With the increasing complexity of the power system, electromechanical oscillations are becoming one of the major problem. Several blackouts have been reported in the past due to insufficient damping of the oscillatory modes. The starting point to avoid catastrophic behaviors would be to simulate actual power system and study the response of the system under various outages leading to blackouts. Recently, it has been identified that appropriate modeling of the load is necessary to match the actual system behavior with the computer simulated response. This research throws some insight into the detailed load modeling and its impact on the system small signal stability. In particular, Composite load model is proposed and its effect on the system small signal stability is investigated. Modeling all the loads in a large power system would be a cumbersome job and hence the method for identifying the most sensitive load location is also proposed in the thesis. The effect of load modeling on the eigenvalue movement is also investigated. The low damped electromechanical modes are always undesirable in the large inter-connected power systems as they might get excited under some event leading to growing oscillations. Proper damping of these modes is essential for effective and reliable system operation. Power system stabilizers have been proved to be an effective way of damping these electromechanical modes. The optimal number and location of PSS to effectively damp the modes via improved Differential algorithm is proposed. Moreover, the effect of TCSC, series compensated FACTs device, on enhancing the system damping is investigated. A fixed order model matching technique is presented to design a damping controller for the TCSC. With the increasing global pressure for reducing carbon emissions, there is a great amount of interest in the renewable sources of energy, particularly Wind Energy Conversion Systems. Of all the present methods of wind generation systems, Doubly Fed Induction Generation (DFIG) based wind farms are gaining popularity. The comparison of various methods of wind generation techniques is presented. In particular, the impact of DFIG based wind farms on the system small signal stability is investigated in this work. Co-ordinated tuning of the controllers is performed using Bacterial Foraging Technique, which is another member of Evolutionary algorithms. Damping controller for the DFIG system is proposed to enhance the damping of the electromechanical modes. Results have proved the effectiveness of the control methodology. The contributions made in this thesis could be utilized to promote the further development of the damping controllers for large power systems.

Purpose: The building sector accounts for 40 % of the total energy consumption in Sweden today, and the largest proportion is consumed during the operating phase. From the year 2020 and onwards, all new buildings should be erected as zero-emissionbuildings. The building’s design can reduce energy demands, but the current legal requirements do not favour energy-efficient designs. This study focuses on the design’s importance for the energy efficiency of buildings, i.e., energy-saving design. The impact of specific measures is difficult to calculate due to the complexity of reality. This study aims to highlight the measures that could reduce energy consumption in commercial buildings. Method: In order to provide answers to the issues stated in the report and to achieve the objective of the study, case studies are being conducted investigating three commercial buildings where deliberate decisions were made to use energy-reducing measures. Results and conclusions are based on qualitative interviews and literature studies. Findings: The energy-reducing design measures found to be of most importance used in the studied buildings are the form factor, the window portion and the thermal storage capacity. Moreover, significant savings are possible by carefully consider how solar energy can be limited or used in the building. Generally, buildings tends to become more technical, therefore technical knowledge early in the process is important to reach a good result. Economic incentives and clear objectives with right focus are also important for optimizing a building’s energy performance. The wording and the requirement levels in the Swedish building regulations highly controls the construction of energy efficient buildings. Implications: This study shows how energy efficient design is made today and provides an indication of what can be done and what should be prioritized. By imposing requirements on consumed energy instead of bought, energy efficient design could be favoured. Furthermore, this study suggests that a balance between windows, façade and solar shading are important energy-reducing measures. Regardless of selected energyreducing measures, a good performance is essential. Finally, this study shows that a methodical use of existing knowledge and technology makes a difference. Limitations: A lifecycle approach provides an overall picture of a building’s energy consumption. However, this study is based on the energy consumption during the operating phase. The result of this study does not take economic or aesthetic factors into account. This study is a comparative case study and is based on few but carefully matched cases. The selected cases are commercial buildings where deliberate decisions were made to use energy-reducing measures.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:19:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 hoji_es_dr_ilha.pdf: 852924 bytes, checksum: 9b1bcf1d76e563dd1037dc628a5c3e2e (MD5) / Fundação de Ensino Pesquisa e Extensão de Ilha Solteira (FEPISA) / PROPG - Programa de Pós-Graduação / Com a necessidade de atender com qualidade a crescente demanda por energia eletrica, com poucas interrupcoes e com níıveis de tensao satisfatorios, e tendo em vista as restricoes ambientais existentes, que dificultam a implantacao de novos recursos aos sistemas de transmissao, como linhas, usinas, subestacoes, etc., as empresas de transmissao tem buscado otimizar os recursos existentes, operando os sistemas com menos folga o que, em alguns casos, pode ocasionar pequenas sobrecargas nas linhas. Nas estruturas atuais de operacao, acoes corretivas usualmente aplicadas ao alıvio dos sistemas de transmissao, como alteracoes nos nıveis de geracao e corte de cargas, fazem parte das atribuicoes do operador do sistema e estao fora do escopo de acao das empresas transmissoras que podem, contudo, alterar as condicoes de operacao de seus dispositivos, como transformadores, compensadores, etc. Neste trabalho e apresentada uma proposta para o alıvio de pequenas sobrecargas em redes de transmissao com base no controle do fluxo reativo das linhas. As acoes corretivas sao determinadas com base na linearizacao dos parametros do sistema em torno de seu ponto de operacao inicial, solucionando-se um problema de programacao linear (PL) cuja funcao objetivo a ser minimizada e o produto entre o custo dos servicos de suporte de reativos prestados pelos dispositivos e o desvio do sistema de seu ponto de operacao inicial. Haja vista a grande quantidade de dispositivos instalados no sistema que podem fornecer servicos de suporte de reativos e que problemas relativos a potencia reativa sao solucionados localmente, e possıvel reduzir a quantidade de dispositivos “candidatos” a realizacao das acoes corretivas e, consequentemente, o numero de variaveis e restricoes no PL a ser solucionado... / The growing demand for electric power associated with the environmental limitations imposed to the expansion of power systems hamper the installation of new facilities, such as transmission lines, substations and power plants, and leads the transmission companies to optimize the existing resources. In consequence, transmission systems operate closer to their boundaries and small overloads may surge. In the deregulated operating environment, the standard overload relief procedures, based on generation redispatch and load shedding, are in charge of the system operator and cannot be performed by the transmission companies, which can, otherwise, modify the control parameters of the transmission system devices, such as transformers, shunt compensators, etc. An overload relief procedure based on reactive power control applicable to small disturbances is presented in this paper. The corrective actions are determined by linearizing the system parameters around the initial operating point and solving a linear problem (LP), that minimizes the product between the total cost of the reactive power support provided by the devices and the deviation of the system from its initial operating point. Considering that reactive sources are spread over the whole system and the solution for reactive power problems can be found locally, the set of devices to be applied for the corrective actions can be reduced and, consequently, the number of variables and constraints to be added to the LP problem. To accomplish that, linear sensitivity factors which relate the reactive flow variation in the overloaded line to the devices’ control parameters are applied and the “n” most effective devices to mitigate the overloads can be determined. In many market structures reactive power support is a mandatory service and, in some cases, it is not remunerated. However, despite the low cost of production of reactive power... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

[pt] O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma formulação e uma correspondente implementação computacional para otimização de dimensões de estruturas evitando os problemas de instabilidade apresentados pela formulação convencional. Para atingir este objetivo, a formulação utilizada considera os efeitos da não-linearidade geométrica no comportamento da estrutura e inclui uma restrição sobre a carga de colapso. Elementos finitos reticulados planos e a formulação Lagrangiana Atualizada forma utilizados para análise de estruturas com comportamento geometricamente não- linear. As varáveis de projeto são as alturas das seções transversais dos elementos. O método de Newton-Raphson é utilizado acoplado a diferentes estratégias de incremento de carga e de iteração,tais como as que utilizam a restrição do comprimento de arco e as baseadas no controle dos deslocamentos generalizados, que permitem a ultrapassagem de pontos críticos que possam existir ao longo da trajetória de equilíbrio. Os algoritmos de programação matemática utilizados neste trabalho empregam os gradientes da função objetivo e das restrições, que são calculados com base nos gradientes das respostas da estrutura. Partindo-se das equações gerais de equilíbrio válidas para qualquer elemento, foram desenvolvidas expressões analíticas aproximadas que permitem o cálculo das sensibilidades em relação as variáveis de projeto aproveitando as características da análise. / [en] The aim of this work is to present a formulation and corresponding computational implementation for the sizing optimization of structures. To achieve this goal, the formulation considers the structural geometric nonlinear behavior and include a constraint related to the collapse load. Plane frame finite elements and Updated Lagrangian approach are used for the geometric nonlinear analysis. The standard Newton-Raphson method, in connection with different load increment strategies and iteration, such as use the arch length method and strategies based on the control of generalized displacements, which allow the algorithm to transpose the critical points that happen to appear along the equilibrium path. The mathematical programming algorithms applied in this work make use of the gradients of the objective function and of the constraints, which depend on the gradients of the structural response. Starting from general equilibrium equations for the Update Lagrangian approach, valid for any finite element, approximate analytical expressions for the sensitivity analysis whit respect of design variables were developed taking advantage of the structural characteristics.

Fire Rescue Service is territorialized in each region, which means that Fire Rescue Service is present in each region of the Czech Republic as an individual accounting entity. Each accounting entity is obliged to prepare own budget estimate for next year which serves for covering costs related to interventions. Therefore it is beneficial to have an overview about the number of interventions expected in following year. The prediction of the expected interventions should be based utmost on real data from the the last period. Fire Rescue Service units' interventions in traffic accidents are covered from the state budget as well as other performances. The thesis is concerning the statistic survey related to Fire Rescue Service's interventions in traffic accidents. Specified goals of the thesis: G1) The survey of the development in time of the number of traffic accidents associated with South Bohemia Fire Rescue Service's interventions in traffic accidents within one month as the unit of time during the last 5 years. It is considered as the survey of the first of selected parameters concerning Fire Rescue Service's interventions in traffic accidents in the South Bohemia region. G2) The survey of the development in time of costs associated with South Bohemia Fire Rescue Service's interventions in traffic accidents within one month as the unit of time during the last 5 years. It is considered as the survey of the second of selected parameters related to Fire Rescue Service's interventions in traffic accidents in the South Bohemia region. G3) The comparison of the number of interventions and costs, the investigation of the apportionment of the number of interventions and costs in terms of a proper theoretical apportionment. It is considered as the survey concerning the dependence of selected parameters of Fire Rescue Service's interventions in traffic accidents in the South Bohemia region. With regard to a relativelly high number of primary data (entries from about 8 000 traffic accidents in the time period between 7/2010 and 6/2015 in the South Bohemia region, where was always present at least one unit of the South Bohemia Fire Rescue Service), mathematical statistic tools were needed to create a survey of selected parameters of the data file. Determining intervals for individual statistic features is to some extent carried out "by feeling". With regard to it, there was done the sensitivity analysis within which was investigated the influence of minor changes in the number of intervals on apportionment of percent occurrences of monitored statistical features (intervals were determined "by feeling" and based on recommendation from technical literature). For investigation of statistical features were used description statistics and also methods of statistical induction. The information used from technical literature and the interpretation of partial results and conclusions concerning individual sections of the thesis are provided in the section Discussion. The thesis demonstrated that the empirical apportionment of the number of traffic accidents and costs on South Bohemia Fire Rescue Service's interventions in traffic accidents can be considered as standard. Therefore it is correct to use theoretical findings associated with standard apportionment to work with those data. Also the thesis demonstrated that the number of traffic accidents and costs associated with South Bohemia Fire Rescue Service's interventions not only does not decrease but on the contrary increases. It was demonstrated that there is present very high positive correlation between numbers of the traffic accidents and the costs related to South Bohemia Fire Rescue Service's interventions in single months of the monitored time period. This brings us to a conclusion that the increase of costs related to interventions is caused mainly by the increase of the number of traffic accidents where the units of Fire Rescue Service intervene.

Title: Hierarchical Problems with Evolutionary Equilibrium Constraints Author: Lukáš Adam Supervisor: Prof. Jiří Outrata Abstract: In the presented thesis, we are interested in hierarchical models with evolutionary equilibrium constraints. Such models arise naturally when a time-dependent problem is to be controlled or if parameters in such a model are to be identified. We intend to discretize the problem and solve it on the basis of the so-called implicit programming approach. This technique requires knowledge of a generalized derivative of the solution mapping which assigns the state variable to the control variable/parameter. The computation of this generalized derivative amounts equivalently to the computation of (limiting) normal cone to the graph of the solution mapping. In the first part we summarize known techniques for computation of the normal cone to the set which can be represented as a finite union of convex polyhedra. Then we propose a new approach based on the so-called normally admissible stratification and simplify the obtained formulas for the case of time-dependent problems. The theoretical results are then applied first to deriving a criterion for the sensitivity analysis of the solution mapping and then to the solution of two practically motivated problems. The first one concerns optimal...

Face aux forts besoins de réduction de la consommation énergétique et de l’impact environnemental,le bâtiment d’aujourd’hui vise la performance en s’appuyant sur des sourcesd’énergie de plus en plus diversifiées (énergies renouvelables), une enveloppe mieux conçue(isolation) et des systèmes de gestion plus avancés. Plus la conception vise la basse consommation,plus les interactions entre ses composants sont complexes et peu intuitives. Seule unerégulation plus intégrée permettrait de prendre en compte cette complexité et d’optimiser lefonctionnement pour atteindre la basse consommation sans sacrifier le confort.Les techniques de commande prédictive, fondées sur l’utilisation de modèles dynamiqueset de techniques d’optimisation, promettent une réduction des consommations et de l’inconfort.Elles permettent en effet d’anticiper l’évolution des sources et des besoins intermittentstout en tirant parti de l’inertie thermique du bâtiment, de ses systèmes et autres élémentsde stockage. Cependant, dans le cas du bâtiment, l’obtention d’un modèle dynamique suffisammentprécis présente des difficultés du fait d’incertitudes importantes sur les paramètresdu modèle et les sollicitations du système. Les avancées récentes dans le domaine de l’instrumentationdomotique constituent une opportunité prometteuse pour la réduction de cesincertitudes, mais la conception d’un tel système pour une telle application n’est pas triviale.De fait, il devient nécessaire de pouvoir considérer les problématiques de monitoring énergétique,d’instrumentation, de commande prédictive et de modélisation de façon conjointe.Cette thèse vise à identifier les liens entre commande prédictive et instrumentation dansle bâtiment, en proposant puis exploitant une méthode générique de modélisation du bâtiment,de simulation thermique et de résolution de problèmes d’optimisation. Cette méthodologiemet en oeuvre une modélisation thermique multizone du bâtiment, et des algorithmesd’optimisation reposant sur un modèle adjoint et les outils du contrôle optimal. Elle a étéconcrétisée dans un outil de calcul permettant de mettre en place une stratégie de commandeprédictive comportant des phases de commande optimale, d’estimation d’état et decalibration.En premier lieu, nous étudions la formulation et la résolution d’un problème de commandeoptimale. Nous abordons les différences entre un tel contrôle et une stratégie de régulationclassique, entre autres sur la prise en compte d’indices de performance et de contraintes. Nousprésentons ensuite une méthode d’estimation d’état basée sur l’identification de gains thermiquesinternes inconnus. Cette méthode d’estimation est couplée au calcul de commandeoptimale pour former une stratégie de commande prédictive.Les valeurs des paramètres d’un modèle de bâtiment sont souvent très incertaines. Lacalibration paramétrique du modèle est incontournable pour réduire les erreurs de prédictionet garantir la performance d’une commande optimale. Nous appliquons alors notreméthodologie à une technique de calibration basée sur des mesures de températures in situ.Nous ouvrons ensuite sur des méthodes permettant d’orienter le choix des capteurs à utiliser(nombre, positionnement) et des paramètres à calibrer en exploitant les gradients calculéspar la méthode adjointe.La stratégie de commande prédictive a été mise en oeuvre sur un bâtiment expérimentalprès de Chambéry. Dans le cadre de cette étude, l’intégralité du bâtiment a été modélisé,et les différentes étapes de notre commande prédictive ont été ensuite déployées de mainière séquentielle. Cette mise en oeuvre permet d’étudier les enjeux et les difficultés liées àl’implémentation d’une commande prédictive sur un bâtiment réel.Cette thèse est issue d’une collaboration entre le CEA Leti, l’IFSTTAR de Nantes et leG2ELab, et s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet ANR PRECCISION. / More efficient energy management of buildings through the use of Model Predictive Control(MPC) techniques is a key issue to reduce the environmental impact of buildings. Buildingenergy performance is currently improved by using renewable energy sources, a betterdesign of the building envelope (insulation) and the use of advanced management systems.The more the design aims for high performance, the more interactions and coupling effectsbetween the building, its environment and the conditions of use are important and unintuitive.Only a more integrated regulation would take in account this complexity, and couldhelp to optimize the consumption without compromising the comfort.Model Predictive Control techniques, based on the use of dynamic models and optimizationmethods, promise a reduction of consumption and discomfort. They can generate energysavings by anticipating the evolution of renewable sources and intermittent needs, while takingadvantage of the building thermal inertia and other storage items. However, in the caseof buildings, obtaining a good dynamic model is tough, due to important uncertainties onmodel parameters and system solicitations.Recent advances in the field of wireless sensor networks are fostering the deployment ofsensors in buildings, and offer a promising opportunity to reduce these errors. Nevertheless,designing a sensor network dedicated to MPC is not obvious, and energy monitoring,instrumentation, modeling and predictive control matters must be considered jointly.This thesis aims at establishing the links between MPC and instrumentation needs inbuildings. We propose a generic method for building modeling, thermal simulation andoptimization. This methodology involves a multi-zone thermal model of the building, andefficient optimization algorithms using an adjoint model and tools from the optimal controltheory. It was implemented in a specific toolbox to develop a predictive control strategywith optimal control phases, state estimation phases and model calibration.At first, we study the formulation and resolution of an optimal control problem. We discussthe differences between such a control and a conventional regulation strategy, throughperformance indicators. Then, we present a state estimation method based on the identificationof unknown internal gains. This estimation method is subsequently coupled with theoptimal control method to form a predictive control strategy.As the parameters values of a building model are often very uncertain, parametric modelcalibration is essential to reduce prediction errors and to ensure the MPC performance. Consequently,we apply our methodology to a calibration technique based on in situ temperaturemeasurements. We also discuss how our approach can lead to selection techniques in orderto choose calibrated parameters and sensors for MPC purposes.Eventually, the predictive control strategy was implemented on an experimental building,at CEA INES, near Chambéry. The entire building was modeled, and the different steps ofthe control strategy were applied sequentially through an online supervisor. This experimentgave us a useful feedback on our methodology on a real case.This thesis is the result of a collaboration between CEA Leti, IFSTTAR Nantes andG2ELab, and is part of the ANR PRECCISION project.

La production de Modèles Numériques de Terrain (MNT) a subi d’importantes évolutions durant les deux dernières décennies en réponse à une demande croissante pour des besoins scientifiques et industriels. De nombreux satellites d’observation de la Terre, utilisant des capteurs tant optiques que radar, ont permis de produire des MNT couvrant la plupart de la surface terrestre. De plus, les algorithmes de traitement d’images et de nuages de points ont subi d’importants développements. Ces évolutions ont fourni des MNT à différentes échelles pour tout utilisateur. Les applications basées sur la géomorphologie ont profité de ces progrès. En effet, ces applications exploitent les formes du terrain dont le MNT constitue une donnée de base. Cette étude a pour objectif d’évaluer l’impact des paramètres de production de MNT par photogrammétrie et par InSAR sur la qualité de position et de forme de ces modèles. La qualité de position, évaluée par les producteurs de MNT, n’est pas suffisante pour évaluer la qualité des formes. Ainsi, nous avons décrit les méthodes d’évaluation de la qualité de position et de forme et la différence entre elles. Une méthode originale de validation interne, qui n’exige pas de données de référence, a été proposée. Ensuite, l’impact des paramètres de l’appariement stéréoscopique, du traitement interférométrique ainsi que du rééchantillonnage, sur l’altitude et les formes, a été évalué. Finalement, nous avons conclu sur des recommandations pour choisir correctement les paramètres de production, en particulier en photogrammétrie.Nous avons observé un impact négligeable de la plupart des paramètres sur l’altitude, à l’exception de ceux de l’InSAR. Par contre, un impact significatif existe sur les dérivées de l’altitude. L’impact des paramètres d’appariement présente une forte dépendance avec la morphologie du terrain et l’occupation du sol. Ainsi, le choix de ces paramètres doit être effectué en prenant en considération ces deux facteurs. L’effet des paramètres du traitement interférométrique se manifeste par des erreurs de déroulement de phase qui affectent principalement l’altitude et peu les dérivées. Les méthodes d’interpolation et la taille de maille présentent un impact faible sur l’altitude et important sur ses dérivées. En effet, leur valeur et leur qualité dépendent directement de la taille de maille. Le choix de cette taille doit s’effectuer selon les besoins de l’application visée. Enfin, nous avons conclu que ces paramètres sont interdépendants et peuvent avoir des effets similaires. Leur choix doit être effectué en prenant en considération à la fois l’application concernée, la morphologie du terrain et son occupation du sol afin de minimiser l’erreur des résultats finaux et des conclusions. / The production of Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) has undergone significant evolution duringthe last two decades resulting from a growing demand for scientific as well as industrial purposes.Many Earth observation satellites, using optical and radar sensors, have enabled the production ofDEMs covering most of the Earth’s surface. The algorithms of image and point cloud processing havealso undergone significant evolution. This progress has provided DEMs on different scales, which canfulfill the requirements of many users. The applications based on geomorphology have benefitted fromthis evolution. Indeed, these applications concentrate specifically on landforms for which the DEMconstitutes a basic data.The aim of this study is to assess the impact of the parameters of DEM production byphotogrammetry and InSAR on position and shape quality. The position quality, assessed by DEMproducers, is not sufficient for the evaluation of shape quality. Thus, the evaluation methods ofposition and shape quality and the difference between them are described. A novel method of internalvalidation, which does not require reference data, is proposed. Then, the impact of image matchingand interferometric processing parameters as well as resampling, on elevation and shapes, is assessed.Finally, we conclude on recommendations on how to choose the production parameters correctly,particularly for photogrammetry.We observe little impact from most of the parameters on the elevation, except InSAR parameters.On the other hand, there is a significant impact on the elevation derivatives. The impact of matchingparameters presents a strong dependence on the terrain morphology and the landcover. Therefore,these parameters have to be selected by taking into account these two factors. The effect ofinterferometric processing manifests by phase unwrapping errors that mainly affect the elevation andless the derivatives. The interpolation methods and the mesh size present a small impact on theelevation and a significant impact on the derivatives. Indeed, the value of the derivatives and theirquality depend directly on the mesh size. The selection of this size has to be made according to theforeseen application. Finally, we conclude that these parameters are interdependent and can havesimilar effects. They must be selected according to the foreseen application, the terrain morphologyand the landcover in order to minimize the error in the final results and the conclusions.

Environ trois quarts des ressources globales sont aujourd'hui consommés dans les aires urbaines. Le processus d'urbanisation induit des changements sévères du climat local, de la qualité environnementale des espaces, ainsi qu'une augmentation significative de la demande énergétique des bâtiments. Les projections statistiques sur la croissance de la population urbaine indiquent que cette situation tendra à s'aggraver dans les années à venir. Il devient donc impératif de chercher d'autres stratégies pour mieux adapter les environnements urbains aux nouvelles demandes énergétiques, afin de réduire l'empreinte environnementale des villes. Dans ce contexte, ce travail est une contribution à la recherche énergétique urbaine, plus particulièrement en ce qui concerne l'énergie consommée et potentiellement produite parles bâtiments à l'échelle urbaine locale. La morphologie urbaine est ici considérée comme un paramètre crucial dans le processus d'amélioration de l'efficacité énergétique du cadre bâti. Dans les zones de basses latitudes, sous climat tropical, l'énergie solaire incidente est extrêmement abondante. Toutefois, la bonne utilisation de cette ressource dans les bâtiments peut suggérer l'adoption de formes urbaines très peu denses et étales, en vue de réduire les obstructions produites par l'environnement proche. A rebours, ces formes urbaines très peu denses peuvent entrainer une augmentation des apports solaires sur les façades,élevant la demande énergétique. Le contrôle des gains solaires sur les façades pour la réduction de la demande énergétique peut ainsi représenter une perte potentielle en terme d'éclairement naturel des espaces, et une réduction du potentiel de production d'énergie solaire. Afin de quantifier le potentiel de ces stratégies conflictuelles, il devient indispensable de convoquer des modèles d'analyse pluridisciplinaires, permettant de mettre en oeuvre des approches multicritères dans le processus de conception de la forme urbaine. Cette thèse s'appuie sur une réflexion prospective sur les quartiers de la ville de Maceió, Alagoas, au Brésil. Dans un premier temps, un ensemble de paramètres morphologiques caractéristiques sont employés pour identifier et caractériser le potentiel solaire de typologies de référence de la ville. Ensuite, ces paramètres sont soumis à une analyse de sensibilité via un plan d'expérience. Les paramètres statistiquement significatifs sont alors intégrés à une méthode paramétrique d'optimisation dans laquelle l'algorithme génétique NSGA-II est couplé à un algorithme simplifiée de radiosité, visant à maximiser le potentiel de production d'énergie sur les toitures des bâtiments, tout en minimisant les apports solaires sur ses façades. Nous considérons des seuils d'éclairement naturel et intégrons des règles locales d'urbanisme comme contraintes aux projets. Cinq typologies représentatives du tissu urbain de Maceió ont ainsi été identifiées. L'ensemble des indicateurs les plus influents sur le potentiel solaire des formes urbaines a été hiérarchisé, en mettant l'accent notamment sur le rôle du prospect moyen ou de l'albédo des surfaces. La méthode d'optimisation a permis de tester plus de 80 000configurations d'ilots urbains et les résultats obtenus font apparaître une grande diversité de morphologies «optimum». Ces projets ont des performances solaires supérieures à celles des typologies existantes dans la ville. Cette intégration de stratégies énergétiques contradictoires montre qu'au-delà de l'intégration de contraintes variées et d'une meilleure adaptation à la complexité du processus de design urbain, l'approche utilisée ici apparaît très utile pour la recherche de solutions urbaines performantes à l'échelle des quartiers. Cette approche peut ainsi participer au renouvellement de l'Architecture de la Ville / At the beginning of 21th century, the world was faced with unprecedented environmental transformations. The urbanization process reached record levels and it keeps increasing, especiallyin developing countries. Around 3/4 of global resources are currently consumed in urban settlements, with corresponding adverse environmental consequences which leads to severe local climate changes, affecting environmental quality of spaces and leading to a significant increase of energy demand in buildings. A projection of the world urban population indicates that this situation will worsen in the coming years. It is therefore imperative that we understand how to design less resource intensive urban settlements. This research consists of a contribution to the energy debate in cities, focusing on the energy potentially consumed and produced by the built environment in the neighborhood scale. Urban morphology has been pointed out as a pivotal issue on shifting to climate adapted urban environments towards energy efficiency of buildings. In tropical climate regions, solar energy represents a high potential for renewable electric production in buildings, recording high levels of irradiation throughout the year. Though, engaging such a strategy may suggest applying sparsely low-density urban forms, aiming at reducing obstructions caused by the urban built surroundings. On one hand, scattered and less dense urban forms may result in significant increase of solar thermal load in buildings vertical facades, but on the other hand, the control of the solar heat gains in urban facades may represent significant losses on indoors daylight levels andalso reducing solar energy harness. Estimating the relative potential of these conflicting design strategies, taking into account the constrained parameters related to local building regulation, requires coupling multidisciplinary and multiobjective models of analysis in order to integrate multi-criteria approach in the urban design process. This thesis aims to contribute to a prospective energy debate toward sustainable urban districts for the city of Maceió in Brazil. Firstly, a set of energy-related morphological parameters are applied to identify, classify and characterize the solarpotential of local urban typologies. Then, these parameters are analyzed by means of a sensitivity analysis using a design of experiments reduced factorial method. The statistically most significant parameters are then submitted to a parametric design methodology via optimization, in which thenon-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) is coupled with a simplified radiosity algorithm.The solar constraints are integrated as design criteria aiming at maximizing the solar energy potential on building roofs and minimizing solar gains on the their vertical facades. Daylight threshold levels as well as local building regulation parameters are taken into account as design constraints. Five representative types of urban fabric of Maceió were identified which allowed examining and adapting them from the use of energy-related indicators of the urban form. A set of most influential indicators of solar potential of urban forms was hierarchized, highlighting the role of the aspect ratio and albedo of urban surfaces. The application of optimization algorithm allowed testing more than 80,000 urban settings, pointing out a great diversity of "optimum" morphologies of urban blocks. The urban block designs obtained behaved better compared to the existing local typologies. Dealing with conflicting energy strategies by means of a constrained evolutionary optimization design process offered a great opportunity in searching for new solutions to the urban design in the neighborhood scale, helping to guide urban designers' decisions and allowing arenewal of the Architecture of the city

Dans ces travaux, nous présentons des méthodes d'optimisation théoriques et numériques pour la conception optimale de circuits magnétiques pour propulseurs à effet Hall. Ces problèmes de conception sont des problèmes inverses très difficiles à résoudre que nous formulons sous forme de problèmes d'optimisation topologique. Les problèmes resultant sont non convexes avec des contraintes aux équations différentielles de Maxwell. Au cours de ces travaux, des approches originales ont été proposées afin de résoudre efficacement ces problèmes d'optimisation topologique. L'approche de densité de matériaux SIMP (Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization) qui est une variante de la méthode d'homogénéisation a été privilégiées. De plus, les travaux de ma thèse ont permis la mise en place de codes d'optimisation dénommé ATOP (Algorithm To Optimize Propulsion) utilisant en parallèle les logiciels de calculs scientifiques Matlab et d'élément finis FEMM (Finite Element Method Magnetics). Dans ATOP, nous utilisant à la fois des algorithmes d'optimisation locale de type descente basés sur une analyse de la sensibilité du problème et des algorithmes d'optimisation globale principalement de type Branch and Bound basés sur l'Arithmétique des Intervals. ATOP permettra d'optimiser à la fois la forme topologique des circuits magnétiques mais aussi le temps et le coût de production de nouvelles génération de propulseurs électriques. / In this work, we present theoretical and numerical optimization method for designing magnetic circuits for Hall effect thrusters. These design problems are very difficult inverse ones that we formulate under the form of topology optimization problems. Then, the obtained problems are non convex subject to Maxwell equations like constraints. Some original approaches have been proposed to solve efficiently these topology optimization problems. These approaches are based on the material density model called SIMP approach (Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization) which is a variante of the homogenization method. The results in my thesis allowed to provide optimization source code named ATOP (Algorithm To Optimize Propulsion) unsung in parallel two scientific computing softwares namely Matlab and FEMM (Finite Element Method Magnetics). In ATOP, we use both local optimization algorithms based on sensitivity analysis of the design problem; and global optimization algorithms mainly of type Branch and Bound based on Interval Arithmetic analysis. ATOP will help to optimize both the topological shape of the magnetic circuits and the time and cost of production (design process) of new generations of electrical thrusters.