It is proved that cloud computing has many benefits, and cloud services with flexible licensing model and cost saving features bring opportunities to enterprise's IT operations. Conventional ERP system, an important component of enterprises, is impacted by on-demand cloud services also. Integrating conventional ERP system with cloud services becomes a trend because it brings new processing capabilities without introducing significant changes to existing system. But previous studies about integrating ERP and cloud usually focused on SaaS (Software as a Service). PaaS (Platform as a Service) and IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) are not discussed much. People sometimes even confuse cloud service with SaaS. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to present a framework that can describe respective implications of integrating ERP with three types of cloud services: SaaS, PaaS and IaaS. Qualitative methods such as systematic literature review and interviews are adopted to execute the research, so data collected through different sources can complement each other in order to support presenting the framework of integrating conventional ERP system and cloud services. The integration at SaaS level is for achieving immediate business value and productivity enhancement. At PaaS level the objective of integration is to enhance software development life cycle management. And the main integrating intent at IaaS level is to enable scalability and reliability of hardware resources without changing existing IT infrastructure. Furthermore, challenges and opportunities for integrating ERP with different cloud services are studied and motivation is derived from analyzing. Finally the key points are arranged in the presented framework of integration between conventional ERP systems and cloud services.

（一）本研究主要探討不同服務類型所需的知識管理模式，以中華民國對外貿易發展協會為例，針對不同服務性質所需搭配之知識管理活動為何？ 本研究探討服務類型在不同之情形下如何呈現不同之知識管理主要活動： 1. 服務類型與對應之知識類型會產生不同的知識管理。 2. 服務類型與對應之知識處理系統會產生不同的知識管理。 3. 服務類型與對應之組織型態會產生不同的知識管理。 4. 服務類型與對應之組織技術類型會產生不同的知識管理。 （二）本研究探討之重點： 1. 服務業之本質特性與分類。 2. 知識管理之定義與流程。 3. 採用Alice Lam對知識型態與組織型態的分析。 4. 知識管理系統之兩大處理模式：例行及結構性資訊處理之知識管理及非例行性及非結構性感性決策之知識管理。 5. 組織設計的權變取向。 6. 組織結構型態及管理特色。 （三）本研究就服務類型進行分類定義，任何一種服務均可透過服務程序分類為專案服務、大量型服務、批量型服務及連續性服務等四大類型，而本研究針對知識管理主要活動乃以Nonaka之核心知識轉換共同化、外化、結合及內化等主要四種方式為探討之重心，其探討過程將以知識類型、知識處理程序、組織型態及組織技術類型等四大要素為說明影響知識管理主要活動的重要角色。 / This essay is mainly to study the different service needs of the specified organization structures, knowledge types, technical types and uses the appropriate type of knowledge transfer. This study includes the following topics: 1. Different service types to match specified knowledge types to create different types of knowledge management. 2. Different service types to match specified knowledge processing systems to create the different types of knowledge management. 3. Different service types to match organization structures to create the different types of knowledge management. 4. Different service types to match specified technical types to create the different types of knowledge management This essay classifies services according to service operating complexity and procedure. To make best use of knowledge management, this study attempts to establish the models of connecting classified services, organization structures, knowledge types, technical types involved in knowledge transfer.

自1988年開始中華民國政府推動「整廠輸出推動輔導」專案至今，針對台灣整廠輸出產業之輔導創造中小型整廠輸出之商機逐年增加。 為因應產業外移所造成產業空洞化之危機，除政府極積推動之「企業營運總部」政策外，輔導廠商進行產業轉型，以填補台商製造業全球佈局所造成的產業空洞，即更具有積極開創之意義。鑑於二十一世紀本是強調創新，以「知識服務」為競爭核心的時代，「知識」己成為生產力提昇與經濟成長的主要驅動力，故台灣產業之轉型，即無法忽視此種以知識資本為主要生產要素，透過持續不斷的創新，並善用資訊科技力量以提昇產品附加價值之「知識經濟」型態之影響。 而以往台灣之產業政策一向集中於製造業，並未重視服務業之發展，因之，政府於輔導廠商產業轉型時，即順應知識經濟時代之潮流，妥善利用台灣是世界重要的資本輸出國、台商海外資產總值名列前茅、台商擁有全球接單、各地製造的運籌能力等優越條件，以發展「高附加價值」的「知識型」服務業為重點。 鑑於「整廠設備輸出」的概念即為發展「高附加價值」的「知識型製造業」。其牽涉眾多環節及技術，個別廠商多無法獨立克服，故為企業之整廠輸出行為提供整體解決方案之整廠輸出技術服務業，因具有以專門知識為基礎，提供「高附加價」的「知識型」服務之特性，應值得政府部門重視。此外，倘業者能將其技術服務(不以傳統之機器設備整廠輸出技術服務為限，尚可包括工程技術服務業(Engineering Service Industry)、農業技術服務業(Agricultural Service Industry)，予以整體包裝，賦予品牌，並將其以整體國際行銷之技術服務商品型態對外輸出，應亦屬「整廠輸出」之一環(按傳統意義所稱之「整廠輸出」向以機器設備之硬體為主，以技術服務之軟體為輔，而技術服務之整廠輸出，係以技術服務為核心，而以硬體之機器設備為輔)，是值得政府部門重視。 按整廠設備輸出係一項整合性的產業活動，需要整合工程顧問、工程設計、進出口貿易、機械設備製造供應、技術服務、營建工程、市場行銷、融資服務等多面向之工作項目及問題，且不論企業之整廠輸出活動，對企業之整廠輸出行為提供整體國際行銷之整廠輸出技術服務業，或以技術服務為商品之技術服務型整廠輸出業，均與整廠設備輸出之產業活動相關。 準此，本研究擬以「整廠輸出」之產業活動現況為基礎，探討企業之整廠輸出活動，整廠輸出技術服務業，或以技術服務為商品之技術服務型整廠輸出之經營現況，及整廠輸出業者在大陸地區之營運情況及目前所遇到之事實或法令之障礙、期望中華民國政府可以提供之扶助獎勵措施等等事項，進行瞭解並提出檢討，以期對未來整廠設備輸出產業之發展策略，提供參考之興革建議，並做為中華民國政府主管機關推動「整廠輸出輔導專案計畫」之佐證。 / The Current Analysis and Future Strategies on Taiwan’s Turnkey-plant Export Industry Taiwan government has promoted and assisted “Turnkey-plant Export” project for the island’s small- and medium-scale enterprises since 1988. Since then, this assistance has created many turnkey-plant-export opportunities for small- and medium-scale enterprises. In addition, these opportunities have also increased year by year. In order to cut down production costs, many Taiwan manufacturers have moved their plants overseas, and some of the industries are empties around the island. Therefore, Taiwan government has promoted the policy of “enterprise’ operating centers”, and has assisted manufacturers to transfer their traditional industries to high-tech ones. This could cover the empties after Taiwan manufacturers’ global manufacturing policy. The 21 Century emphasizes innovation, and core competition is based on knowledge services. Knowledge has become the driving force for upgrading productivity and economic growth. Taiwan’s enterprises can’t neglect knowledge capital is the major factor for manufacturing and production. Through continuous innovation and the use of information technologies to upgrade the value added products. This is knowledge economy. Previously, Taiwan’s industry policy has centered on manufacturing, and hasn’t emphasized on the development of service industries. Therefore, when government assists manufacturing industries to transfer their lines, must follow the trend of knowledge economy. Taiwan is one among the world’s capital-export countries. Taiwan enterprises’ offshore production values have ranked the top. In addition, they accept purchase orders around the world, and have global manufacturing sites. These are the important factors to develop high-value added and knowledge-type service industries. The turnkey-plant-export concept is to develop high-value-added and knowledge-type manufacturing. This export provides the total solution, and is technology service business. It needs special knowledge for the base to provide high-value-added and knowledge-type technologies for the character of service business. The government should aware the importance of these knowledge and technology. In addition to traditional technology serviced for the traditional turnkey-plant exports, if enterprises could add more and advanced technology services such as engineering service industry and agricultural service industry. Enterprises could have turkey-plant exports as a package and a brand name and using international marketing and sales for the exports. This will be the new turnkey-plant export. The traditional turnkey-plant exports are focus on the exports of hardware (production equipment), and the technology services are the minor. On the other hand, the government should aware that. the technology-service turnkey-plant exports are focus on technology services, and production equipment is the second. The turnkey-plant exports are integrated industry. It should integrate engineering consultations and designs, import and export trading, equipment and facilities manufacturing and supply, technology services, construction engineering, marketing and sales, financial loans. The turnkey-plant exports, international marketing and sales as well as technology services, or based on technology services for turnkey-plant exports are related to turnkey-plant exports. Therefore, this research will base on the turnkey-plant-export industry to discuss enterprises’ turnkey-plant exports; the turnkey-plant exports technology services; the activities of based on technology services for turnkey-plant exports; and turnkey-plant-export enterprises’ activities in mainland China and law and other barriers there. The expected assistances and encourages from the government to proceed understanding and discussion. Hope this research will provide suggestions for the reference for the strategy development for future turnkey-plant exports. In addition, this could for the reference for the government to promote “turnkey-plant exports special plan.”

Environ 300 millions de moteurs électriques, de puissance moyenne comprise entre 0,75 kW et 300 kW, sont utilisés dans l’industrie, l’infrastructure et les grands bâtiments. En plus, 30 millions sont renouvelés chaque année. En France, l’énergie électrique consommée par ces moteurs représente environ deux-tiers l’énergie électrique consommée dans l’industrie. Une amélioration, même faible, des performances environnementales de chaque unité apporte donc des gains environnementaux conséquents. La démarche d’éco-conception d’une machine électrique permet d’introduire, contrairement aux autres démarches classiques, les aspects environnementaux lors de la conception de la machine en tenant compte de toutes les phases du cycle de vie, depuis l’extraction des matières premières nécessaires à la fabrication des pièces de la machine jusqu’à son démantèlement et son recyclage. Cette démarche permet de concevoir une machine électrique avec un meilleur écobilan global. Dans ce travail, un outil performant destiné à l’Analyse du Cycle de Vie (ACV), prenant en compte plusieurs critères d’impacts afin d’éviter le transfert de pollution d’un critère à l’autre, a été utilisé pour améliorer significativement les performances éco-énergétiques des moteurs électriques. Un premier prototype de moteur « vert » réalisé avec de nouveaux concepts a été fabriqué et comparé à une machine de référence. Sa réalisation a été dictée par le souci de réduire au maximum son empreinte environnementale en utilisant des matériaux plus respectueux de l’environnement, mais aussi en augmentant son efficacité énergétique. Le prototype est ainsi fabriqué à base de tôle à grains orientés, de fil émaillé UV sans solvant, de plastique d’origine végétale et de roulements éco-énergétiques. Ce moteur prototype possède une haute éco-efficacité énergétique puisque son rendement est augmenté de l’ordre de trois points par rapport au moteur standard, sans augmenter sa masse, de plus il comporte un système d’isolation qui n’utilise pas de solvant et des plastiques biosourcés. / Approximately 300 million of electric motors, with average power range from 0.75 kW to 300 kW, are used in industry, infrastructure and large buildings. In addition, 30 millions are renewed each year. In France, the electrical power consumed by these motors is about two-third of the electrical energy consumed in the industry. Thus, an improvement, even small, of the environmental performance of each motor would provide substantial environmental benefits. Contrary to the conventional approaches, the eco-design of an electrical machine can introduce environmental aspects during the design of the machine, taking into account all phases of the life cycle from the extraction of raw materials to the decommissioning and the recycling. This approach has been applied in this study to design an electrical motor, which has a better global energetic eco-balance. Therefore, a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) tool is used; it takes into account several impact criteria to avoid pollution transfers from one criterion to another. A first "Green" prototype motor made with a high energetic eco-efficiency was fabricated and tested. The study was dictated by the need to minimize its global environmental impact by using materials more environmentally friendly, but also in order to increase its energy efficiency. The prototype is made with a grain oriented steel sheets, an enameled wire polymerized by UV and without solvents, some plastic based on biopolymers and with eco-energetic bearings. The eco-designed motor has a high energetic eco-efficiency; its performance is increased by about 3 % compared to the standard motor and without increasing its mass.