時至今日女性教育程度提高，但女性在勞動力市場獲得的職位並沒有因此提升，大部分的女性仍然傾向集中在以女性居多的劣勢職業，並且薪資明顯低於男性居多的職業。相關研究提醒我們注意接觸工作出缺訊息的管道在進入勞動力市場前就已經出現性別化的現象，男女性的社會網絡並不相同，並且不同性別的求職者傾向動員不同性別的中介人。但究竟是原因使得女性求職者持續進入待遇較差的女性主導職業？Lin(1999)認為男性之所以比女性在勞動力市場的職業獲得更具有優勢，是因為女性求職者存在資本欠缺與回報欠缺，所以只能動員到較劣勢的女性中介人、獲得較差的工作。但從資料分析顯示，女性求職者並不存在資本欠缺，女性求職者擁有的社會資本量並不比男性求職者少，真正導致女性承受回報欠缺的原因在於兩點勞動力市場對於女性的貶值與性別化社會資本的差異。由於勞動力市場對女性求職者本身的歧視，即使女性求職者動員到擁有較多資源的男性中介人也無法有效的脫離求職劣勢。其次，女性求職者透過性別化社會資本尋職而承受回報欠缺的因素在於女性化可觸及社會資本，女性化可觸及社會資本直透過接與間接的效果同時限制女性求職者獲得較好的、女性比例較低職業。但女性化可觸及社會資本對男性求職者只能產生間接影響，且男性求職者擁有的女性化可觸及社會資本比女性求職者來得少很多，女性化可觸及社會資本能發揮的效果並不多。 總結來說，對於女性求職者而言，回報欠缺主要來自於性別化可觸及社會資本以及雇主對女性能力的貶值、統計歧視等，即使接觸到男性中介人也無助於女性跳脫求職劣勢。對於男性而言則是性別化可動員社會資本才是主要直接影響獲得職業女性比例的關鍵因素。

<p>This study aimed at investigating the divergence in attitudes between Saudi students who have lived in the United States for four years or more compared to Saudi students who have not lived outside Saudi Arabia for more than a three-month period. A survey was designed based on the main aspects of Saudi culture for this study as surveys are found to be the most common means for measuring attitudes. Two samples of Saudi students were recruited, one sample included students who have lived in the United States for four years or more, and the other sample consisted of those who have not lived outside Saudi Arabia for more than three months. A statistically significant difference between the two samples was found; students who have lived in the United States for four years or more were found to be more tolerant than those who have not lived abroad for more than three months towards the issue of sex segregation in mixed environments.<br> </p>

Using hauntology as a linchpin, this dissertation explores the undertheorized connection between intersex and disability. Building on important feminist research in the fields of intersex, queer, disability, crip, and hauntology studies, I ask, how do we understand and reconcile the contested meanings, responses to, and effects of intersex? Intersex is “a perpetually shifting phantasm” (Holmes 2002: 175), yet intersex is typically represented and treated as innate disorder, disability, or disease by medical professionals. That said, many intersex people appear to distance from disability. By engaging intersex studies with feminist disability and crip theories, however, I demonstrate that an intersex politic and intersex studies must be rooted in a disability politic and disability studies. Through a feminist disability and crip lens, I conduct a textual and critical discourse analysis of three case studies of interphobic violence or, what I term, “compulsory dyadism,” meaning the instituted cultural mandate that people cannot have intersex traits or house the “spectre of intersex” (Sparrow 2013: 29); such a spectre must be exorcised. The three case studies include nonconsensual medical interventions, sport sex testing, and employing reproductive technologies to select against intersex variations. My analyses of these case studies produce three important observations. First, intersex is presently and effectively being integrated into conventional notions of disability; second, ableist logics underpin interphobic violence; and third, compulsory dyadism is intertwined with, or is an iteration of, compulsory able-bodiedness. In recognizing this interconnection, theorizing intersex and disability together is not merely beneficial, doing so is necessary. Ultimately, my dissertation interrogates and extends questions of the ever-shifting categorization of body-minds, culturally mandated ways of being, and (the haunting effects of) pathologization. I apply pressure to the academic field of intersex studies as well as intersex activist and advocate communities to center disability in discussions concerning intersex human rights and interphobia.