acase@tulane.edu / Worldwide, more than two billion people rely on onsite sanitation technologies for excreta treatment and/or disposal. The proper management of domestic septage remains a challenge in most cities in developing countries. A field experiment was conducted in Kinshasa/DR Congo from June 2013 to September 2015 to explore the effectiveness of lagoon treatment for the disinfection and the stabilization of domestic septage. Four lagoons were designed by combining two design factors: Total Solids content (< 5% versus 8% - 12%) and the protection from rainfall (Yes versus No). Each lagoon was a truncated pyramid with a usable volume of 28 m3 and 3m depth. The monitoring of pathogens inactivation was conducted from September 2014 over 12,4 months using coliforms bacteria and Ascaris lumbricoides eggs in sentinel chambers as indicator organisms, respectively with the multiple tubes technique and the Tulane Method. Local climate conditions and abiotic characteristics of the stored septage were monitored monthly. Four-log reduction of fecal coliforms organisms were observed within 10 months of septage storage in the two types of lagoons. At the end of this study, 3-log and less than 2-log reductions of Ascaris eggs were observed, respectively in the lagoons with high and low solids content. The inactivation curve of Ascaris eggs was characterized by a lag phase with a slight inactivation followed by an active inactivation phase. The inactivation rate constants for the active phase were 0.071 and 0.034 day-1, respectively in the lagoons with high and low solids content. Multiple linear regression model showed that the storage time, pH, and TS were significantly associated with percent Ascaris eggs inactivation. Trace elements concentrations in the final product were below threshold ceiling values for their reuse in agriculture. Total volatile solids concentration reduction in the lagoons with high solids content was below the stabilization limit set at 38% by USEPA. In conclusion, lagoon storage of domestic septage with at least 8% TS for 12 to 15 months is an effective option for the disinfection of domestic septage under the conditions of this study. The resulting biosolids constitute a value-added product which can be safely reused in agriculture. / 1 / Konde, Nkiama N.

The purpose of this study was to examine whether any environmental benefits were obtained when the emptying of sludge from septic tanks were carried out with a dewatering technique using polymers compared to complete pump-out. The mean value of transport distance, fuel consumption, CO2 emissions and the weight of waste per septic tank emptying was calculated for each emptying method. For this, data on transport distance, fuel consumption, CO2 emissions per liter of fuel and number of emptied septic tanks were used. An energy audit over a sewage treatment plant was used to calculate the energy consumption for the treatment of the waste from the two emptying techniques. The environmental impact of the use of polymers and the returning of reject water to the septic tank was examined by studying the literature in the research field. The result showed that emptying with a dewatering technique compared to complete pump-out resulted in shorter transports, less fuel consumption, lower CO2 emissions, less waste and a lower energy consumption for waste treatment. The use of polymers in sludge dewatering should not have any adverse effects on aquatic organisms or health impacts if the dosage and the design of the treatment plant is correct. It is not established whether the return of reject water have any environmental effects. In conclusion this report shows that the emptying of septic tanks with a dewatering technique is better than complete pump-out from an environmental point of view.

The Government of Ontario plans to ban the land application of untreated septage; however, most town wastewater treatment plants do not have the capacity to accept septage. A combined reed bed – freezing bed technology has been successfully developed to dewater and treat septage. Lab column studies established that freeze-thaw conditioning can restore drainage in clogged sand drying beds dosed with common biological sludges and that septage can be dosed at 10 cm/week for 2.5-5.0 months before clogging is observed. Pilot studies showed that freezing beds can operate without the need for a cover with the applied sludge effectively melting any snow cover in regions with moderate snowfall. Septage freezing was successfully modelled following an accepted model for ice formation on water bodies while septage thawing was modelled using a regression analysis with initial frozen depth and precipitation found to be insignificant and degree days of warming controlling the rate of thawing. Model results were utilized to produce a freezing bed design loading map for North America based on temperature normals. Field scale planted and unplanted reed bed – freezing bed systems were constructed and tested with varying hydraulic loading rates (1.9-5.9 m/y) and solid loading rates (43-144 kg/m2/y) over a 5 year period resulting in a recommended design hydraulic loading rate of 2.9 m/y or 75 kg/m2/y. Drainage rates doubled after freeze-thaw conditioning compared to during the growing season, suggesting that freeze-thaw conditioning restores filter hydraulic conductivity. No effect of solid loading rate, planted versus unplanted filters and 7 versus 21 d dosing cycles on filter drainage was observed; however, drainage varied significantly with hydraulic loading rate. The filters separated almost all contaminants with filtrate equivalent to a low-strength domestic wastewater which can be easily treated in any municipal or decentralized wastewater system. The dewatered sludge cake had similar nutrient and solid content to a solid dairy manure and met biosolid land application standards in terms of metals and pathogens. The combined reed bed-freezing bed technology can provide a low-cost solution for the treatment and reuse of septage in cold-climate regions.

Sludge accumulation, treatment and disposal can represent a high percentage of the operating cost for a wastewater system. This is especially important for small-scale and onsite wastewater treatment systems, where sludge removal can be one of the few operating costs of the system. In 2000, as a result of a large number of septic system failures, the community of Wardsville installed a Clearford Industries Inc. Small Bore Sewer™ (SBS™) system which included two-chamber 3600 L tanks located on the properties of individual homes. The tanks were collectively attached to a small bore piping system to deliver the effluent from the tanks to a small community wastewater treatment system. During the summer of 2007, a field study was initiated with a community survey, followed by a review of candidate sites, leading to the selection of 29 sites for site investigation and sampling. Sampling involved the collection of samples for sludge characterization along with the measurements of the height of solids (scum and sludge) within the tank. The data were analyzed to determine the factors having a statistically significant impact on solids accumulation rates within each of the two chambers of the tank. Household water usage was found to be the variable having the strongest association with sludge and scum accumulation, and models were estimated relating solids accumulation to water usage in order predict pump out frequency. A second field sampling program was conducted in Wardsville during April 2008, involving only the first chamber of 13 primary clarifier tanks. Overall contributions have been made in understanding and quantifying solids accumulation rates and sludge characterization in onsite primary clarifier tanks. As well, the information gained from the analysis of the data collected provides a meaningful insight into the factors influencing solids accumulation within individual residential primary clarifier tanks, and points to future research directions for understanding the factors influencing solids accumulation. / Thesis (Master, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2009-04-25 15:34:46.243

Sludge accumulation, treatment and disposal can represent a high percentage of the operating cost for a wastewater system. This is especially important for small-scale and onsite wastewater treatment systems, where sludge removal can be one of the few operating costs of the system. In 2000, as a result of a large number of septic system failures, the community of Wardsville installed a Clearford Industries Inc. Small Bore Sewer™ (SBS™) system which included two-chamber 3600 L tanks located on the properties of individual homes. The tanks were collectively attached to a small bore piping system to deliver the effluent from the tanks to a small community wastewater treatment system. During the summer of 2007, a field study was initiated with a community survey, followed by a review of candidate sites, leading to the selection of 29 sites for site investigation and sampling. Sampling involved the collection of samples for sludge characterization along with the measurements of the height of solids (scum and sludge) within the tank. The data were analyzed to determine the factors having a statistically significant impact on solids accumulation rates within each of the two chambers of the tank. Household water usage was found to be the variable having the strongest association with sludge and scum accumulation, and models were estimated relating solids accumulation to water usage in order predict pump out frequency. A second field sampling program was conducted in Wardsville during April 2008, involving only the first chamber of 13 primary clarifier tanks. Overall contributions have been made in understanding and quantifying solids accumulation rates and sludge characterization in onsite primary clarifier tanks. As well, the information gained from the analysis of the data collected provides a meaningful insight into the factors influencing solids accumulation within individual residential primary clarifier tanks, and points to future research directions for understanding the factors influencing solids accumulation. / Thesis (Master, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2009-04-25 15:34:46.243

Les lits de séchage de boues plantés de roseaux (LSPR) existent en France depuis le début des années 1990. Ceux-ci ont principalement été développés pour le traitement de boues issues de station boues activées en aération prolongée. Cependant, ce procédé est trop souvent associé à des problèmes de dysfonctionnements liés à des dimensionnements et des gestions mal maîtrisés. En effet, les installations souvent composées de 4 lits souffrent de performances insuffisantes avec une siccité qui avoisine seulement 15 % contre 30, voire 35 % au Danemark où la technique est largement répandue. Une meilleure connaissance des divers mécanismes en jeux contribuerait sans conteste à accroître les potentialités de cette filière. En outre, avec la mise en place croissante de SPANC, l'augmentation future du flux de matières de vidange à traiter nous a également amené à transposer ce procédé vers ce type de produit. Pour cela le suivi de 16 pilotes de 2 m² en phase de démarrage et d'une installation de taille réelle de type « boues activées en aération prolongée » (13 000 EH, 8 lits de 470m² en fonctionnement depuis 4 ans) a permis d'étudier l'influence de différentes qualités de boues (boues activées épaissies ou non, matières de vidange), de la charge organique, et de la fréquence d'alimentation sur les performances de déshydratation et de minéralisation. Après un an et demi de phase de démarrage, ce travail de thèse se focalise sur le fonctionnement au nominale du système. Les expérimentations menées sur les pilotes ont permis d'identifier les limites du système, et ainsi émettre des préconisations de dimensionnement et de gestion pour chacun des deux types de boue étudiés. Parallèlement, des expériences menées en laboratoire ont permis de d'étudier plus finement les phénomènes en cause. Notamment en répondant aux questions relatives à l'influence de la qualité de la boue. De plus, une étude mécaniste a également été menée pour identifier l'influence du drainage et de l'évapotranspiration des roseaux sur la déshydratation des boues. Enfin, les processus impliqués dans la stabilisation des boues ont également été étudiés. / Sludge drying reed beds exist in France since the early 1990s and have been mainly developed for activated sludge treatment. Nevertheless, these systems often operate badly due to unadapted design and management strategy. The usual design for these facilities consists of 4 beds each being alternately fed during a week. Performances are low with a dryness around only 15% against 30 or 35% in Denmark where this technology is widespread. A better knowledge of the mechanisms will indisputably increase the potentiality of this process. Besides, taking into account the obligation of regulatory control of on-site wastewater treatment, communities are now facing larger volumes of septage. Therefore, one of the main idea of this study is to also use drying reed beds for septage treatment. Thus, 16 pilots of 2m² each and a full–scale plant (13 000 p.e., 8 beds of 470m² in operation for 4 years) have been monitored to study the influence of the sludge quality (activated sludge thickened or not, septage and a mixture of both), the sludge loading rate, and the load frequency on the dewatering and mineralization efficiencies. After one and a half year of commissioning period, this thesis focuses on the nominal operating conditions. Experiments carried out on pilots allow the limits of the system to be identifying. Hence, design and management recommendations for both types of sludge studied can be established. Meanwhile, laboratory experiments have aimed at evaluating more precisely the phenomena involved in the system. We first consider the influence of the sludge quality on its treatment ability on sludge drying reed beds. In addition, a mechanistic study was also conducted to identify the influence of drainage and reeds evapotranspiration on the sludge dewatering. Finally, the processes involved in the sludge stabilization were also investigated.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第22768号 / 工博第4767号 / 新制||工||1745(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 田中 宏明, 教授 清水 芳久, 教授 藤井 滋穂 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AraceliNFAR.pdf: 2301024 bytes, checksum: 03fe9d44dc204d4f200f14f66d76dcb0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-30 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / In Natal still dominates the use of individual disposal systems for domestic sewage, once only 29% of the city has a sewarage system. Wastes that are accumulated in these individual treatment systems should be exhausted periodically, service provided by collector entrepreneurs. Some of these companies causing major damage to the environment. In Natal, only two companies have their own septage (RESTI) treatment system, which were designed with parameters from domestic sewage generating strain and inefficient systems. Therefore, the characterization becomes essential as a source of parameters for their design. Thus, this work presents the physical-chemical and microbiological characterization of waste pumped from individual sewage treatment systems. Samples collections were made weekly from 5 different trucks at the reception point on the treatment plant on the point of the preliminary treatment. From each truck it was taken 5 samples during the discharge in order to make a composite sample. Afterwards, samples were carried out to laboratory and analyses for determination of temperature, pH, conductivity, BOD, COD, nitrogen (ammonia e organic), alkalinity, oils, phosphorus, solids, faecal coliforms and helminth egg. The results were treated as a single database, and ranked according to its generating source (multi and single house, lodging, health, services and / or food), area of origin (metropolitan, south and north) and type of system (cesspits, septic tank and / or sink). Through these data it was possible to verify that the type of system adopted by most in Natal and the metropolitan region is cesspit, besides to confirm the difference between the septage of areas with a population have different social and economical characteristics. It was found that the septage have higher concentrations than domestic sewage, except for thermotolerant coliforms that showed concentrations of 1,38E+07. Among the parameters studied, is the median values identified for COD (3,549 mg / L), BOD (973mg / L) and total solids (3.557mg / L). The volatile fraction constitutes about 70% of the total solids of the septage. For helminths has been a median of 7 eggs/L. In general, the characteristics of the waste followed the variability found in the literature reviewed for all variables, showing high amplitudes / Na cidade de Natal ainda predomina o uso de sistemas de disposi??o individual de esgotos dom?sticos, tendo em vista que apenas 29% da cidade possui rede coletora de esgotos. Os res?duos que ficam acumulados dentro destes sistemas individuais de tratamento devem ser esgotados periodicamente, servi?o prestado pelas empresas imunizadoras. Algumas destas empresas despejam estes res?duos em corpos aqu?ticos, trazendo grandes preju?zos para o meio ambiente. Na cidade de Natal, apenas duas empresas possuem sistema pr?prio de tratamento dos Res?duos Esgotados de Sistemas de Tratamento Individual (RESTI) de esgoto. O dimensionamento destes sistemas de tratamento com dados de esgotos dom?sticos tr?s como conseq??ncia sistemas sobrecarregados e ineficientes. Portanto, a caracteriza??o se torna imprescind?vel como fonte de par?metros para o dimensionamento das esta??es de tratamento do RESTI. Desta forma, este trabalho apresenta a caracteriza??o do RESTI quanto as suas caracter?sticas f?sico-qu?micas e microbiol?gicas para que existam par?metros confi?veis de dimensionamento. Os carros limpa-fossas realizam o esgotamento destes sistemas, despejando-os posteriormente em um sistema de tratamento (lagoas de estabiliza??o em s?rie da empresa respons?vel). As coletas foram realizadas semanalmente de cinco caminh?es diferentes no ponto de descarga dos carros limpa-fossa na entrada do tratamento preliminar do sistema de tratamento. De cada caminh?o foram tomadas cinco amostras ao longo da descarga para formar uma amostra composta do caminh?o. Em seguida, as amostram foram levadas ao laborat?rio para realizar as an?lises de temperatura, pH, condutividade, DBO, DQO, Nitrog?nio (org?nico e amoniacal), alcalinidade, ?leos e graxas, f?sforo, s?lidos, coliformes termotolerantes e helmintos. Os dados foram tratados como um banco de dados ?nico, sendo posteriormente classificados de acordo com sua fonte geradora (multifamiliar, unifamiliar, hospedagem, sa?de, servi?os e/ou alimenta??o), zona de origem (metropolitana, sul e norte) e tipo de sistema esgotado (fossa, tanque s?ptico e/ou sumidouro). Atrav?s destes dados foi poss?vel verificar que o tipo de sistema mais adotado pelo munic?pio de Natal e sua regi?o metropolitana s?o as fossas, al?m de comprovar a diferen?a entre os res?duos esgotados de regi?es que apresentam caracter?sticas s?cio-econ?micas diferentes. Verificou-se que estes res?duos apresentam concentra??es bem mais elevadas que as de esgoto dom?stico, com exce??o do par?metro de coliformes termotolerantes que apresentou concentra??o de 1,38E+07. Dentre os par?metros estudados, destaca-se os valores medianos identificados para DQO (3.549 mg/L), DBO (973mg/L) e ST (3.557mg/L). A fra??o vol?til representa cerca de 70% dos s?lidos totais deste tipo de res?duo. A concentra??o de ovos de helmintos apresentou uma mediana de 7 ovos/L. De forma geral, as caracter?sticas dos res?duos acompanharam a variabilidade encontrada na literatura revisada para todas as vari?veis analisadas, apresentando elevadas amplitudes

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-11-03T16:48:26Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Samara Monaya Alves Vasconcelos Carrilho - 2014.pdf: 3214681 bytes, checksum: 626e62dc42ebe671cd1d383f26938495 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-11-03T16:49:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Samara Monaya Alves Vasconcelos Carrilho - 2014.pdf: 3214681 bytes, checksum: 626e62dc42ebe671cd1d383f26938495 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-03T16:49:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Samara Monaya Alves Vasconcelos Carrilho - 2014.pdf: 3214681 bytes, checksum: 626e62dc42ebe671cd1d383f26938495 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-20 / The destination of septage has resulted in environmental and public health problems, due especially to the lack of adequate alternatives for its destination and of closer, more rigorous monitoring. The problem worsens in areas lacking sewage treatment plants, since the disposal in such systems has been the most widely used practice in the country. In this way, the current research aims to evaluate the effects of the sludge disposal in the performance, operation and maintenance of treatment plant of leachate from landfill of Anápolis (GO). The characterization of the municipality RST was also performed by analyzing of twelve composite samples, each one from five vacuum trucks. It was evaluated the system consists of two identical modules, one it was the control group and another one received the RST. This module was submitted, increasingly, to differents Rate Volumetric Application (RVA) of RTS. Thus, the study was divided into five phases, starting with RVA of 13 % up to 204 %. Various parameters (BOD, COD, pH, oil and grease, total phosphorus, ammoniacal nitrogen, suspended solids, settling solids and Escherichia coli) were analyzed for the samples from the influent and effluent of the anaerobic and facultative ponds. It was also evaluated the impact on the maintenance and operation in the system plant, by measuring the height of the sludge in anaerobic lagoon and quantification of scum formed on the surface anaerobic pond. In facultative ponds it was performed by raising the phytoplankton community, ordering to identify possible interference in the richness and abundance of algae and cyanobacteria in these ponds. The data were statistically analyzed by the Studentt test, and the results indicated that until to 18 % of RVA there were no significant changes in the quality of treated leachate (effluent of stabilization ponds). Since the RVA of 35 % was detected a significant difference in the concentration of E. coli and ammoniacal nitrogen in treated effluent (p < 0.05). At the RVA of 204% the concentration of phosphorus in the final effluent from facultative pond increased. There was an increase in sludge generation of 266% in the receiving anaerobic pond and only 38% in the control anaerobic pond. In addition, there was a thick layer of scum only on the surface of the receiving anaerobic pond. The phytoplankton community of facultative ponds was similar and presented low diversity. The Chlorella genera were dominant in both lagoons. From the results of this study, it is recommended the conjugate treatment of RFTS and leachate in stabilization ponds systems, because even applying RVA of 204%,the final effluent don’t have concentrations higher than those stipulated by CONAMA Resolution 430/2011. / A destinação dos Resíduos de Fossa e Tanque Séptico (RFTS) tem resultado em problemas ambientais e de saúde pública, devido principalmente à falta de alternativas adequadas para a destinação, e de fiscalização mais rigorosa. O problema se agrava em municípios desprovidos de estações de tratamento de esgoto, já que a disposição nesses sistemas tem sido a prática mais utilizada no país. Neste contexto, a presente pesquisa teve por finalidade avaliar as possíveis interferências da disposição dos RFTS no desempenho, operação e manutenção no sistema de tratamento de lixiviados do Aterro Sanitário de Anápolis (GO). Também foi realizada a caracterização dos RFTS do município, através da análise de doze amostras compostas, cada uma proveniente de cinco caminhões limpa-fossas. Avaliou-se o sistema composto por dois módulos idênticos, sendo um testemunho e outro receptor de RFTS. Este foi submetido, de forma crescente, a diferentes Taxas de Aplicação Volumétrica (TAV) de RFTS, iniciando com TAV de 13%, até chegar a TAV de 204%. O estudo foi executado e os parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos (DBO, DQO, pH, OG, fósforo total, nitrogênio amoniacal, sólidos suspensos, sólidos sedimentáveis e Escherichia coli) de amostras simples do afluente e efluente das lagoas anaeróbias e facultativas de ambos módulos foram analisados. Nas lagoas anaeróbias verificaram-se os possíveis impactos na manutenção e operação do sistema, através da medição da altura do lodo sedimentado no fundo da lagoa e da quantificação da escuma formada em sua superfície. Nas lagoas facultativas realizou-se o levantamento da comunidade fitoplanctônica, visando identificar possíveis interferências da codisposição de RFTS na riqueza e abundância de algas e cianobactérias. Os dados obtidos foram tratados estatisticamente, através do teste t the Student, e os resultados indicaram que até a TAV de 18% não houve alterações significativas na qualidade do lixiviado tratado (efluente das lagoas de estabilização). A partir da TAV de 35% detectou-se diferença significativa na concentração de E. coli e nitrogênio amoniacal no efluente tratado (p<0,05) e para a TAV de 204% ocorreu aumento na concentração de fósforo no efluente final da lagoa facultativa receptora. Houve interferência na manutenção e operação das lagoas, com aumento de 266% na altura do lodo sedimentado da lagoa anaeróbia receptora, ao passo que na lagoa anaeróbia testemunha, o aumento foi de 38%. Densa camada de escuma formou-se apenas na superfície da lagoa anaeróbia receptora. A comunidade fitoplanctônica das lagoas facultativas apresentou baixa diversidade, com predominância de algas do gênero Chlorella. Os resultados indicaram alta variabilidade dos RFTS do município de Anápolis. A partir deste estudo, recomenda-se o tratamento conjugado de RFTS e lixiviados em sistemas de lagoas de estabilização, pois mesmo aplicando alta TAV (204%), o efluente final não contrariou o padrão de lançamento proposto pela Resolução CONAMA 430/2011.