The theme of the thesis is to make a list few fundamental modern methods which can be used in computerized physics. The thesis describes parallel computing, neural networks,genetic algorithms, fuzzy logic. Every chapter include theoretical description, simplified mathematical expression, proposals of technical solution. Applications are briefly mentioned here too. The printed matter is completed with a few simple examples. The closing part of the thesis acquired information about these methods and outlines their future development.

Submitted by Maria Suzana Diniz (msuzanad@hotmail.com) on 2015-11-26T14:55:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1060992 bytes, checksum: 69f9bccb074f43cce04d083271639cd5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Suzana Diniz (msuzanad@hotmail.com) on 2015-11-27T11:21:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1060992 bytes, checksum: 69f9bccb074f43cce04d083271639cd5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-27T11:21:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1060992 bytes, checksum: 69f9bccb074f43cce04d083271639cd5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this work, we show basic results about the so-called trans nite numbers and their cardinal arithmetic. For these purpose, we also show some results involving the set theory, as well as equinumerosity, nite sets, in nite sets, countable sets and uncountable sets. / Neste trabalho, mostramos um pouco a teoria sobre os chamados números trans finitos e sua aritmética cardinal. Para tanto, trabalhamos também alguns resultados envolvendo conjuntos, bem como equipotência, conjuntos fi nitos, infi nitos, conjuntos enumeráveis e não-enumeráveis.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:34:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JanainaO_DISSERT.pdf: 1740666 bytes, checksum: b7ce8fa758db532c2ba4cf361ed5d2a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-03 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Pobreza significa priva??o. A priva??o sofrida pelas pessoas pobres normalmente est? relacionada ao baixo n?vel de renda. Quando se trata da pobreza no Brasil, a Regi?o Nordeste se destaca, pois em 2010 o Plano Brasil Sem Mis?ria apontou a exist?ncia de 9,6 milh?es de extremamente pobres na regi?o, representando 59% do total no pa?s (BRASIL, 2011b). No entanto, a renda monet?ria n?o captura completamente as priva??es sofridas pelas pessoas. O conceito de pobreza tem passado por uma evolu??o no sentido de incluir dimens?es importantes sobre a vida das pessoas. Deixou de focar apenas a priva??o absoluta da abordagem unidimensional e passou a considerar a priva??o relativa, uma abordagem multidimensional. Este estudo fundamenta-se na Abordagem das Capacita??es de Sen (1981, 1985, 2000, 2001) que considera a pobreza como a priva??o sofrida pelas pessoas relacionada a diferentes aspectos tais como nutri??o, acesso aos servi?os b?sicos de educa??o, sa?de, saneamento b?sico e, tamb?m, de liberdade. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo ? investigar e mensurar a intensidade da pobreza multidimensional nos munic?pios da Regi?o Nordeste atrav?s do Censo Demogr?fico (IBGE, 2010). Para isso, utilizou-se da t?cnica da Teoria dos Conjuntos Fuzzy que permite o c?lculo de ?ndice relativo. A mensura??o da pobreza por meio do ?ndice fuzzy de pobreza (IFP) envolveu a escolha de 19 indicadores distribu?dos em quatro dimens?es (ou capacita??es): educa??o, sa?de, condi??es habitacionais e renda. Os resultados mostraram que existe maior pobreza na dimens?o renda. Entretanto, as dimens?es educa??o e sa?de tamb?m tiveram import?ncia no indicador de pobreza multidimensional. Alguns indicadores que merecem aten??o dos formuladores de pol?ticas p?blicas s?o o acesso ao ensino fundamental e ensino m?dio e o acesso aos servi?os de saneamento b?sico, coleta de lixo e rede de ?gua. Apesar da priva??o na dimens?o renda ser maior do que nas demais dimens?es, a supera??o da pobreza envolve a promo??o dos diferentes aspectos relacionados ? vida das pessoas. A Abordagem da Capacita??o mostra que pol?ticas de assist?ncia aos pobres precisam considerar as particularidades do local e h?bitos, de forma a verificar quais s?o as reais priva??es sofridas pelas pessoas. As pessoas que se encontram em situa??o de pobreza precisam ser incentivadas a superar a situa??o de mis?ria e pen?ria de forma a n?o serem eternamente privadas de liberdade e privadas de expandirem suas capacita??es

Atualmente, o ambiente industrial é caracterizado pela intensa globalização, competição entre cadeias de suprimentos, manutenção das competências centrais e terceirização dos demais serviços. Desta forma, a gestão das relações entre os agentes independentes da cadeia de suprimentos e do processo de aquisição são fatores potenciais para o aumento da competitividade empresarial. No contexto da construção civil, a seleção adequada dos parceiros de negócios é um elemento fundamental para o sucesso dos projetos, uma vez que uma grande proporção das atividades podem ser sub-contratadas e possuem relação de precedência entre si. Os suprimentos representam um percentual significativo dos custos das construções, 60%, dado que demonstra o potencial de lucratividade passível de ser atingida ao estruturar o processo de seleção de fornecedores na construção civil. Seleções baseadas no preço prejudicam os sub-empreiteiros e fornecedores mais responsáveis na concorrência, contribuindo para a queda do nível de desempenho e redução da eficiência global do projeto, uma vez que as ineficiências são somadas ao longo da cadeia. Através da estruturação do processo de seleção de fornecedores, é possível mitigar os riscos de suprimentos oriundos de falhas destes contratados ao longo da relação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver uma sistemática para seleção de fornecedores críticos, considerando diversos critérios além do preço, entre qualitativos e quantitativos. A abordagem visa também, a eliminação da subjetividade do processo e a extração do melhor fornecedor de forma objetiva. Para tanto, foram definidas dimensões competitivas para avaliar os fornecedores e posteriormente foram utilizados dois métodos quantitativos, Teoria dos Conjuntos Difusos (TCD) e Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP), para selecionar o melhor fornecedor dentre as alternativas, com base na avaliação de múltiplos agentes. / Currently, the industrial environment is characterized by intense globalization, competition between supply chains, maintenance of core competencies and outsourcing of other services. Thus, the management of relationships between independent agents of the supply chain and the procurement process are potential factors for increasing enterprise competitiveness. In the construction context, the proper selection of business partners is a key element for the success of projects, since a large proportion of the activities can be sub-contracted and have precedence relationship between them. Supplies represent a significant percentage of the cost of buildings, 60%, information that demonstrates the potential of profitability that can be achieved by structuring the process of supplier selection in the construction industry. Selection based on price take off from competition the sub-contractors and suppliers more responsible, contributing to the decline in the level of performance and reduction in the overall project efficiency, since inefficiencies are summed through the chain. By structuring the supplier selection process, it is possible to mitigate the supply risk arising from failures of these suppliers during the relationship. The objective of this study was to develop a systematic for selection of critical suppliers, considering several criteria other than price, among qualitative and quantitative. The approach also aims at eliminating the subjectivity of the process and the extraction of the best supplier in an objective way. In order to that, competitive dimensions were set to evaluate vendors and subsequently two quantitative methods, Fuzzy Sets Theory (FST) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were used to select the best supplier among the alternatives based on multiple agents evaluation.

Esta tese busca, de início, pesquisar comparativamente, com a abrangência possível, os métodos e processos pelos quais as empresas componentes do setor siderúrgico nacional avaliam - sob o ponto de vista da viabililidade - a tomada de suas decisões relativamente a seus peculiares e vultosos investimentos em equipamentos de tecnologia avançada de manufatura. Revisita primária e metodologicamente amplo repertório de métodos de avaliação consagrados pela prática e pela literatura, tendo como cenário o setor em referência representado pelas várias modalidades industriais que o suportam. A pesquisa é realizada com base no estudo de múltiplos casos realizados em grandes empresas siderúrgicas, a partir de visitas a suas instalações e entrevistas com seus especialistas de análise de viabilidade de projetos de investimento. Ao final, oferece modelo de avaliação a ser adotado complementarmente aos critérios utilizados pelo setor em referência, a partir das observações e discussões efetuadas em campo. / This thesis initially seeks to search, in a comparative basis and with the permissible largeness, the methods and procedures through which the companies comprising the national siderurgic sector appraise their decisions referring to their peculiar and huge investments in AMT equipments, under a feasibility point of view. A primary review is made, in a comparative way, of a large well known evaluation methods repertoire, in a background at which act the various concerned industrial modalities. The search is accomplished based on the study of multiple cases realized at big siderurgic companies, by visiting their installations and by interviewing their specialists in investment feasibility project analysis. Eventually offers an evaluation model to be adopted by this sector, based upon the observation and discussions made in the related field research.

This thesis presents the implementation of a knowledge base system for rough sets [Paw92]within the logic programming framework. The combination of rough set theory with logic programming is a novel approach. The presented implementation serves as a prototype system for the ideas presented in [VDM03a, VDM03b]. The system is available at "http://www.ida.liu.se/rkbs". The presented language for describing knowledge in the rough knowledge base caters for implicit definition of rough sets by combining different regions (e.g. upper approximation, lower approximation, boundary) of other defined rough sets. The rough knowledge base system also provides methods for querying the knowledge base and methods for computing quantitative measures. We test the implemented system on a medium sized application example to illustrate the usefulness of the system and the incorporated language. We also provide performance measurements of the system.

La théorie présentée ici est issue d'années d'enseignement de l'analyse au niveau pré-universitaire en utilisant d'abord le concept d'infiniment petit, tel que défini dans l'analyse nonstandard de Robinson, puis ensuite d'ultrapetit, tel que défini dans notre travail en collaboration avec Hrbacek et Lessmann et présenté en annexe. A la suite de ces recherches, s'est posée la question : Si l'on a à disposition des quantités finies mais ultragrandes, est-il possible de se passer de quantités dites infinies ? La théorie alternative des ensembles de Vopěnka est une théorie avec des ensembles finis et des classes qui, elles, peuvent être infinies. La théorie des objets est le résultat d'un mélange de certains axiomes de Vopěnka avec des axiomes déterminant des niveaux de visibilité tels que dans l'analyse relative. On s'est donné comme premier principe : $x\subseteq y\Rightarrow x\sqsubseteq y$ qui spécifie que si l'objet $x$ est inclus dans l'objet $y$, alors $x$ "paraît" au niveau de $y$. Cette affirmation serait fausse avec des quantités infinies ; elle est néanmoins une caractérisation des ensembles finis : cela est bien connu en analyse nonstandard. L'introduction de ce principe comme point de départ est donc une affirmation forte que les objets devront être finis au sens habituel de ce terme. L'autre axiome fondateur ici est le schéma d'axiomes d'induction de Gordon et Andreev : Si $\Phi$ est une formule, et si $\Phi(\emptyset)$ est vrai et que $\Phi(x)$ et $\Phi(y)$ impliquent $\Phi(x\cup\{y\})$, alors $\Phi(x)$ est vrai pour tout $x$. Un accent particulier est mis sur le concept de formules dites contextuelles. Ce concept est une de nos contributions à l'analyse relative de Hrbacek et détermine les formules bien formées. On montre que le système qui en résulte est relativement cohérent avec la théorie FRIST de Hrbacek et la théorie RIST de Péraire qui sont elles-mêmes des extensions conservatives de ZFC. La théorie des objets est une extension de la théorie des ensembles de Zermelo et Fraenkel sans axiome du choix et négation de l'axiome de l'infini. Les nombres entiers et rationnels sont définis et ces derniers sont munis de relations d'ultraproximité. Une ébauche d'une construction de "grains numériques" est présentée : ces nombres pourraient avoir des propriétés suffisamment semblables aux nombres réels pour permettre de faire de l'analyse. / The theory presented here stemmed from years of teaching analysis at pre-university level first using the concept of infinitesimal as defined in nonstandard analysis by Robinson, then the concept of ultrasmall as defined in our joint work with Hrbacek and Lessmann presented in the appendix. This research led to the question : If one has finite yet ultralarge quantities, is it possible to avoid infinite quantities ? The alternative set theory of Vopěnka is a theory of finite sets including classes that can be infinite. The theory of objects is a merger of certain axioms of Vopěnka with axioms that determine levels of visibility as in relative analysis. We took as first principle : $x\subseteq y\Rightarrow x\sqsubseteq y$, which specifies that if object $x$ is included in object $y$, then $x$ "appears" at the level of $y$. This statement would be false with infinite quantities and is in fact a characterisation of finite sets : this is a well-known theorem of nonstandard analysis. The introduction of this principle as starting point is making a strong point that all objects will be finite - in the usual sense of the word. The other founding axiom is Gordon and Andreev's axiom schema : If $\Phi$ is a formula, and if $\Phi(\emptyset)$ is true and that $\Phi(x)$ and $\Phi(y)$ imply $\Phi(x\cup\{y\})$, then $\Phi(x)$ is true for all $x$. An emphasis is made on the concept of contextual formulae. This concept is one of our contributions to relative analysis of Hrbacek and determines an equivalence to well-formed formulae. We show that the resulting system is relatively consistent with Hrbacek's FRIST and Péraire's RIST which are conservative extensions of ZFC. The theory of objects extends set theory of Zermelo and Fraenkel without choice and with negation of the infinity axiom. Integers and rationals are defined and endowed with an ultraproximity relation. A draft of a construction of "numeric grains" is presented : these numbers could prove to have properties sufficiently similar to real numbers to allow to perform analysis.

To be successful in today's competitive market, service providers should look at user's satisfaction as a critical key. In order to gain a better understanding of customers' expectations, a proper evaluations which considers intrinsic characteristics of perceived quality of service is needed. Due to the subjective nature of quality, the vagueness of human judgment and the uncertainty about the degree of users' linguistic satisfaction, fuzziness is associated with quality of experience. Considering the capability of Fuzzy logic in dealing with imprecision and qualitative knowledge, it would be wise to apply it as a powerful mathematical tool for analyzing the quality of experience (QoE). This thesis proposes a fuzzy procedure to evaluate the quality of experience. In our proposed methodology, we provide a fuzzy relationship between QoE and Quality of Service (QoS) parameters. To identify this fuzzy relationship a new term called Fuzzi ed Opinion Score (FOS) representing a fuzzy quality scale is introduced. A fuzzy data mining method is applied to construct the required number of fuzzy sets. Then, the appropriate membership functions describing fuzzy sets are modeled and compared with each other. The proposed methodology will assist service providers for better decision-making and resource management.

Cette thèse porte sur la définition d'une approche flexible pour interroger des graphes RDF à la fois classiques et flous. Cette approche, basée sur la théorie des ensembles flous, permet d'étendre SPARQL qui est le langage de requête standardisé W3C pour RDF, de manière à pouvoir exprimer i) des préférences utilisateur floues sur les données (par exemple, l'année de publication d'un album est récente) et sur la structure du graphe (par exemple, le chemin entre deux amis doit être court) et ii) des préférences utilisateur plus complexes, prenant la forme de propositions quantifiées floues (par exemple, la plupart des albums qui sont recommandés par un artiste, sont très bien notés et ont été créés par un jeune ami de cet artiste). Nous avons effectué des expérimentations afin d'étudier les performances de cette approche. L'objectif principal de ces expérimentations était de montrer que le coût supplémentaire dû à l'introduction du flou reste limité/acceptable. Nous avons également étudié, dans un cadre plus général, celui de bases de données graphe, la question de l'intégration du même type de propositions quantifiées floues dans une extension floue de Cypher qui est un langage déclaratif pour l'interrogation des bases de données graphe classiques. Les résultats expérimentaux obtenus montrent que le coût supplémentaire induit par la présence de conditions quantifiées floues dans les requêtes reste également très limité dans ce cas. / This thesis concerns the definition of a flexible approach for querying both crisp and fuzzy RDF graphs. This approach, based on the theory of fuzzy sets, makes it possible to extend SPARQL which is the W3C-standardised query language for RDF, so as to be able to express i) fuzzy user preferences on data (e.g., the release year of an album is recent) and on the structure of the data graph (e.g., the path between two friends is required to be short) and ii) more complex user preferences, namely, fuzzy quantified statements (e.g., most of the albums that are recommended by an artist, are highly rated and have been created by a young friend of this artist). We performed some experiments in order to study the performances of this approach. The main objective of these experiments was to show that the extra cost due to the introduction of fuzziness remains limited/acceptable. We also investigated, in a more general framework, namely graph databases, the issue of integrating the same type of fuzzy quantified statements in a fuzzy extension of Cypher which is a declarative language for querying (crisp) graph databases. Some experimental results are reported and show that the extra cost induced by the fuzzy quantified nature of the queries also remains very limited.

High-level information fusion is a research field in which methods for achieving an overall understanding of the current situation in an environment of interest are studied. The ultimate goal of these methods is to provide effective decision-support for human or automated decision-making. One of the main proposed ways of achieving this is to reduce the uncertainty, coupled with the decision, by utilizing multiple sources of information. Handling uncertainty in high-level information fusion is performed through a belief framework, and one of the most commonly used such frameworks is based on Bayesian theory. However, Bayesian theory has often been criticized for utilizing a representation of belief and evidence that does not sufficiently express some types of uncertainty. For this reason, a generalization of Bayesian theory has been proposed, denoted as credal set theory, which allows one to represent belief and evidence imprecisely. In this thesis, we explore whether credal set theory  yields measurable advantages, compared to Bayesian theory, when used as a belief framework in high-level information fusion for automated decision-making, i.e., when decisions are made by some pre-determined algorithm. We characterize the Bayesian and credal operators for belief updating and evidence combination and perform three experiments where the Bayesian and credal frameworks are evaluated with respect to automated decision-making. The decision performance of the frameworks are measured by enforcing a single decision, and allowing a set of decisions, based on the frameworks’ belief and evidence structures. We construct anomaly detectors based on the frameworks and evaluate these detectors with respect to maritime surveillance. The main conclusion of the thesis is that although the credal framework uses considerably more expressive structures to represent belief and evidence, compared to the Bayesian framework, the performance of the credal framework can be significantly worse, on average, than that of the Bayesian framework, irrespective of the amount of imprecision. / Högnivåfusion är ett forskningsområde där man studerar metoder för att uppnå en övergripande situationsförståelse för någon miljö av intresse. Syftet med högnivåfusion är att tillhandahålla ett effektivt beslutstöd for mänskligt eller automatiskt beslutsfattande. För att åstadkomma detta har det föreslagits att man ska reducera osäkerhet kring beslutet genom att använda flera olika källor av information. Det främsta verktyget för att hantera osäkerhet inom högnivåfusion är ett ramverk för att hantera evidensbaserad trolighet och evidenser kring en given tillståndsrymd. Ett av de vanligaste ramverken som används inom högnivåfusion för detta syfte är baserad på Bayesiansk teori. Denna teori har dock ofta blivit kritiserad för att den använder en representation av evidensbaserad trolighet och evidenser som inte är tillräckligt uttrycksfull för att representera vissa typer av osäkerheter. På grund av detta har en generalisering av Bayesiansk teori föreslagits, kallad “credal set theory“, där man kan representera evidensbaserad trolighet och evidenser oprecist. I denna avhandling undersöker vi om “credal set theory“ medför mätbara fördelar, jämfört med Bayesiansk teori, då det används som ett ramverk i högnivåfusion för automatiskt beslutsfattande, dvs. när ett beslut fattas av en algoritm. Vi karaktäriserar Bayesiansk och “credal“ operatorer för updatering av evidensbaserad trolighet och kombination av evidenser och vi presenterar tre experiment där vi utvärderar ramverken med avseende på automatiskt beslutsfattande. Utvärderingen genomförs med avseende på ett enskilt beslut och för en mängd beslut baserade på ramverkens strukturer för evidensbaserad trolighet och evidens. Vi konstruerar anomalidetektorer baserat på de två ramverken som vi sedan utvärderar med avseende på maritim övervakning.Den främsta slutsatsen av denna avhandling är att även om “credal set theory“ har betydligt mer uttrycksfulla strukturer för att representera evidensbaserad trolighet och evidenser kring ett tillståndsrum, jämfört med det Bayesianska ramverket, så kan “credal set theory“ prestera signifikant sämre i genomsnitt än det Bayesianska ramverket, oberoende av mängden oprecision. / <p>Examining Committee: Arnborg, Stefan, Professor (KTH Royal Institute of Technology), Kjellström, Hedvig, Associate Professor (Docent) (KTH Royal Institute of Technology), Saffiotti, Alessandro, Professor (Örebro University)</p>