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Sewage disposal for small communities in the Amazon Valley, Brazil a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment ... Master of Public Health ... /Lédo, José Figueiredo. January 1945 (has links)
Thesis (M.P.H.)--University of Michigan, 1945.
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Sewage disposal for small communities in the Amazon Valley, Brazil a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment ... Master of Public Health ... /Lédo, José Figueiredo. January 1945 (has links)
Thesis (M.P.H.)--University of Michigan, 1945.
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Health hazards associated with dissemination of bacterial strains in waste water recycling /Rahman, Mokhlasur, January 2005 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2005. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.
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Slamhantering från reningsverk : Ett utmanande problemGraaf, Isac January 2023 (has links)
Vid vattenrening produceras slam som restprodukt. Slam innehåller en stor mängd ämnen, såsom metaller, medicinrester och olika näringsämnen. I Sverige produceras flera hundra tusen ton årligen. Innehållet måste hanteras, men hur görs det idag och hur kommer det att hanteras i framtiden. Vanligast idag är att återvinna fosfor och kväve genom att sprida slam som gödning inom jord och skogsbruk. Däremot metaller som finns i slam utvinns inte idag, även om det vore värdefullt ur miljösynpunkt. Denna litteraturstudie beskriver hur slamhantering ser ut idag, med fokus på Sverige. Därefter beskrivs forskningsläge och möjlig framtida utveckling i hantering. Slamhantering är problematisk ur flera aspekter. Slamhantering behöver hantera följande svårigheter: En logistisk aspekt är de stora volymer som behöver hanteras och att de produceras på många olika platser.Forskning på konsekvenser av slamspridning är relativt liten. Det gäller den påverkan som medicinrester, tungmetaller och andra ämnen utgör.Vilka utvinningsbara ämnen ska prioriteras, eftersom metoder för utvinning ställer maximerad utvinning av gödning i motsats till maximerad utvinning av metaller. / When purifying water, sludge is produced as a residual product. Sludge contains lots of different substances, such as metals, medical waste and different nutrients. In Sweden there is many hundred thousands of tons of sludge produced annually. The content must be managed, but how is it handled today and how will it be managed in the future. Commonly today phosphorus and nitrogen recycles by spreading sludge as fertiliser in agriculture and forestry. Metals in sludge is not recycled, even if it would be positive from an environmental point of view. This literature study describes how sludge treatment is today with a focus in Sweden. Then it describes the current state of research and possible future development in management. Sludge handling is problematic from many different aspects. Sludge treatment must have to address these challanges: One logistic aspect is that there are great volumes that needs to be handled and that it is produced in many different places. The research in consequences of sludge spreading is a relatively small base. That goes for the influence of medical waste, heavy metals, and other substances in sludge. What recyclable substances needs to be prioritised, since the methods of extraction puts the maximal extraction of fertiliser against the maximised extractions of metals
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Predicted achievement of strategic sewage disposal scheme in enhancement of marine water quality in Hong Kong /Loke, Hing-wa. January 1997 (has links)
Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 84-86).
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Estratégia operacional de sistema formado por reator não compartimentado com setores com aeração/sem aeração precedido por reator anaeróbio / Operational strategies of system consisting of non-compartmentalized aerated reactor with sectors with aeration/without aeration preceded by an anaerobic reactorAlmeida, Aurélia de Oliveira 10 October 2014 (has links)
A opção por sistemas biológicos prevalece para o tratamento do esgoto sanitário. Nas décadas recentes, sistemas que possuem regiões e/ou zonas anaeróbia, anóxica e aeróbia têm-se mostrado como alternativas atraentes para remoção simultânea de matéria orgânica, nitrogênio e fósforo. No entanto, os aspectos operacionais ainda merecem ser objeto de estudo para alcançar desempenho otimizado. Nesse cenário, com intuito de comparar alternativas para a operação das unidades de tratamento de esgoto, o presente trabalho propôs-se a estudar estratégias operacionais associadas ao monitoramento, em tempo real, sem adição de fonte externa de carbono, para um reator aerado não compartimentado com crescimento suspenso e fluxo contínuo precedido de reator anaeróbio. O sistema experimental, em escala de bancada, era constituído de um reator anaeróbio, com volume útil de 43,54 L, e reator aerado, com volume útil de 68,07 L; sendo que este era formado por sete setores, em série, sem separação física. O estudo foi dividido em duas etapas: I - estudo da variação dos volumes da região aerada e da não aerada; II - estudo da aeração intermitente com ciclo de aeração/agitação pré-fixado e controlado em tempo real por sistema informatizado. Em todas as Etapas do estudo ocorreu elevada remoção de DBO e conversão de NTK para nitrato, contudo não se conseguiu obter desnitrificação em nível desejado. O uso de reatores com setores sequenciais sem divisão física (Etapa I) dificultou a obtenção de regiões distintas predominantemente anóxica e aeróbia, comprometendo a remoção de nitrogênio (principalmente a desnitrificação). A maior eficiência média de remoção de nitrogênio alcançada no reator aerado foi de 35,6% (Etapa II), quando o reator era operado com aeração intermitente sendo o ciclo de aeração/agitação controlado em tempo real. A estratégia de operação com aeração intermitente, estudada na Etapa II, favoreceu a remoção de nitrogênio. A aeração intermitente demonstrou ser uma opção promissora comparada à aeração contínua em setores específicos do reator. O controle automatizado e informatizado em tempo real dos ciclos de aeração/agitação pode ser aplicado no aperfeiçoamento da operação dos sistemas de tratamento de esgoto sanitário. / The option of biological systems prevails for the treatment of sewage waste and in recent decades, systems that have anaerobic, anoxic, aerobic regions and / or zones have proven attractive for simultaneous removal of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus. However, the operational aspects still deserve to be studied in order to achieve the optimized performance of these systems. In this scenario, in order to compare alternatives for the operation of sewage treatment plants, the present work aimed to study operational strategies associated with monitoring, in real time, without the addition of external carbon source, for a non-compartmentalized aerated reactor with growth suspended and continuous flow preceded by anaerobic reactor. The experimental system in bench scale consisted of an anaerobic reactor, with a volume of 43.54 L and an aerated reactor, with a volume of 68.07 L; consisting of seven sectors, in series, without physical separation. The study was divided into two stages: I - study of the variation of the volume of the aerated and non-aerated regions; II - study of intermittent aeration with cycle of aeration/agitation controlled by a pre-fixed time interval; and controlled in real time by a computerized system. In all Stages of the study high BOD removal and conversion of TKN to nitrate occurred, but were unable to obtain denitrification at desired level. The use of reactors with sequential sectors without physical division (Stage I) made it difficult to obtain predominantly distinct anoxic and aerobic regions, compromising the removal of nitrogen (mainly the denitrification). The highest average removal efficiency of nitrogen attained in aerated reactor was 35.6% when the reactor was operated with intermittent aeration with aeration cycle controlled in real time. The operation strategy with intermittent aeration, studied in Stage II, favored the removal of nitrogen. The intermittent aeration proved to be a promising option compared to continuous aeration in specific sectors of the reactor. The automated and computerized control in real-time of the aeration / agitation cycles can be applied in improving the operation of sewage waste treatment systems.
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Estratégia operacional de sistema formado por reator não compartimentado com setores com aeração/sem aeração precedido por reator anaeróbio / Operational strategies of system consisting of non-compartmentalized aerated reactor with sectors with aeration/without aeration preceded by an anaerobic reactorAurélia de Oliveira Almeida 10 October 2014 (has links)
A opção por sistemas biológicos prevalece para o tratamento do esgoto sanitário. Nas décadas recentes, sistemas que possuem regiões e/ou zonas anaeróbia, anóxica e aeróbia têm-se mostrado como alternativas atraentes para remoção simultânea de matéria orgânica, nitrogênio e fósforo. No entanto, os aspectos operacionais ainda merecem ser objeto de estudo para alcançar desempenho otimizado. Nesse cenário, com intuito de comparar alternativas para a operação das unidades de tratamento de esgoto, o presente trabalho propôs-se a estudar estratégias operacionais associadas ao monitoramento, em tempo real, sem adição de fonte externa de carbono, para um reator aerado não compartimentado com crescimento suspenso e fluxo contínuo precedido de reator anaeróbio. O sistema experimental, em escala de bancada, era constituído de um reator anaeróbio, com volume útil de 43,54 L, e reator aerado, com volume útil de 68,07 L; sendo que este era formado por sete setores, em série, sem separação física. O estudo foi dividido em duas etapas: I - estudo da variação dos volumes da região aerada e da não aerada; II - estudo da aeração intermitente com ciclo de aeração/agitação pré-fixado e controlado em tempo real por sistema informatizado. Em todas as Etapas do estudo ocorreu elevada remoção de DBO e conversão de NTK para nitrato, contudo não se conseguiu obter desnitrificação em nível desejado. O uso de reatores com setores sequenciais sem divisão física (Etapa I) dificultou a obtenção de regiões distintas predominantemente anóxica e aeróbia, comprometendo a remoção de nitrogênio (principalmente a desnitrificação). A maior eficiência média de remoção de nitrogênio alcançada no reator aerado foi de 35,6% (Etapa II), quando o reator era operado com aeração intermitente sendo o ciclo de aeração/agitação controlado em tempo real. A estratégia de operação com aeração intermitente, estudada na Etapa II, favoreceu a remoção de nitrogênio. A aeração intermitente demonstrou ser uma opção promissora comparada à aeração contínua em setores específicos do reator. O controle automatizado e informatizado em tempo real dos ciclos de aeração/agitação pode ser aplicado no aperfeiçoamento da operação dos sistemas de tratamento de esgoto sanitário. / The option of biological systems prevails for the treatment of sewage waste and in recent decades, systems that have anaerobic, anoxic, aerobic regions and / or zones have proven attractive for simultaneous removal of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus. However, the operational aspects still deserve to be studied in order to achieve the optimized performance of these systems. In this scenario, in order to compare alternatives for the operation of sewage treatment plants, the present work aimed to study operational strategies associated with monitoring, in real time, without the addition of external carbon source, for a non-compartmentalized aerated reactor with growth suspended and continuous flow preceded by anaerobic reactor. The experimental system in bench scale consisted of an anaerobic reactor, with a volume of 43.54 L and an aerated reactor, with a volume of 68.07 L; consisting of seven sectors, in series, without physical separation. The study was divided into two stages: I - study of the variation of the volume of the aerated and non-aerated regions; II - study of intermittent aeration with cycle of aeration/agitation controlled by a pre-fixed time interval; and controlled in real time by a computerized system. In all Stages of the study high BOD removal and conversion of TKN to nitrate occurred, but were unable to obtain denitrification at desired level. The use of reactors with sequential sectors without physical division (Stage I) made it difficult to obtain predominantly distinct anoxic and aerobic regions, compromising the removal of nitrogen (mainly the denitrification). The highest average removal efficiency of nitrogen attained in aerated reactor was 35.6% when the reactor was operated with intermittent aeration with aeration cycle controlled in real time. The operation strategy with intermittent aeration, studied in Stage II, favored the removal of nitrogen. The intermittent aeration proved to be a promising option compared to continuous aeration in specific sectors of the reactor. The automated and computerized control in real-time of the aeration / agitation cycles can be applied in improving the operation of sewage waste treatment systems.
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Kostenbewertung der Anpassung zentraler Abwasserentsorgungssysteme bei BevölkerungsrückgangSchiller, Georg 23 September 2014 (has links)
Rückläufige Bevölkerungszahlen und Siedlungsflächenwachstum führen zu steigenden Kosten für leitungsgebundene Infrastrukturen. Dies gilt besonders für die Abwasserentsorgung, die in Deutschland überwiegend über die öffentliche Kanalisation erfolgt. Bei Neuerschließung können im Falle geringer Siedlungsdichten dezentrale Abwassersysteme Kostenvorteile gegenüber zentralen Systemen aufweisen. Lassen sich aber durch Dezentralisierung auch Kosten im bereits erschlossenen, von Schrumpfung betroffenen, Siedlungsbestand reduzieren? Um hierauf Antworten zu geben, werden Kosten der Transformation zentraler Abwassersysteme hin zu stärker dezentral angelegten Strukturen berechnet. Am Beispiel eines realen Abwasser-Entsorgungsgebietes wird ein Verfahren entwickelt, das eine Kostenbewertung der schrittweisen Dezentralisierung technischer Abwassersysteme ermöglicht.:Zusammenfassung............................................................................... 13
Summary............................................................................................... 15
Kurzfassung.......................................................................................... 17
1 Einführung......................................................................................... 27
A Grundlagen........................................................................................ 45
2 Abwasserentsorgung – Begriffe und Strukturdaten.......................... 45
3 Zentral oder Dezentral...................................................................... 53
4 Kostenwirkungen des Nachfragerückgangs im System der
zentralen Abwasserentsorgung........................................................... 61
B Entwicklung des Bewertungsverfahrens............................................ 71
5 Untersuchungsgebiet........................................................................ 71
6 Siedlungsmodell................................................................................. 75
7 Infrastrukturmodell.......................................................................... 107
8 Bezugsmodell................................................................................. 123
9 Sequenzanalyse.............................................................................. 137
10 Kostenmodell................................................................................. 151
C Modellrechnungen........................................................................... 171
11 Zukunftsprojektion Siedlungsmodell.............................................. 171
12 Kostenrechnung............................................................................ 179
D Interpretation und Ergebnisse........................................................ 203
13 Auswertung und Interpretation..................................................... 203
14 Ergebnisse und Fazit..................................................................... 221
15 Forschungs- und Entwicklungsbedarf............................................ 231
Literatur...............................................................................................235
Abbildungsverzeichnis........................................................................ 247
Tabellenverzeichnis............................................................................ 251
Anlage Kostenkennwerte................................................................... 253 / Declining populations and an expansion in settlement areas have led to a rise in the cost of pipeline networks for household supply and waste removal. This is particularly true of waste-water removal, which in Germany is primarily managed using public sewage systems. The work at hand tries to give answer to the question, if decentralisation can lower costs in the building stock affected by shrinkage, which is already connected to the waste-water network.:Zusammenfassung............................................................................... 13
Summary............................................................................................... 15
Kurzfassung.......................................................................................... 17
1 Einführung......................................................................................... 27
A Grundlagen........................................................................................ 45
2 Abwasserentsorgung – Begriffe und Strukturdaten.......................... 45
3 Zentral oder Dezentral...................................................................... 53
4 Kostenwirkungen des Nachfragerückgangs im System der
zentralen Abwasserentsorgung........................................................... 61
B Entwicklung des Bewertungsverfahrens............................................ 71
5 Untersuchungsgebiet........................................................................ 71
6 Siedlungsmodell................................................................................. 75
7 Infrastrukturmodell.......................................................................... 107
8 Bezugsmodell................................................................................. 123
9 Sequenzanalyse.............................................................................. 137
10 Kostenmodell................................................................................. 151
C Modellrechnungen........................................................................... 171
11 Zukunftsprojektion Siedlungsmodell.............................................. 171
12 Kostenrechnung............................................................................ 179
D Interpretation und Ergebnisse........................................................ 203
13 Auswertung und Interpretation..................................................... 203
14 Ergebnisse und Fazit..................................................................... 221
15 Forschungs- und Entwicklungsbedarf............................................ 231
Literatur...............................................................................................235
Abbildungsverzeichnis........................................................................ 247
Tabellenverzeichnis............................................................................ 251
Anlage Kostenkennwerte................................................................... 253
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