matter of course and are often ignored. The numbers of one-person businesses and the SOHO population have increased due to the knowledge-based economy and the internet. Many people choose self-employment as a means to gain freedom, flexibility and independence. One-person business can be regarded as the easiest type out of all business to set up. There are many reasons why women pursue one-person business as a career. This study is based on in-depth interviews which explore the reasons of contentment and motivation behind women entrepreneurs. It also sums up an evaluation of women prior to their own business and to understand women¡¦s ability to carry out business development opportunities. Finally, it concludes with an optimum model proposal for women¡¦s one-person business.

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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This report is an exploratory study assessing the life stages of South African women entrepreneurs. The purpose is to share significant learnings, experiences and challenges from an entrepreneurial perspective. The study followed a phenomenological approach; the findings have been formed based on the lived experiences of the women without imposing bias or existing knowledge frameworks. The study aims to share meaningful experiences from their situational contexts. The sample consisted of ten South African women entrepreneurs in various industries. The industries range from packaging, clothing, fast moving consumer goods (food), communications, accommodation, and asset management. Important findings of the study are that having relevant work experience, expertise in their fields, and established reputations within their respective industries assisted the participating women in establishing their businesses. However, the younger entrepreneurs with limited work experience were also able to establish successful enterprises owing to being highly skilled in their areas of expertise. They had chosen to study courses, after identifying their passions. They had specifically chosen courses directly related to the businesses they created in order to improve their expertise further. One participant was an exception to the women entrepreneurs participating. She had started her business with no related work experience and no expertise with regards to her product offering. In her case, passion for her product, upskilling herself, having a support structure, and having access to mentorship, assisted her in overcoming challenges.

<p>The issue of unemployment among immigrants in Sweden started from 1980s when a large amount of immigrants had no access to the labour market (Sördersten, 2004). Many foreign born citizens who could not find any jobs have to live on social welfare. Some of them have found a way to solve their unemployment by becoming self-employed. In 2003, Swedish Integration Board reported that the proportion of self-employment in Sweden was 7.4 percent. This proportion was higher among foreign-born (8.8 percent) compared to native Swedes (7.3 percent).</p><p>It is of great academic interest for our group to conduct research on immigrant’s business entry decisions. This thesis specifically focuses on identifying and understanding the factors that influence immigrants’ decision to start up their business. This research was conducted in Jönköping municipality by doing a case study on nine ethnic entrepreneurs who come from Non-EU countries, namely: China, Iraq, Iran, Lebanon, Nigeria, Sri Lanka, Uganda and Vietnam.</p><p>Many studies have been carried out on the topic of ethnic entrepreneurship by researchers such as Waldinger et al. (1990), Basu (1998), Curran and Blackburn (1993), Najib (1999) and Ram (1994). Previous studies will be treated in this thesis as a source of evidence and theoretical framework.</p><p>Qualitative method was used in this thesis. Case study is particularly chosen as the most appropriate tool in qualitative method to conduct this specific research. In order to obtain information for this case study, semi-structured interview with guideline questions was used. Nine cases including: five restaurants, one clothing store, one cosmetic shop, one assembling company and one carpet shop were selected in this study.</p><p>The results of this study showed that, the factors that motivated ethnic entrepreneurs’ decision to start their own business were: selective immigration, entrepreneurial traits, blocked mobility, opportunity recognition, level of education, desire for independence and autonomy, financial betterment, business background and previous business experience, business culture values, interests and hobbies.</p><p>However, opportunity recognition, level of education, desire for independence and autonomy and financial betterment were the factors that played a significant role in immigrant business decision making process.</p><p>The result also shows that positive (pull) factors outweighed negative (push) factors in immigrants’ decision to enter self-employment.</p><p>One alternative to unemployment is to become self-employed. It is highly possible that self-employment will lead to lower unemployment among immigrants (Hammarstedt, 2001). It should be in interest of the Swedish government to support self-employment since it will contribute to the growth of the Swedish economy.</p><p>This thesis may be of interest to Jönköping municipality and other governmental organizations as well as policy makers. It might help them to improve the integration level of immigrants into Swedish society, unemployment level or encourage self-employment by understanding the factors affecting immigrants to start up their own businesses.</p>

This thesis studies the social history of the poor in Bulawayo, the second largest city in Zimbabwe, between 1960 and 2005. This is accomplished by focusing on the housing and unemployment crises they faced and the manifest reluctance of authorities to either provide enough housing or to accept mushrooming informal housing and economic activities in response to these acute shortages. I attempt to highlight the fragility of the poor’s claim to the right to permanent urban residency emphasizing inadequate state funding and poverty and continuities in some discourses from colonial to the post colonial era as factors responsible for spreading and sustaining the discrimination against low income earners in the city. These included authorities’ perceptions that all Africans belonged to rural areas, have access to land, and that low income Africans were immoral and unclean. While these perceptions tended to be fuelled by the racial divide between whites and blacks during the colonial period, class and gender dynamics among Africans crisscrossed that racial divide. After independence, while these perceptions were still alive, central government policy ambitions and failures were instrumental in influencing the welfare and fate of the urban masses and their relations with the former middle class Africans and nationalist leaders who assumed power in 1980. It becomes clear that there was a misunderstanding by authorities on how most of the rural land was not able to support some families because of infertility or lack of resources to successfully till the land by most some families. The overall conclusion is that poor people’s rights to permanent residency were elusive up to 2005 and their living and survival space has been continuing to shrink in the city.

ABSTRACT Job satisfaction and life satisfaction have been two of the most researched social constructs for many decades. This study looks into the relationship that exists between job satisfaction, life satisfaction, and work–family conflict among salaried and self-employed male and female employees. It adds to existing literature by using Social Role Theory as a basis for explaining the variation in these relationships among males and females, and also makes the argument that gender is a propelling force in explaining the perceived conflict and its effect on life and job satisfaction. It also adds to existing literature by evaluating the above phenomenon among employed and self-employed males and females thereby bridging a significant gap in the literature on work-family conflict. The study makes use of data from the International Social Survey Program. Analyzing this data has led to a better understanding of the role of gender as a significant factor related to variations in work–family conflict. Also this paper reveals to us that the effect of work-family conflict is considerably lesser for self-employed individuals when compared to their salaried counterparts for both men and women. Other Key findings include the changing role of women in the society and the effect of children in a working household on work-family conflict, job and life satisfaction. INDEX WORDS: Job Satisfaction, Life Satisfaction, Work–Family Conflict, Employed and Self-Employed Males and Females

Problem: A changing economy bears many implications; precarity within employment, the restructuring of concepts, management of activities and the employment of tools reinforcing security. As a measure to procure and preserve employment in the modern market self- branding has been proposed. The value a brand has today is multifaceted and has proven to aid not only businesses and corporations but individuals as well. However, as self-branding is contingent on the precariousness of the changing economy, previous literature has focused on strategies and implications for the self-employed and failed to mention ramifications for the ‘traditionally employed.’ Furthermore, previous literature is lacking with regard to the Swedish employment market and the incorporation of potential cultural influences. Purpose: The scope of this research is two-fold, of both an explanatory and exploratory nature. This research seeks to explain, understand and investigate the Swedish employment market with regard to self-branding and identify possible influences. As well as, uncover new insights and explore the significance of self-branding for Sweden's ‘traditionally employed.’ Method: This research adopted a qualitative approach, conducted 10 semi-structured interviews and implemented a thematic analysis to interpret the empirical findings and answer the research questions. The findings were later analysed in accordance with previous literature. Results: The results identify to major concepts of significance with regards to the strategy of self-branding. Swedes must consider their purpose and authenticity as two major determinants of the value of their brand. Moreover, the results indicate offline branding activities, the Law of Jante and self-branding for the ‘traditionally employed’ of high relevance for the Swedish employment market.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--McMaster University, 2006. / Supervisor: Thomas F. Crossley. Includes bibliographical references.