The aim of this final thesis is to evaluate the economic efficiency of the realisation of a shopping center project. We can devide this work into two parts. The first one is concerning the theoretical explanation of an investment project, its financial aspects and the criteria for evaluating its economic efficiency. The second part focuses on the evaluation of the Tilla shopping center project according to the previous theoretical description. This evaluation is made by the net present value, the index of rentanility and the internal rate of return. In addition to the previous criteria there are the financial stability and the economic value added calculated to obtain a global view of this investment project.

Répondre aux défis du développement durable exige la prise en considération des aspects économiques, sociétaux et environnementaux des projets. Dans le domaine des terrassements, les actions portent notamment sur l'optimisation de la valorisation des matériaux extraits grâce aux techniques de traitement des sols. Le projet s'est principalement porté sur les produits de traitement dérivant de la transformation de matières premières renouvelables : solutions « enzymatiques », lignosulfonates et solutions acides. Des données factuelles concernant les effets des traitements sur les caractéristiques hydromécaniques de quatre sols (un limon, un sol argileux et deux sables) ont été acquises mettant en évidence une augmentation de l'efficacité du compactage après traitement du limon au produit enzymatique et au lignosulfonate. La recherche des mécanismes d'action s'est fondée sur une étude de la microstructure par microscopie électronique à balayage et porosimétrie au mercure complétée par l'évaluation des effets d'un ajout de produits tensioactifs sur les propriétés des sols. L'objectif de l'étude dépasse cependant l'évaluation des modalités d'action des produits et vise également à prendre en compte les préoccupations environnementales. Ainsi, une étude d'analyse du cycle de vie a été menée pour chaque application ce qui a permis d'identifier les conditions optimales pour lesquelles les traitements combinent intérêts techniques et environnementaux. Ces conditions sont réunies lors du compactage des sols secs sous réserve que l'étape de production et de transport des produits ne soit pas excessivement pénalisante comme mis en évidence lors de l'étude de sensibilité / Sustainable development principles lead earthworks companies to use all natural materials and to reduce the environmental impact of their activities. In this context, the use of industrial organic products derived from the processing of renewable matter has been proposed. In this study, three non traditional products have been selected: an enzymatic solution, a lignosulfonate and an acid solution. In a first approach, hydromechanical properties of four treated soils (a silt, a clayey soil and two sands) were investigated. The experimental results showed interesting applications for the silt when its natural water content is low. Indeed, the compaction ability of the soil was increased after enzymatic and lignosulfonate treatments. Thus, savings of water and energy could be expected during the construction stage. To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms of the treatment products, the microstructure of treated soil were investigated with scanning electron microscopy, mercury injection porosity and was completed by the study of a surfactant addition in soils. The global aim of the study was beyond the characterization of mechanical behavior of treated soils, therefore, environmental balance was also estimated for the different applications defined in accordance to the experimental results. For enzymatic and lignosulfonate treatments, a comparison of the global environmental impact was done thanks to a life cycle assessment methodology. This approach showed that technical and environmental interest are associated for the compaction of dry soils when the production and transport steps have limited environmental impact as demonstrated in the sensitivity analysis

Les modèles de culture constituent des outils indispensables pour comprendre l’influence des conditions agropédoclimatiques sur le système sol-plante à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles. A l’échelle locale de la parcelle agricole, le modèle peut être utilisé dans le cadre de l’agriculture de précision pour optimiser les pratiques de fertilisation azotée de façon à maximiser le rendement ou le revenu tout en minimisant le lessivage des nitrates vers la nappe. Cependant, la pertinence de l’utilisation du modèle repose sur la qualité des prédictions réalisées, basée entre autres sur une bonne détermination des paramètres d’entrée du modèle. Dans le cadre de l’agriculture de précision, les paramètres concernant les propriétés des sols sont les plus délicates à connaître en tout point de la parcelle et il existe très peu de cartes de sols permettant de les déterminer de manière précise. Néanmoins, dans ce contexte, on peut disposer d’observations acquises automatiquement sur l’état du système sol-plante, telles que des images de télédétection, les cartes de rendement ou les mesures de résistivité électrique du sol. Il existe alors une alternative intéressante pour estimer les propriétés des sols à l’échelle de la parcelle qui consiste à inverser le modèle de culture à partir de ces observations pour retrouver les valeurs des propriétés des sols. L’objectif de cette thèse consiste (i) dans un premier temps à analyser les performances d’estimation des propriétés des sols par inversion du modèle STICS à partir de différents jeux d’observations sur des cultures de blé et de betterave sucrière, en mettant en oeuvre une méthode bayésienne de type Importance Sampling, (ii) dans un second temps à mesurer l’amélioration des prédictions de variables agro-environnementales réalisées par le modèle à partir des valeurs estimées des paramètres. Nous montrons que l’analyse de sensibilité globale permet de quantifier la quantité d’information contenue dans les jeux d’observations et les performances réalisées en matière d’estimation des paramètres. Ce sont les propriétés liées au fonctionnement hydrique du sol (humidité à la capacité au champ, profondeur de sol, conditions initiales) qui bénéficient globalement de la meilleure performance d’estimation par inversion. La performance d’estimation, évaluée par comparaison avec l’estimation fournie par l’information a priori, dépend fortement du jeu d’observation et est significativement améliorée lorsque les observations sont faites sur une culture de betterave, les conditions climatiques sont sèches ou la profondeur de sol est faible. Les prédictions agro-environnementales, notamment la quantité et la qualité du rendement, peuvent être grandement améliorées lorsque les propriétés du sol sont estimées par inversion, car les variables prédites par le modèle sont également sensibles aux propriétés liées à l’état hydrique du sol. Pour finir, nous montrons dans un travail exploratoire que la prise en compte d’une information sur la structure spatiale des propriétés du sol fournie par les mesures de résistivité électrique, peut permettre d’améliorer l’estimation spatialisée des propriétés du sol. Les observations acquises automatiquement sur le couvert végétal et la résistivité électrique du sol se révèlent être pertinentes pour estimer les propriétés du sol par inversion du modèle et améliorer les prédictions des variables agro-environnementales sur lesquelles reposent les règles de choix des pratiques agricoles / Dynamic crop models are very useful to predict the behavior of crops in their environment and are widely used in a lot of agro-environmental work. These models have many parameters and their spatial application require a good knowledge of these parameters,especially of the soil parameters. These parameters can be estimated from soil analysis at different points but this is very costly and requires a lot of experimental work. Nevertheless,observations on crops provided by new techniques like remote sensing or yield monitoring, is a possibility for estimating soil parameters through the inversion of crop models. In my work, the STICS crop model is studied for the wheat and the sugar beet and it includes more than 200 parameters. After a previous work based on a large experimental database for calibrate parameters related to the characteristics of the crop, I started my study with a global sensitivity analysis of the observed variables (leaf area index LAI and absorbed nitrogen QN provided by remote sensing data, and yield at harvest provided by yield monitoring) to the soil parameters, in order to determine which of them have to be estimated. This study was made in different climatic and agronomic conditions and it reveals that 7 soil parameters (4 related to the water and 3 related to the nitrogen) have a clearly influence on the variance of the observed variables and have to be therefore estimated. For estimating these 7 soil parameters, I chose a Bayesian data assimilation method (because I have prior information on these parameters) named Importance Sampling by using observations, on wheat and sugar beet crop, of LAI and QN at various dates and yield at harvest acquired on different climatic and agronomic conditions. The quality of parameter estimation is then determined by comparing the result of parameter estimation with only prio rinformation and the result with the posterior information provided by the Bayesian data assimilation method. The result of the parameter estimation show that the whole set of parameter has a better quality of estimation when observations on sugar beet are assimilated. At the same time, global sensitivity analysis of the observed variables to the 7 soil parameters have been performed, allowing me to build a criterion based on sensitivity indices (provided by the global sensitivity analysis) able to rank the parameters with respect to their quality of estimate. This criterion constitutes an interesting tool for determining which parameters it is possible to estimate to reduce probably the uncertainties on the predictions. The prediction of the crop behaviour when estimating the soil parameters is then studied. Indeed, the quality of prediction of agro-environmental variables of the STICS crop model (yield, protein of the grain and nitrogen balance at harvest) is determined by comparing the result of the prediction using the prior information on the parameters and the result using the posterior information. As for the estimation of soil parameters, the prediction of the variable is made on different climatic and agronomic conditions. According to the result of parameter estimation, assimilating observations on sugar beet lead to a better quality ofprediction of the variables than observations on wheat. It was also shown that the number ofcrop seasons observed and the number of observations improve the quality of the prediction

The topic of the Master's Thesis is an evaluation of a real prepared development project considering strategic analysis. The strategic analysis contains an evaluation of current and expected macroeconomic situation including development of residential market in whole Czech Republic and Prague. The aim is to give a recommendation to investors whether to realize intended investment or not. The theoretical part clarifies specifics of investment decisions, defines entry parameters for investment evaluation and as well as introduces of particular stages of the evaluated investment project. In conclusion of theoretical part is described risk analysis. Introduction of the practical part is presentation of chosen development project. It is followed by analysis of its internal a external potential. After that comes the definition of entry values for evaluation of project by dynamic methods. The conclusion of the practical part includes sensitivity analysis and complex evaluation of investment project.

Les nano commutateurs magnétiques sont en cours d'étude et ils sont envisageables dans plusieurs domaines d'application comme les interrupteurs d'alimentation, les convertisseurs DC/DC...etc. Partant du besoin de modélisation et d'optimisation avec fiabilité de ces dispositifs, ces travaux de thèse se décomposent en trois axes. Axe modélisation : développement d'un modèle semi analytique pour calculer la déformation avec l'analyse de contact mécanique. Ce modèle a été introduit pour le couplage magnéto-mécanique dans le logiciel de modélisation de MEMS magnétiques MacMMems. Axe dérivation automatique de code : développement de JAP (Java Jacobian Automatic Programming) qui est un outil générique de dérivation d'algorithmes. Il a été appliqué pour le nano commutateur et a été introduit dans les outils de dimensionnement développés au G2Elab pour l'analyse de sensibilité, pour l'optimisation exploitant le Jacobien et aussi pour orienter des systèmes d'équations algébro-différentiels. Axe optimisation : mise en œuvre du modèle et des outils développés pour faire l'étude de sensibilité et l'optimisation sous contraintes de fiabilité du nano commutateur magnétique. / Magnetic nano switches are being studied and they are envisaged in several application areas such as power switches, DC / DC converters …etc. Hence the need for modelling and optimization with reliability of these devices, this thesis work is divided into three areas. Modelling: development of a semi analytical model to calculate the deformation with the analysis of mechanical contact. This model was introduced in the “MacMMems” software dedicated to the modelling of magnetic MEMS. Automatic differentiation : development of JAP (Java Jacobian Automatic Programming) is a generic algorithms derivation program. It has been applied to the nano switch and was introduced in G2Elab design tools for sensitivity analysis, for optimizing and also to solve differential-algebraic systems. Optimization: development the model and tools to study the sensitivity and reliability-based design optimization for magnetic nano switch.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2015-12-16T16:23:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 jhonatannascimentodacosta.pdf: 4337030 bytes, checksum: 25cf98ccb23a326195b9a1a90c7d43df (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2015-12-17T11:06:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 jhonatannascimentodacosta.pdf: 4337030 bytes, checksum: 25cf98ccb23a326195b9a1a90c7d43df (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-17T11:06:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 jhonatannascimentodacosta.pdf: 4337030 bytes, checksum: 25cf98ccb23a326195b9a1a90c7d43df (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Neste trabalho são propostos dois índices eficientes baseados em Equivalentes de Thévenin para avaliação da segurança de tensão de Sistemas Elétricos de Potência de grande porte. Estes índices são denominados de Índice de Estabilidade de Tensão e Índice de Perda de Controle de Tensão e baseiam-se na característica de máxima transferência de potência de circuitos elétricos lineares. Neste sentido, propõe-se uma nova metodologia para a estimação da impedância de Thévenin baseada na técnica de Análise de Sensibilidade da matriz Jacobiana do problema de Fluxo de Potência. O Índice de Estabilidade de Tensão proposto pode ser calculado para todas as barras do sistema em um dado ponto de operação, fornecendo uma estimativa rápida do ponto de vista computacional da Margem de Carregamento e uma indicação das barras críticas do sistema. Por outro lado, o Índice de Perda de Controle de Tensão é calculado somente para as barras do tipo PV, fornecendo uma indicação dos geradores críticos para o controle de tensão da região em análise. Os índices propostos são avaliados através do estudo de sistemas tutoriais, de sistemas de médio porte e de um sistema de grande porte baseado no Sistema Interligado Nacional brasileiro. Sempre que possível procura-se validar os resultados obtidos através de comparações com as técnicas do vetor tangente do Método da Continuação e de menor Margem de Potência Reativa das Curvas V-Q, que são técnicas já consagradas para análise de estabilidade de tensão de Sistemas Elétricos de Potência. / In this work are proposed two efficient indexes based on Thévenin equivalent for assessment of voltage safety of large Electric Power Systems. These indexes are called Voltage Stability Index and Voltage Control Loss Index and are based on the characteristic of maximum power transfer of linear electrical circuits. In this sense, we propose a new methodology to estimate the Thévenin impedance based on the Sensitivity Analysis technique of the Jacobian matrix of power flow problem. The Voltage Stability Index proposed can be calculated for all system buses at a given operating point, providing a quick estimate of the computational point of view of the Loading Margin and an indication of the critical buses of the system. On the other hand, the Voltage Control Loss Index is calculated only for the PV type buses and provides an indication of the critical generators for control of voltage of the region in analisys. The proposed indexes are evaluated by studying tutorials systems, medium size systems and a large system based on the brazilian National Interconnected System. Whenever possible looking up validate the results obtained through comparisons with the techniques of the tangent vector of the Continuation Method and of the smaller Reactive Power Margin of the V-Q curves, which already are established techniques of voltage stability analysis of Electric Power Systems.

The hereby presented master’s thesis deals with municipal solid waste separation. The introductory chapters describe current state of handling of selected recyclables and the technologies of their collection. The following chapter is a description of a waste sorting line technology, since this facility’s function is to upgrade the recyclables to secondary materials. The first step of practical part of this thesis was creation of a technical-economic model of the sorting line designed to process plastic and paper waste, therefore the following chapter is dedicated to its description and presentation. Subsequently, the outputs of the model are evaluated for three settings of its input variables, which represent the three imagined scenarios of the modeled sorting line’s operation. Sensitivity analyses focused on selected input variables of this model were also performed. A separate chapter is dedicated to changes in the model outputs in the case of including the waste transportation prices to the selected scenario. At the end of the thesis, the influence of increased material separation of plastic waste on the lower heating value of residual mixed municipal solid waste is evaluated.

Diploma thesis is focused on advanced reliability analysis of structures solved by non--linear finite element analysis. Specifically, semi--probabilistic methods for determination of design value of resistance, sensitivity analysis and surrogate model created by polynomial chaos expansion are described in the diploma thesis. Described methods are applied on prestressed reinforced concrete roof girder.

The Master’s thesis is focused on purchase of a horizontal boring machine for a company, which operates in the engineering industry. It informs about the financial situation of the company, compares offers of individual banks and leasing companies as well as methods of evaluation of the investment project. The essential part of the work comprises an evaluation of a specific investment project, including formulation of recommendations for its implementation.

The doctoral thesis is focused on evaluation of global sensitivity analysis of load-carrying capacity of steel hot-rolled beams. These beams are subjected to lateral-torsional buckling, weak axis buckling and strong axis buckling. Very comprehensive computational models which were both geometrically and materially nonlinear were created in Ansys software using solid finite elements to calculate the load-carrying capacity. The computational models allowed modelling of random initial imperfections such as initial curvature, deviations of cross-section dimensions and steel properties. Sensitivity analysis quantified their influence on the load-carrying capacity. Simulation runs of random imperfections were generated using the Latin Hypercube Sampling method. Since the evaluation of sensitivity analysis of load-carrying capacity of all finite element models would cost an extreme amount of computer time, the thesis aimed at developing a meta-model (also known as surrogate model) based on approximation of FEM model. The approximation polynomial then facilitated the evaluation of sensitivity indices using a high number of simulation runs. At the end, the relationships between the slenderness and the first and second-order sensitivity indices are plotted in graphs. Those random input imperfections that influence the variability of load-carrying capacity the most are pointed out.