Cette thèse s’inscrit dans la problématique mondiale qu’est la gestion de l’énergie en se focalisant sur les batteries pour véhicules électriques ou hybrides. Celles-ci subissent des contraintes particulièrement sévères qui les font s’échauffer rapidement. Afin d’éviter le risque d’un vieillissement prématuré tout en limitant les surcoûts, il convient de dimensionner la batterie et son système de refroidissement de manière optimale. Les modèles thermiques proposés permettent ce dimensionnement optimal. Le modèle utilisé pour les pertes électriques a été amélioré pour être désormais stable lors de simulations de longs trajets. L’analyse fine du fort couplage entre les phénomènes thermiques et électrochimiques a mené à de nouvelles méthodes de caractérisations. Le « découplage » de ces phénomènes permet d’améliorer grandement les prédictions des modèles, notamment dans des plages de fonctionnement très contraignantes (basse température et très forte puissance). La précision est garantie à 1 °C, même pour des simulations de plusieurs heures. / This PhD thesis is included in the global energy-management issue. lts focus is on battery packs for electric or hybrid vehicles. The latter are bound to heat quickly because they're receiving high stresses during operation. Thus, to avoid accelerating the aging process while maintaining a minimal cost, the battery and its cooling system have to be sized optimally. The proposed thermal models can be used to reach this optimal sizing. The electrical losses model has been improved to become stable during the simulations of long driving cycles. The precise study of the strong coupling between electrochemical and thermal behaviors has led to new characterization methods. The "decoupling" of these phenomena improves significantly the models predictions, especially in very stressed operation ranges (low temperature and high power).The precision is better than 1° C, even for several-hours simulations.

En raison de leurs performances en termes de densités énergétiques et de puissance, les batteries Li-ion sont les systèmes de stockage électrique privilégiés pour les nouvelles générations de véhicules électriques. Leur modélisation est indispensable pour fournir une évaluation de leurs performances tout au long de leur durée de vie tout en limitant le nombre d'essais expérimentaux, et ceci dans le but de concevoir des configurations et des gestions optimales des packs batteries pour une application envisagée. Le but de ce travail consiste à proposer un modèle physique capable de prédire le comportement et le vieillissement de la batterie sous différentes conditions. Un modèle simplifié électrochimique et thermique capable de prédire le comportement physicochimique et le vieillissement de batteries Li-ion a été étudié. Une analyse de sensibilité a été menée sur l'ensemble des paramètres du modèle dans différentes conditions afin de mettre en évidence leurs influences sur les sorties du modèle. Sur cette base, une méthode d'identification a été proposée pour préserver une indépendance des résultats de l'identification paramétrique par rapport à la sensibilité des paramètres. Cette méthode a permis d'améliorer les prédictions de vieillissement avec des estimations très proches des résultats expérimentaux. Au-delà des gains en compréhension et prédiction, ce modèle physique ouvre de nouvelles possibilités pour établir des protocoles de vieillissement accélérés. / Due to their high power and energy densities, Li-ion batteries are the leading systems for the new generations of electric vehicles, for which an optimum cell design, management and configuration is essential. Modeling provides tools to perform complex analysis of the performance of Li-ion batteries and reduces the amount of time spent on experimental testing. The aim of our research is to propose a physics-based model that can predict battery behavior and aging under various conditions during the entire lifespan. A simplified electrochemical and thermal model that can predict both physicochemical and aging behaviors of Li-ion batteries has been studied. A sensitivity analysis of all its physical parameters has been performed in order to find out their influence on the model outputs based on simulations under various conditions. The results gave hints on whether a parameter needs particular attention when measured or identified and on the conditions under which it is the most sensitive. A specific simulation profile has been designed for parameters involved in aging equations in order to determine their sensitivity. Finally, a step-wise method has been followed to limit the influence of parameter values when identifying sorne of them. This sensitivity analysis and the subsequent step-wise identification method show very good results, such as a better fitting of the experimental data with simulated cell voltage. Beyond advanced comprehension and prediction, this physical model opens new possibilities to define accelerated aging tests.

The problem of vibration induced structural faults has been a real one in engineering over the years. If left unchecked it has led to the unexpected failures of so many structures. Needless to say, this has caused both economic and human life losses. Therefore for over forty years, structural damage identification has been one of the important research areas for engineers. There has been a thrust to develop global structural damage identification techniques to complement and/or supplement the long-practised local experimental techniques. In that respect, studies have shown that vibration-based techniques prove to be more potent. Most of the existing vibration-based techniques monitor changes in modal properties like natural frequencies, damping factors and mode shapes of the structural system to infer the presence of structural damage. Literature also reports other techniques which monitor changes in other vibration quantities like the frequency response functions, transmissibility functions and time-domain responses. However, none of these techniques provide a complete identification of structural damage. This study presents a damage detection technique based on operational response monitoring, which can identify all the four levels of structural damage and be implemented as a continuous structural health monitoring technique. The technique is based on monitoring changes in internal data variability measured by a test statistic <font face="symbol">c</font>2Ovalue. Structural normality is assumed when the <font face="symbol">c</font>2Om value calculated from a fresh set of measured data is within the limits prescribed by a threshold <font face="symbol">c</font>2OTH value . On the other hand, abnormality is assumed when this threshold value has been exceeded. The quantity of damage is determined by matching the <font face="symbol">c</font>2Om value with the <font face="symbol">c</font>2Op values predicted using a benchmark finite element model. The use of <font face="symbol">c</font>2O values is noted to provide better sensitivity to structural damage than the natural frequency shift technique. The analysis carried out on a numerical study showed that the sensitivity of the proposed technique ranged from three to thousand times as much as the sensitivity of the natural frequencies. The results from a laboratory structure showed that accurate estimates of damage quantity and remaining service life could be achieved for crack lengths of less than 0.55 the structural thickness. This was due to the fact that linear elastic fracture mechanics theory was applicable up to this value. Therefore, the study achieved its main objective of identifying all four levels of structural damage using operational response changes. / Dissertation (MSc (Mechanics))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering / unrestricted

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T17:57:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fuad Zarzar_dissert.pdf: 2776007 bytes, checksum: aabaf5bf493a96131a98e3b91918ee12 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-16 / This Work, based on parts of the ISO 15686, presents and discuss about a deterministic method, Factor Method (FM), that permits to predict material service life and their components and planning their maintenance and replacement necessary periodicity. The precision of the estimates of this method was analyzed in this Work, and an alternative equation to evaluate service life was developed, using multiple linear regression (MLR), derived from FM pertaining to ISO 15686-1 and especially the Factor Method. The MLR is broadly used to evaluate products that interact with independents variables. Finally, this alternative equation was used to compare its estimate random results with the FM random ones. After evaluating the examples on chapter 4, the Author noticed that the Factor Method is very important to estimate service life of materials and components and the alternative equation too. Two case studies were done in this Work, in the first case the total service life of three collapsed structures were estimated. First a concrete structure similar to a building that was located in the Metropolitan Area of Recife (Brazil) and then the total service life of an balcony from a building located at the city of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) using both the Factor Method and the alternative equation, and finally the total service life of the basement and superstructure of specific buildings called box from the Metropolitan Region of Recife using the Delphi Method together with the Factor Method was realized too. In the second case, the service life estimation of a softwood window was done using the FM and the alternative equation, other estimations of service life were done the same way by using the alternative equation and the FM. Despite the equations presented in this Work have been developed specifically to estimate service life of materials and components, the estimates showed that the precision of the total service life of the first case approximated to the real case studies, proving the potentiality of the methods / Este Trabalho, baseado nas determinações da norma ISO 15686, apresenta e discute um método determinístico, o Método dos Fatores (MF), que permite estimar a vida útil de materiais e componentes e planejar a periodicidade necessária de manutenção e substituição dos referidos materiais e componentes. A precisão das estimativas desse método foi analisada, neste Trabalho. Uma Equação Alternativa para estimar a vida útil, também, foi desenvolvida, usando regressão linear múltipla (RLM), derivada do MF pertencente a ISO 15686-1. A RLM é, largamente, usada para avaliar ou estimar produtos que interajam com variáveis independentes. Finalmente, a supra mencionada Equação Alternativa foi utilizada para comparar os resultados aleatórios de suas estimativas com os resultados aleatórios das estimativas do MF. Analisando os exemplos do Capítulo 4, constatou-se que o Método dos Fatores é muito importante para estimar a vida útil de materiais e componentes, e a Equação Alternativa, também. Foram efetuados dois estudos de casos diferentes. No primeiro caso as vidas úteis totais de três estruturas de concreto que colapsaram foram estimadas. Primeiro a vida útil total de um edifício similar ao que colapsou na Região Metropolitana do Recife (PE), depois a vida útil total da varanda de um prédio, construído na Cidade do Rio de Janeiro (RJ) usando o MF e a Equação Alternativa. Finalmente, foi feita, também a estimativa da vida útil total do embasamento e superestrutura de prédios do tipo caixão (exemplo nº4), que colapsaram na Região Metropolitana do Recife, usando o Método Delphi em conjunto com o Método dos Fatores. No segundo caso, foram feitas as estimativas das vidas úteis de uma janela de madeira mole, usando ambos o MF e a Equação Alternativa. As demais estimativas de vida útil das outras estruturas de concreto foram conseguidas da mesma forma. As estimativas de vida útil total do primeiro caso se aproximaram dos casos reais estudados, apesar de as equações apresentadas neste Trabalho terem sido desenvolvidas, exclusivamente, para estimar a vida útil de materiais e componentes, provando, assim, a potencialidade das estimativas.

The thesis deals with the structural design of a steel connecting rod for the aircraft engine Walter Mikron III, which is currently still manufactured and developed by company PARMA-TECHNIK, s.r.o. The proposed connecting rod would replace the current duralumin connecting rod. The work also contains a strength analysis of the designed component, in which it was aimed to verify the stress on the connecting rod, based on which the fatigue safety factor was performed. This is crucial for dynamically stressed parts of internal combustion engines. Furthermore, was investigated the effect of the change of the connecting rod on the torsional vibration of the crank mechanism. For this purpose, was built a discrete torsion model. The output of the whole work is the drawing documentation of the new connecting rod, meeting the requirements for application in an aircraft engine.

The aim of this thesis is ball screw service life measurement. Text is divided on two major parts, theoretical one and practical one. Theoretical part describes three basic methods of ball screws manufacturing – rolling, whirling and grinding. Subsequently, methods of heat treatment (inductive and laser hardening) are mentioned. Practical part is devoted to ball screw service life testing and evaluation of results. Tests were carried out on two sets of two ball screws. First set was manufactured by whirling and grinding followed by inductive hardening. Second set was manufactured by grinding followed by inductive hardening in one case and laser hardening in the second one. Test results were evaluated according to international standards.

The master´s thesis discusses the life of building structures in terms of selected causes of failures are listed and discussed in ISO 16204 - "Durability - Service life design of concrete structures". The selected causes of failures will be carbonation and frost resistance of concrete. These causes will be performed computational analyzes for few types of concrete, based on these anayzes will be possible to compare and analyze the requirements specified in standards ČSN EN 1990, ČSN EN 1992 and ČSN EN 206.

This thesis is focused on the security and improving of electrical rotating machines service life, especially asynchronous motors. Work includes a description of the most common disorders, short description of the asynchronous motor cage casting, analysis of provided decommissioned motors with photo documentation. The last part of this thesis is focused to vibrodiagnostic of asynchronous motor with simulated imbalance and motor emplacement by laser.

In dieser Arbeit werden vier Wege aufgezeigt die Gebrauchsdauer von Elektroden zu verbessern. Der erste Weg besteht darin die tatsächlich verfügbare Standmenge zu nutzen, soweit es statische Fräszyklen ermöglichen. Vom aktuellen Orientierungswert, welcher bei 120 Punktschweißverbindungen für eine Standmenge liegt, lassen sich auf diesem Weg 70% an Elektroden beim Schweißen feuerverzinkter Stahlbleche einsparen. Auf dem zweiten Weg wird nachgewiesen, dass die Standard-CuCr1Zr-Legierung verbessert werden kann. Bereits mit geringsten Gefüge-Modifikationen lassen sich ein gutmütigeres Verschleißverhalten, eine größere Standmenge und ein charakteristischeres Standmengenende erzielen. Der dritte Weg beleuchtet dispersionsgehärtete Elektrodenkappen. Solche sind nicht neu, aber wurden in den 2000er Jahren weiterentwickelt. Ihr nun verfügbares Potential erlaubt gegenüber der ersten Betrachtung einen bis zu 95% verringerten Elektroden-Bedarf an feuerverzinkten Blechen. Abschließend formuliert der vierte Weg eine zukunftsweisende Möglichkeit die Standmenge dynamisch der real verfügbaren Standmenge anzupassen. Dieser Ansatz erlaubt einerseits Haftpflichtrisiken an mathematisches Vorgehen zu überantworten und andererseits das Werkstoffpotential vollständig zu nutzen. Da Streubreiten der realen Standmengengrenzen bei bis zu 40% liegen, ist eine entsprechende Einsparung an Kupfer erreichbar. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird dazu der Ansatz verfolgt den Punktdurchmesser aus typischen Prozessgrößen mittels Data Mining zu bestimmen. Das fertigungsnahe Qualitätsband von +/-10% Punktdurchmesser kann basierend auf einem mathematisch transparenten Modell mit über 93% Wahrscheinlichkeit korrekt berechnet werden.

Syftet är att granska cirkulära textila hållbara metoder inom fyra olika jeansvarumärken. Genom en tematisk analys ska deras skilda tillvägagångssätt till sina cirkulära koncept att presenteras. Dessa samlade cirkulära koncept är avsedda till nystartade jeansföretag, och ska utvärdera samt diskuteras huruvida dessa är lämpliga att implementera för deras verksamhet eller ej. Det nystartade jeansföretagets ambition är att implementera cirkulär ekonomi som för dem i dagsläget är svårt att utveckla på egen hand. De vill vara en del av den cirkulära ekonomin och hela dess verksamhet har sin utgångspunkt i att deras produkter ska bäras år in och år ut med så lång livslängd som det är möjligt. Deras vision är att vara ett cirkulärt företag, dock finns en avsaknad av viktiga tillhörande förutsättningar för att kunna implementera den cirkulära ekonomin. Dessa förutsättningar är olika typer av resurser som är avgörande för att kunna utveckla en cirkulär ekonomi. Dessa resurser är bland annat kunskap, medarbetarstyrka och kapital. Datainsamlingen består av granskning av fyra hållbarhetsrapporter samt en intervju med ett jeansföretag. Data har analyserats med avseende på vad som kan vara tillämpligt för att bli ett mer cirkulärt företag. Vikten av publicitet och marknadsföringskampanjer tas upp som en viktig aspekt i att bibehålla företaget hållbart ur en ekonomisk och cirkulär synvinkel. Som rekommenderade åtgärder diskuteras återvinningsprojekt, gränsöverskridande samarbeten samt kit utveckling. / The purpose is to examine circular textile sustainable methods within four different jeans brands. Through a thematic analysis, their different approaches to their circular concepts are presented. These collective circular concepts are intended for a start-up jeans company, and evaluate and discuss whether these are suitable to implement for their business or not. The start-up jeans company's ambition is to implement a circular economy which for them is currently difficult to develop on their own. They want to be part of the circular economy and its entire business is based on their products being worn year in and year out with as long a lifespan as possible. Their vision is to be a circular company, however there is a lack of important associated conditions to be able to implement the circular economy. These conditions are different types of resources that are crucial to be able to develop a circular economy. These resources include knowledge, staff capacity and capital. The data collection consists of reviewing four sustainability reports and an interview with a jeans company. Data have been analyzed with regard to what may be applicable to become a more circular company. The report has ended up in this conclusion; the importance of publicity and marketing campaigns is addressed as an main aspect in maintaining the company sustainably from an economic and circular point of view. Recommended measures are recycling projects, cross-border collaborations and kit development.