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Strengthening the capability approach : the foundations of the capability approach, with insights from two challengesWatene, Krushil P. M. January 2011 (has links)
The Capability Approach was initially developed by Nobel laureate Amartya Sen, with the first basic articulation presented in his 1979 ‘Equality of What?’ Tanner Lecture. Since then, the approach has gained a huge amount of attention as a conceptual framework which offers a clear and insightful way to measure well-being and development. Most recently, the approach has been refined and extended by Martha Nussbaum to issues of disability, nationality, and species membership in political philosophy. This project is about the foundations of the capability approach. More specifically, this project asks whether we can, and whether there are good reasons to, strengthen those foundations. The conclusions drawn here are that we ought to think seriously about the way that the capability approach develops as a theory that responds to real world challenges and change. More importantly, this project contends – in light of the challenges of future people and indigenous peoples – that there is good reason to think of new ways to ground the approach. This project takes up this challenge and grounds the approach in a modified version of Tim Mulgan’s approach to well-being. This project demonstrates that this alternative enriches the capability approach by providing us with a way of making sense of important problems, and with options for moving forward. Overall, this project asks important questions about how the capability approach could evolve based on challenges that remain relatively under-explored in the current literature. This project contributes to this literature by demonstrating that we can and ought to strengthen the capability approach and its ability to understand, take on board, and resolve these challenges.
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A sociological analysis of the provision of extended studies as a means of addressing transformation at a historically white universityTanyanyiwa, Precious January 2014 (has links)
Foundation provisioning has a long history in South Africa, and is central to the transformation agenda, particularly the broadening of successful participation in higher education (HE). As access initiatives underpinned by various conceptualisations, foundation programmes evolved from peripheral, to semi-integrated and finally fully integrated curricular models in the form of current Extended Studies Programmes (ESPs). Underpinning the provision of Extended Studies is the acknowledgment that students who enter institutions are essentially ill equipped to cope with the demands of higher education studies, “leaving institutions themselves free of the responsibility of student failure” (Akoojee & Nkomo, 2007:391). This under-preparedness has been attributed to the ‘articulation gap’ between secondary and higher education, which in turn contributes to low retention and graduation rates (CHE, 2013:17). Situated within an overarching commitment to access and success, the Extended Studies Programme attempts to systematically address the ‘articulation gap’. This study evaluated the extent to which the Rhodes University Humanities Extended Studies Programme is achieving its objectives from a transformation perspective, specifically the broadening of successful participation in higher education. The majority of previous works on the evaluation of foundation programmes focused on measurable dimensions of student access and success – that is retention and graduation rates. This thesis considered both the measurable outcomes of the programme as well as the actual teaching and learning process. Given the shifts that have taken place in foundation provisioning, the evaluation of the current model of foundation provisioning necessitated their location in history. Therefore, the evaluation of the Rhodes University Humanities Extended Studies Programme was undertaken in view of the shifts, achievements, challenges and critics of its predecessor programmes. Specifically, the following dimensions were considered in the evaluation of the programme: i) assumptions underpinning the design and purpose of the programme, ii) teaching and learning practices in the programme, iii) student and staff perceptions of the programme, iv) students’ experiences of the programme, v) the validity of the programme in the broader institution, and vi) the measurable outcomes of the programme − that is retention and graduation rates of students enrolled in the programme. The triangulation of qualitative data collection techniques provided access into the different layers of institutional relations, processes and structures, which not only affect teaching and learning in the programme, but also determine students’ engagement with different academic and social aspects of the broader university. The theoretical insights of Pierre Bourdieu and Amartya Sen were integrated in order to provide analytical tools for both understanding the causes of inequalities in higher education, and evaluating institutional processes and structures that perpetuate or transform inequalities. Whilst Bourdieu’s social reproduction thesis exposed the ways in which social structures shape educational processes and outcomes, Sen’s capability approach provided tools for evaluating both institutional arrangements and individual capabilities – that is, the freedom to achieve desired educational outcomes (Sen, 1992:48).
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O desenvolvimento econômico e as Nações Unidas: uma análise da atuação do PNUD no BrasilMachado, João Guilherme Rocha 23 May 2007 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2007-05-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this study is to assess the task performed by the United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations main body for development
issues, in Brazil. The method of research consists of bibliographical research,
followed by a case study, in order to strengthen the theme s empirical investigation.
The case study analyzed is the project BNDES/PNUD for Local Development
(BRA/00/031) in the Península de Itapagipe , Salvador, Bahia. The first conclusion
of this work is that the choice of the capabilities approach, developed by Amartya
Sen, is convenient for the pragmatic and consensual nature of the Programme, given
that it proposes a stronger focus on the expansion of individual choices without
questioning the current international economic order. Therefore, it allows the
maintenance of the support of not only countries which act as core resource
suppliers, but also of countries where UNDP implements its interventions.
Furthermore, the sustainable human development is a concept broad enough to let
different interventions be classified under this one paradigm. Regarding the specific
role of the UNDP in Brazil, it is clear that the nature of its approach is the government
cost-sharing/national execution. This modality was first employed in a particular
context, under special circumstances, which took under consideration the interests of
both Brazilian government and the UNDP. It is possible to reach the conclusion that
the Programme´s action in Brazil is more linked to performing the duties of a support
structure, in order to have the projects fully and effectively implemented, than to
furnish content and theoretical aspects to the interventions supported by the
Programme. In sum, the UNDP´s action is limited by the lack of success in translating
its innovative theoretical concepts and ideas into practical projects. Being successful
on this task could imply an enrichment of the projects and also create a clear
framework which characterizes the projects supported by the UNDP / O objetivo desse trabalho é entender como o Programa das Nações Unidas
para o Desenvolvimento (PNUD), principal órgão das Nações Unidas para a questão
do desenvolvimento, atua no Brasil. O procedimento de pesquisa utilizado é a
pesquisa bibliográfica. Um estudo de caso é também realizado como forma de
aprofundar a investigação empírica do tema. O estudo de caso analisado é o projeto
BNDES/PNUD de Desenvolvimento Local (BRA/00/031), na Península de Itapagipe
em Salvador (BA). A primeira conclusão deste trabalho é que a escolha da
abordagem das capacidades de Amartya Sen é conveniente à natureza pragmática
e consensual do Programa, porque propõe um foco na expansão das escolhas
individuais das pessoas, mas sem questionar a ordem econômica internacional
vigente. Dessa forma, permite a manutenção do apoio tanto de países doadores de
recursos regulares como dos países nos quais o PNUD mantém atividades. Além
disso, o desenvolvimento humano sustentável é muito amplo, e isso permite que
intervenções nas mais diferentes áreas sejam classificadas como relacionadas a
este paradigma. Em relação à atuação específica do PNUD no Brasil, está claro que
a modalidade de cooperação utilizada majoritariamente é a execução
nacional/financiamento pelo governo. Essa modalidade passou a ser utilizada em
um contexto específico, que atendia interesses tanto do governo brasileiro quanto do
PNUD. Pode-se concluir que a atuação do Programa no Brasil passa muito mais por
servir como uma estrutura de apoio para que os projetos sejam implementados do
que por realizar aportes teóricos e de conteúdo às intervenções apoiadas pelo
Programa. Portanto, a atuação do PNUD é limitada pelo fato de não conseguir
traduzir as idéias e os conceitos inovadores criados no seu âmbito para os seus
projetos. Ter sucesso nessa questão poderia representar um enriquecimento dos
projetos, bem como criar uma delimitação clara que caracterize os projetos apoiados
pelo PNUD
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O debate de Amartya Sen com Kenneth Arrow e John Rawls e a abordagem das capacidades / The Amartya Sen s debate with Kenneth Arrow and John Rawls and the capability approachBeltrame, Bruno 19 May 2009 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2009-05-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this dissertation is to inquire in what sense it is reasonable to
locate in Kenneth Arrow s social choice theory and in John Rawls theory
of justice the two main theoretical roots of Amartya Sen s capability
approach.
It will be argued that Arrow s social choice theory had the role of revealing
the main deficiencies of the welfare economics theory. Thus, Arrow s
analysis points the limitations to be fulfilled in order to arrive at
satisfactory theory of social choice indicating, in this sense, the paths to
be pursued.
In the same manner, it is argued that Ralws theory of justice provided
important elements that inspirated certain ethical positions present in
Amartya Sen s thought, which appear in his approach to the problem of
social choice.
To conclude, the main features of the capability approach that can be
directly associated with these two theoretical origins are exposed, and it is
argued that Sen s theory simultaneously solves the deficiencies pointed by
him in the theoretical structure of Arrow s social choice and embodies,
even though in a modified way, elements of Rawls thought / O objetivo dessa dissertação é investigar em que sentido é pertinente
localizar na teoria da escolha social de Kenneth Arrow e na teoria da justiça
de John Rawls as duas principais raízes teóricas da abordagem das
capacidades de Amartya Sen.
Argumentar-se-á que a teoria da escolha social de Arrow cumpriu o papel
de explicitar as deficiências da teoria econômica do bem-estar. Desse
modo, as análises de Arrow apontam as limitações a serem superadas para
se chegar a uma teoria satisfatória da escolha social indicando em certa
medida rumos a serem seguidos.
Da mesma maneira argumenta-se que a teoria da justiça de Rawls forneceu
elementos importantes que inspiraram certos posicionamentos éticos
evidentes no pensamento de Amartya Sen e que se refletem em suas
análises da escolha social.
Por fim são apresentadas as principais características da abordagem das
capacidades que podem ser diretamente associados a estas duas origens
teóricas, e será argumentado que a teoria de Sen ao mesmo tempo
soluciona as deficiências apontadas por ele na estrutura teórica da escolha
social de Arrow e incorpora, ainda que de forma modificada, elementos
presentes no pensamento de Rawls
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