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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Studie av Global Risk Appetite Index : Hur kan det användas för att förbättra trendföljande strategier?

Holst, David, Norberg, Anton January 2016 (has links)
Ett vanligt förekommande problem för investerare som använder trendföljande strategier är att de ofta hamnar felpositionerade när en trend tar slut. I den här studien visas hur ett riskaptitsindex, Global Risk Appetite Index (GRAI), kan användas för att förutspå dessa trendbrott och på så sätt förbättra trendföljande strategiers prestation. Indexet implementeras som indikator i tre olika trendföljande strategier och lyckas under rätt förutsättningar förbättra alla strategiernas prestation, under backtesting över de senaste 16 åren. Strategierna presterar generellt bäst, det vill säga ger högst avkastning i förhållande till risken, då signal att marknaden kommer vända ges 2-3 veckor efter att indexet når någon av extremzonerna panik eller eufori. Extremzonerna definieras som 5:e respektive 95:e percentilen av indexets värde under en tidsperiod bakåt i tiden. Bäst resultat erhålls då denna tidsperiod är 2-3 år.  Vidare undersöks alternativa sätt att beräkna Global Risk Appetite Index. Tillgångarna som studeras för att ge en bild av riskaptiten varieras och det visar sig att en version som endast studerar sex olika marknadsindex förbättrar de trendföljande strategierna mest, vilket är en klar förenkling över de 64 tillgångar som används i den ursprungliga versionen av indexet. / A regular problem for investment managers who use trend following strategies are that they often find themselves badly positioned when at the end of a trend. In this study it is shown how a risk appetite index, Global Risk Appetite Index (GRAI), can be used in order to predict these trend breaks and thereby improve the performance of trend following strategies. The index is implemented as an indicator for three different trend following strategies and given the right parameters, the return of all three strategies is increased during backtesting on data from the previous 16 years. In general, the strategies give the highest return in relation to risk when signal that the trend will reverse is given 2 to 3 weeks after the index reaches one of the extreme zones, Panic or Euphoria. These extreme zones are calculated as vales under the 5:th or over the 95:th percentile of the index’s value over a certain window back in time. The best result is achieved when this timespan is 2 to 3 years. Furthermore, alternate ways to calculate Global Risk Appetite Index are studied. The assets that are analysed in order to quantify the risk appetite are varied and it is shown that a version of GRAI analyzing only 6 more summarizing market indices give better results when used in trend following models. This is a clear simplification from the 64 assets used in the original version of the index.
2

A relação entre índice de sentimento de mercado e as taxas de retorno das ações: uma análise com dados em painel / The relationship between market sentiment index and stock returns: a panel data analysis

Yoshinaga, Claudia Emiko 09 December 2009 (has links)
Na teoria clássica de finanças, o sentimento do investidor não é considerado um fator importante sobre os preços das ações. Embora a existência do sentimento do investidor não seja negada, as teorias normalmente partem do princípio de que, em mercados financeiros competitivos, comportamentos de agentes quase-racionais são rapidamente eliminados. Esta tese tem o objetivo de investigar a relação entre o sentimento de mercado e as taxas de retorno futuras das ações. É proposta uma metodologia para a criação de um índice de sentimento específico para o mercado brasileiro com uso da análise de componentes principais. Com o objetivo de verificar a relação deste índice de sentimento com as taxas de retorno das ações, foi estimado um modelo de apreçamento em que esta variável foi incluída, para o período de 1999 a 2008. A amostra foi composta por empresas não-financeiras com ações listadas na BOVESPA, com uma negociabilidade mínima que garantisse observações suficientes e representativas para validar os resultados encontrados na pesquisa. O modelo de apreçamento foi estimado por GMM, levando em consideração o índice de sentimento de mercado, o risco sistêmico das empresas (medido pelo beta) e fatores como tamanho, índice market-to-book, alavancagem, momentum e crescimento da receita. Empregaram-se diferentes procedimentos para estimar os parâmetros dos modelos empíricos formulados, com o propósito de isolar influências espúrias, ocasionadas pela presença de heterogeneidade não-observada, pela existência de eventuais observações extremas ou mesmo pela possível endogeneidade dos regressores. Os resultados deste estudo empírico sugerem que o sentimento é um fator relevante no apreçamento das ações no mercado brasileiro. A relação negativa e significante entre o índice de sentimento e as taxas de retorno, encontrada consistentemente em diferentes modelos, indica um padrão de reversão nas taxas de retornos, ou seja, após um período de sentimento positivo, o impacto nas taxas de retorno no período seguinte é negativo, e vice-versa. / In classical finance theory investor sentiment is not considered an important factor in asset pricing. Although the existence of investor sentiment is not denied, theories assume that in competitive markets quasi-rational behavior is quickly offset by rational agents. The main goal of this thesis is to investigate the relationship between investor sentiment and future stock return rates. It is proposed a methodology to create a sentiment index specifically to the Brazilian market using principal components analysis. In order to analyze the relationship between this sentiment index and the future stock returns, it was estimated a pricing model including this variable for the period comprehending 1999 to 2008. Considering a negotiability restriction to assure representative and sufficient observations to validate a pricing model, the sample consisted of non-financial firms listed at BOVESPA. The pricing model was estimated by GMM considering the sentiment index, systematic risk (market beta) and factors as firm size, market-to-book ratio, leverage and return predictability measured by momentum or income growth. Different estimation procedures were applied to find empirical models coefficients which are less affected by spurious influence such as unobserved heterogeneity, outliers or possible regressors endogeneity. Results of the empirical study suggest that sentiment is a relevant factor in Brazilian asset pricing models. A negative and statistically significant relationship between the sentiment index and stock returns was consistently found in different models specifications. These findings suggest the existence of a reversion pattern in stock returns, meaning that after a positive sentiment period, the impact on subsequent stock returns is negative and vice-versa.
3

A relação entre índice de sentimento de mercado e as taxas de retorno das ações: uma análise com dados em painel / The relationship between market sentiment index and stock returns: a panel data analysis

Claudia Emiko Yoshinaga 09 December 2009 (has links)
Na teoria clássica de finanças, o sentimento do investidor não é considerado um fator importante sobre os preços das ações. Embora a existência do sentimento do investidor não seja negada, as teorias normalmente partem do princípio de que, em mercados financeiros competitivos, comportamentos de agentes quase-racionais são rapidamente eliminados. Esta tese tem o objetivo de investigar a relação entre o sentimento de mercado e as taxas de retorno futuras das ações. É proposta uma metodologia para a criação de um índice de sentimento específico para o mercado brasileiro com uso da análise de componentes principais. Com o objetivo de verificar a relação deste índice de sentimento com as taxas de retorno das ações, foi estimado um modelo de apreçamento em que esta variável foi incluída, para o período de 1999 a 2008. A amostra foi composta por empresas não-financeiras com ações listadas na BOVESPA, com uma negociabilidade mínima que garantisse observações suficientes e representativas para validar os resultados encontrados na pesquisa. O modelo de apreçamento foi estimado por GMM, levando em consideração o índice de sentimento de mercado, o risco sistêmico das empresas (medido pelo beta) e fatores como tamanho, índice market-to-book, alavancagem, momentum e crescimento da receita. Empregaram-se diferentes procedimentos para estimar os parâmetros dos modelos empíricos formulados, com o propósito de isolar influências espúrias, ocasionadas pela presença de heterogeneidade não-observada, pela existência de eventuais observações extremas ou mesmo pela possível endogeneidade dos regressores. Os resultados deste estudo empírico sugerem que o sentimento é um fator relevante no apreçamento das ações no mercado brasileiro. A relação negativa e significante entre o índice de sentimento e as taxas de retorno, encontrada consistentemente em diferentes modelos, indica um padrão de reversão nas taxas de retornos, ou seja, após um período de sentimento positivo, o impacto nas taxas de retorno no período seguinte é negativo, e vice-versa. / In classical finance theory investor sentiment is not considered an important factor in asset pricing. Although the existence of investor sentiment is not denied, theories assume that in competitive markets quasi-rational behavior is quickly offset by rational agents. The main goal of this thesis is to investigate the relationship between investor sentiment and future stock return rates. It is proposed a methodology to create a sentiment index specifically to the Brazilian market using principal components analysis. In order to analyze the relationship between this sentiment index and the future stock returns, it was estimated a pricing model including this variable for the period comprehending 1999 to 2008. Considering a negotiability restriction to assure representative and sufficient observations to validate a pricing model, the sample consisted of non-financial firms listed at BOVESPA. The pricing model was estimated by GMM considering the sentiment index, systematic risk (market beta) and factors as firm size, market-to-book ratio, leverage and return predictability measured by momentum or income growth. Different estimation procedures were applied to find empirical models coefficients which are less affected by spurious influence such as unobserved heterogeneity, outliers or possible regressors endogeneity. Results of the empirical study suggest that sentiment is a relevant factor in Brazilian asset pricing models. A negative and statistically significant relationship between the sentiment index and stock returns was consistently found in different models specifications. These findings suggest the existence of a reversion pattern in stock returns, meaning that after a positive sentiment period, the impact on subsequent stock returns is negative and vice-versa.
4

[en] SENTIMENT INDEX IN THE BRAZILIAN MARKET AND STOCK RETURNS IN SUBSEQUENT PERIODS: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY / [pt] ÍNDICE DE SENTIMENTO DO MERCADO ACIONÁRIO NO BRASIL E TAXA DE RETORNO DAS AÇÕES EM PERÍODOS SUBSEQÜENTES: UM ESTUDO EMPÍRICO

FILIPE BORSATO DA SILVA 04 January 2011 (has links)
[pt] A teoria clássica de finanças considera que os investidores racionais são capazes de arbitrar ou desfazer distorções provocadas por investidores menos racionais ou providos de sentimento. Entretanto, distorções persistentes nos preços de ativos de mercado levam a crer que há limites à arbitragem. Novos modelos visam a entender como fatores comportamentais influenciam o retorno futuro das ações, de modo a explicar as flutuações de mercado e indicar a formação de bolhas especulativas. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo construir um índice de sentimento do mercado brasileiro de janeiro de 2002 a dezembro de 2009, verificando as relações entre o sentimento do mercado e a precificação das ações em períodos subseqüentes. Dentre as variáveis para a construção do índice de sentimento, lança-se mão de indicadores relacionados a transações na Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo e na Comissão de Valores Mobiliários brasileira, além do índice de confiança do consumidor. Os resultados deste estudo empírico indicam que há uma relação negativa entre o sentimento dos investidores e a precificação dos ativos no trimestre subseqüente, sendo esta relação mais forte em empresas que apresentam maior risco e menor valor de mercado. / [en] The classical finance theory considers that rational investors are capable of arbitrate or offset distortions provoked by less rational investors. However, persistent distortions in asset pricing suggest that there are limits to arbitrage. New models intend to understand how behavioral factors influence the stock return in subsequent periods, in order to explain market fluctuation and the formation of speculative bubbles. The main objective of the present work is to build a sentiment index of the Brazilian market, from January 2002 until December 2009, verifying the relations between market sentiment and the value of some stocks in the subsequent period. Among the variables used in the sentiment index, there are indicators related to transactions in the São Paulo Stock Exchange and the Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission and the consumer confidence index. The results of this empirical study indicate that there is a negative relation between the investors’ sentiment and the asset pricing in the following quarter. This relation is stronger in companies that are riskier and have smaller market value.
5

Anomalias de valor e sentimento do investidor: evidências empíricas no mercado acionário brasileiro

Xavier, Gustavo Correia 12 December 2014 (has links)
Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2015-10-19T10:33:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1382719 bytes, checksum: 6fb250dd1981beb3c5fd696d07996f1c (MD5) / Rejected by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br), reason: arquivo bloqueado, alterar! on 2015-10-19T10:40:32Z (GMT) / Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2015-10-19T10:41:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1382725 bytes, checksum: 6e60ed8a7122bd2fcb8cd389f8d97261 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Suzana Diniz (msuzanad@hotmail.com) on 2015-10-19T11:07:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1382725 bytes, checksum: 6e60ed8a7122bd2fcb8cd389f8d97261 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Suzana Diniz (msuzanad@hotmail.com) on 2015-10-19T11:09:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1382725 bytes, checksum: 6e60ed8a7122bd2fcb8cd389f8d97261 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-19T11:10:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1382725 bytes, checksum: 6e60ed8a7122bd2fcb8cd389f8d97261 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-12 / This study aimed to analyze the influence of the investor sentiment in explaining the returns of anomalies, in Brazilian stock market. Additionally, we analyze whether the price differences caused by investor optimism bias are different from those caused by pessimistic investors. The sample included all companies listed on the BM & FBOVESPA. The data were collected in Economatica®. The calculation of returns were by monthly closing prices were used from June 2000 to June 2014 and from 1999 to 2013 annual financial data. To measure the aggregate investor sentiment index, was considered all issues of shares during the period January 1999 to June 2014 and the volume of trading and securities available in this period. The estimation of investor sentiment, was made use of multivariate technique of Principal Component Analysis to capture the common component in four different proxies for investor behavior. To check how investor sentiment relates to the deficiencies have been empirically tested with the number of returns of the portfolios of Long position, Short and Long-Short 12 anomalies-based strategies; and the sentiment index series built, and its variation from one month to the next. It was found that the measure sentiment index increased explanatory power for much of the anomalies only when included in the CAPM, but by controlling the three-factor model and four factors, the coefficient lost its statistical significance. When using the index change as an explanatory variable, there was a relationship with future returns, robust to all risk factors. Thus, it is possible to relate the investor sentiment index with returns of portfolios formed based on value anomalies. Analyzing the mean returns after periods of optimism and pessimism, there was no statistically significant values sufficient to infer a possible existence of restrictions on sales short, although much of the anomalies present the spread between the average returns after periods optimistic and pessimistic with the expected sign. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar se existe relação entre o sentimento do investidor e as anomalias de mercado no Brasil. Adicionalmente, também foi analisado se os desvios de preços provocados por investidores com viés otimista são diferentes daqueles provocados pelos investidores pessimistas. A população envolveu todas as empresas listadas na BM&FBOVESPA. Os dados utilizados foram coletados no Economatica®. Para cálculo dos retornos, foram utilizados preços de fechamento mensais no período de junho de 2000 a junho de 2014, bem como dados contábeis anuais de 1999 a 2013. Para mensuração do índice de sentimento agregado para o mercado, foram consideradas todas as emissões de ações ocorridas no período de janeiro de 1999 a junho de 2014, bem como o volume de negociações e de títulos disponíveis nesse período. Na estimação do sentimento do investidor, fez-se uso da técnica multivariada de Análise de Componentes Principais, para captar o componente em comum de quatro diferentes proxies para o comportamento do mercado. Para verificar a forma como sentimento do investidor se relaciona com as anomalias, foram testadas empiricamente com a série dos retornos das carteiras de posição Long, Short e Long-Short de 12 estratégias baseadas em anomalias; e com a série do índice de sentimento construído e sua variação de um mês para o outro. Constatou-se que a medida do índice de sentimento apresentou poder explicativo para boa parte das anomalias apenas quando incluída no CAPM, porém ao controlar pelo modelo de três fatores e de quatro fatores, o coeficiente perdeu sua significância estatística. Já na utilização da variação do índice como variável explicativa, observou-se uma relação com os retornos futuros, robustos a todos os fatores de risco. Dessa forma, é possível relacionar o índice de sentimento do investidor com os retornos de carteiras formadas com base em anomalias de valor. Na análise dos retornos médios após os períodos de otimismo e pessimismo, não houve valores estatisticamente significantes suficientes para inferir sobre uma possível existência de restrições às operações de venda a descoberto, apesar de boa parte das anomalias apresentarem o sinal esperado no spread entre a média dos retornos após períodos otimistas e pessimistas.
6

台股情緒指標建構及與股市關係 / Construction of Sentiment Index and the Relationship between Sentiment Index and TAIEX Return

吳佩蓉, Wu, Pei Jung Unknown Date (has links)
本研究最主要的貢獻為建構一具台灣股市投資人情緒指數並檢測投資人情緒指標與台灣股市的關係。本研究以台灣股票市場為背景,研究期間為2001年1月至2010年12月。利用Baker, Wurgler and Yuan在2009年提出的方法以Volatility Premium, Number of IPOs, First Day Return of IPOs, Turnover Rate四個變數編製台灣股市投資人情緒指數,並探討台灣股市投資人情緒指數變動量與台股大盤報酬之間的領先落後關係。 實證結果發現,在較短的時間,如月資料,台股大盤報酬會影響下一期的台灣股市投資人情緒指數變動量,而在較長的時間,如季資料,台灣股市投資人情緒指數變動量會影響四期後的台股大盤報酬,即短期台灣股市投資人情緒指數變動量為大盤報酬之落後指標,長期則為大盤報酬之領先指標,短期原因為投資人情緒指數受大盤報酬影響,而易有追高殺低現象,長期雖投資人情緒領先大盤報酬的結果在統計上顯著,但經濟上並無顯著意義,另一方面,台股大盤報酬與台灣股市投資人情緒指數變動量間存在正相關,即不能以台灣股市投資人情緒指數變動量預測股市泡沫。 / The main contribution would be the construction of the sentiment index in Taiwan stock markets and examining the relationship between the variation of the sentiment index and Taiwan stock market returns. The background is Taiwan stock markets. The sample period is from January 2001 to December 2010. We use the method in Baker, Wurgler and Yuan (2009) to measure investors’ sentiment and explore the relationship between the variation of the sentiment index and Taiwan stock market returns. The empirical result reveals that in monthly data, Taiwan stock market returns is the leading indicator of the variation of investment sentiment. In a longer term, we mean the quarterly data in this paper, the situation changes. In quarterly data, the variation of the investment sentiment is the leading indicator of the Taiwan stock market returns. In addition, instead of a negative correlation between the stock market returns and our sentiment index, we prove that our sentiment index have a positive impact on stock market returns. Therefore, we could not use this sentiment index to forecast future economic bubbles.
7

The dynamics of stock market returns and macroeconomic indicators: An ARDL approach with cointegration / Dynamiken mellan aktiemarknadens avkastning och makroekonomiska indikatorer: En ARDL ansats med kointegration

Larsson, Rasmus, Haq, Sebastian January 2016 (has links)
Macroeconomic indicators are amongst the most important and used tools for investors as they provide an outlook for the economy and thus improve the assessment of investments e.g. for asset allocation. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the short- and long-run relationship between the US stock market index S&P500 and six selected macroeconomic indicators during different time regimes during 2000-2016. The chosen indicators are Personal spending, Initial jobless claims, M1 Money supply, Building permits, Michigan Consumers Sentiment index and the ISM Manufacturing index as they measure different parts of the economy and are commonly used by investors. We achieve the purpose by using the Autoregressive Distributed Lags model (ARDL) as it has several advantages in relation to comparable time series models. The results show that all indicators except Personal spending are significant in the long-run on the 1-percent level, in at least one time-regime. All indicators have significant results also in the short-run except the Money Supply (M1), depending on which time period that is under investigation. Our conclusion is that our chosen indicators have different characteristics depending on the current dynamics of the stock market, economic state and other related markets. The practical implication for investors is that different indicators are of limited use depending on the current market dynamics and investors must evaluate the underlying premises of the development of the indicator rather than interpreting a specific datapoint. / Makroekonomiska indikatorer är bland de mest viktiga och använda verktygen av investerare eftersom man kan få en överblick av den ekonomiska utvecklingen och således förbättra beslutsunderlaget vid till exempel tillgångsallokering. Syftet med denna avhandling är att undersöka de kort- och långsiktiga förhållandena mellan det amerikanska aktiemarknadsindexet S&P500 och sex utvalda makroekonomiska indikatorer under olika tidsperioder mellan 2000-2016. De valda indikatorerna är Personal spending, Initial jobless claims, M1 Money supply, Building permits, Michigan Consumers Sentiment index och ISM Manufacturing index eftersom de mäter olika delar av ekonomin och används kontinuerligt av investerare. Vi uppnår syftet genom att använda en Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) modell då den har flertalet fördelar i förhållande till jämförbara tidsseriemodeller. Resultaten visar att alla indikatorer utom Personal spending är signifikant på lång sikt på enprocentsnivån, över olika tidsperioder. Alla indikatorer har även signifikanta resultat på kort sikt förutom M1 Money supply, beroende på vilken tidsperiod som studeras. Vår slutsats är att dem valda indikatorerna har olika egenskaper beroende på den aktuella dynamiken i aktiemarknaden, ekonomin eller andra relaterade marknader. Den praktiska konsekvensen för investerare är att eftersom olika indikatorer är av begränsad användning beroende på den rådande marknadsdynamiken, måste investeraren noggrant utvärdera de underliggande villkoren för utvecklingen av en unik indikator snarare än att endast tolka en unik datapunkt.
8

The dynamics of stock market returns and macroeconomic indicators: An ARDL approach with cointegration / Dynamiken mellan aktiemarknadens avkastning och makroekonomiska indikatorer: En ARDL ansats med kointegration

Larsson, Rasmus, Haq, Sebastian January 2016 (has links)
Macroeconomic indicators are amongst the most important and used tools for investors as they provide an outlook for the economy and thus improve the assessment of investments e.g. for asset allocation. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the short- and long-run relationship between the US stock market index S&P500 and six selected macroeconomic indicators during different time regimes during 2000-2016. The chosen indicators are Personal spending, Initial jobless claims, M1 Money supply, Building permits, Michigan Consumers Sentiment index and the ISM Manufacturing index as they measure different parts of the economy and are commonly used by investors. We achieve the purpose by using the Autoregressive Distributed Lags model (ARDL) as it has several advantages in relation to comparable time series models. The results show that all indicators except Personal spending are significant in the long-run on the 1-percent level, in at least one time-regime. All indicators have significant results also in the short-run except the Money Supply (M1), depending on which time period that is under investigation. Our conclusion is that our chosen indicators have different characteristics depending on the current dynamics of the stock market, economic state and other related markets. The practical implication for investors is that different indicators are of limited use depending on the current market dynamics and investors must evaluate the underlying premises of the development of the indicator rather than interpreting a specific datapoint. / Makroekonomiska indikatorer är bland de mest viktiga och använda verktygen av investerare eftersom man kan få en överblick av den ekonomiska utvecklingen och således förbättra beslutsunderlaget vid till exempel tillgångsallokering. Syftet med denna avhandling är att undersöka de kort- och långsiktiga förhållandena mellan det amerikanska aktiemarknadsindexet S&P500 och sex utvalda makroekonomiska indikatorer under olika tidsperioder mellan 2000-2016. De valda indikatorerna är Personal spending, Initial jobless claims, M1 Money supply, Building permits, Michigan Consumers Sentiment index och ISM Manufacturing index eftersom de mäter olika delar av ekonomin och används kontinuerligt av investerare. Vi uppnår syftet genom att använda en Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) modell då den har flertalet fördelar i förhållande till jämförbara tidsseriemodeller. Resultaten visar att alla indikatorer utom Personal spending är signifikant på lång sikt på enprocentsnivån, över olika tidsperioder. Alla indikatorer har även signifikanta resultat på kort sikt förutom M1 Money supply, beroende på vilken tidsperiod som studeras. Vår slutsats är att dem valda indikatorerna har olika egenskaper beroende på den aktuella dynamiken i aktiemarknaden, ekonomin eller andra relaterade marknader. Den praktiska konsekvensen för investerare är att eftersom olika indikatorer är av begränsad användning beroende på den rådande marknadsdynamiken, måste investeraren noggrant utvärdera de underliggande villkoren för utvecklingen av en unik indikator snarare än att endast tolka en unik datapunkt.
9

Money Can't Buy Love?' Creating a Historical Sentiment Index for the Berlin Stock Exchange, 1872–1930

Borst-Graetz, Janos, Burghardt, Manuel, Wehrheim, Lino 11 July 2024 (has links)
No description available.

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