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Background: Sexual and reproductive health education and services are often of poor quality in Indonesia and although sexual intercourse among adolescents is not socially accepted, a change of norms is observable, putting adolescents at risk to acquire unwanted health outcomes. Aim: To analyse associations of behavioural, sociodemographic and informational factors with engaging in sexual intercourse among never-married adolescents aged 15 - 24 in Indonesia and to analyse potential differences in age groups. Methods: Data from 19,649 never-married male and female adolescents who ever went to school, obtained from the 2012 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey, was used for analysis. Multiple logistic regression was applied to test for significance separately and after adjusting for variables. Results: Among all adolescents, factors associated with engaging in sexual intercourse were: older age, male sex, ever drank alcohol, smoking and ever used drugs. After stratifying for age, the same associations were found for older and younger adolescents. Additionally, among younger adolescents (15 - 19 years), those from poorer households, with a higher educational level and those currently attending school were more likely to engage in sexual intercourse. Among older adolescents (20 - 24 years), those from poorer households and rural areas were more likely to engage in sexual intercourse. Conclusions: Interventions are needed to equip male adolescents, those who ever drank alcohol, were currently smoking or ever used drugs with sufficient knowledge and tools to make informed decisions. Further qualitative research is needed to investigate the behaviour of adolescents towards sexual intercourse more in depth.

This dissertation presents three separate studies examining the effects of an individual's emotional response to their sexual initiation and their current feelings of sexual guilt. First, a systematic review of the literature is presented. From this review it was shown that previous research has found that an individual's response to his/her FSI experience has the potential to lead to later negative mental, physical and sexual health outcomes. However, limitations existed among and between studies. It was determined that a new measure of FSI emotional response was needed to minimize the limitations of previous measures which can be used consistently in future research. Criteria for such a measure are discussed. Second a new measure of an individual emotional response to his/her sexual initiation experience was constructed using the conclusions of the previous review of the literature. The validity of this measure was examined among a mixed gender sample of participants, asking participants to rate emotions currently and at the time of the event, using more sophisticated statistical analyses than previous research. Results provided evidence for the appropriateness of the measure as well as support for utilizing both time periods of questioning. It was found that individuals were able to make a distinction between these two time periods, providing separate and distinct factor structures. Implications of these results are discussed. Finally, utilizing the newly constructed measure, a structural equation model was created to examine the relationship between FSI emotional response and current sexual guilt. An individual's emotional response to his/her sexual initiation experience was found to be associated with his/her current degree of sexual guilt. Despite previous research suggesting the importance of the individual's age at the time of the sexual initiation event, it was found in the current study that this FSI emotional response was more strongly related to sexual guilt than age at FSI. The results highlight important relationships that must be further explored to better understand how youth and young adults respond to their sexual initiation and how this impacts their later sexual, physical, and mental health.

This study examined the reciprocal relationship between the age of first sexual intercourse and academic goals and achievement. It was hypothesized that lower educational goals and achievement were likely to be associated with an adolescent who initiated sexual intercourse at a younger age than those with higher educational goals and achievement. It was also hypothesized that initiating sexual activity early would be associated with a decrease in subsequent academic achievement and goals. Possible explanations are that the costs of engaging in sexual intercourse (pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases) may deter adolescents from initiating intercourse. Weak attachment to parents and future goals may increase the influence of negative peer associations as well. It is also possible that adolescents who engage in sexual intercourse experience a change in mind set against community standards, one being high academic achievement and goals. This project analyzed data from the National Survey of Children (NSC), which is a national longitudinal sample of children aged 7 to 11 beginning in 1976, with additional data collection points in 1981 and 1987. A regression analysis examined the correlation of selected educational variables with the age of first sexual intercourse. The sample was then divided into two groups: those who had experienced voluntary sexual intercourse prior to the time of a data collection point and those who had not. I tests were performed examine the difference in educational variables for virgins and nonvirgins in 1981 and 1987. To examine the change in educational goals and achievement that could have resulted due to the onset of sexual activity, an analysis of covariance was performed on educational variables that were measured at two points in time. The results of this research confirm that reciprocal relationships exist between adolescent sexual activity and educational achievement and goals. Lower educational achievement and goals, measured at an earlier point in time, were related to a younger age of first sexual intercourse. Also, engaging in sexual intercourse was related to a decrease in subsequent educational goals and achievement. The relationship between lower academic achievement and goals and the age of first sex varied by race and gender. Black females showed the strongest association with educational variables and black males the least association. White females and white males both showed significant relationships between education and sexual activity. Sexual activity had the most impact on subsequent academic achievement, followed by educational goals.

M.Ed.

Recent empirical evidence suggests that we have entered a new period of courtship known as the hookup era. Contemporary research which explores hooking up has confirmed the prevalence of this dating script, particularly within post-secondary institutions. The relevant literature has focused on a variety of important issues including the conceptual meaning of hooking up and the identification of potential correlates and consequences of these behaviours. Despite this increase in scholarly interest, several problems remain unaddressed. Principal among these is the way(s) in which young women mediate the self-perceived risks involved in the sexual exchange known as the hookup, so as to facilitate their participation in this culture. The current paper examines the controversy that is female hookup participation by investigating the risks – and subsequent negotiation of these risks – which women face in the hookup culture. Specifically, this paper makes use of detailed qualitative data gathered from a sample of female undergraduate students at a medium-sized Canadian university, in order to uncover the social processes by which female proponents of the hookup culture account for their actions to themselves and to others, in this the seemingly risky courtship script. / Thesis (Master, Sociology) -- Queen's University, 2013-07-31 19:46:46.027

This thesis investigates the relationship between violent conflicts and sexual and reproductive health in Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The aim of the thesis is to investigate how war affects demographic outcomes across individual life courses. The thesis contributes to the research field by linking macro level conflict data measuring the intensity and frequency of violent conflict with micro level data on women’s sexual and birth histories and infant deaths across time and place. The results show that war affects infants’ survival and women’s sexual and reproductive health and behavior. The first study finds an increase of premarital first sexual intercourse during the violent conflicts in Rwanda. The second study finds evidence of a delay in the fertility transition due to the Congolese war and the lingering conflicts in East DRC. The third study suggests that the Congolese war affects infant mortality, but only post-neonatal mortality. Despite consistent evidence that conflict affects the everyday life of women and children, the mechanisms that explain this relationship are largely unknown. This thesis identifies important gaps in the research that limit our understanding of the mechanisms at work. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Submitted.</p>

Even though it may not seem like it at first glance, the phenomenon of rape conceals in fact much more than anyone who has ever faced this problem we are dealing with could say about it. Worse, it is these people, the vast majority of them men, where the tendency is to downplay this crime and, under the influence of ignorance and myths associated with rape or even religion and ideology, often see it as made up by the victims or as completely removed from the intentions of the offender. And because the aim of this work is not only to provide a view of rape in terms of criminal law, but also from a criminological, i.e. view of a number of other scientific disciplines, that this is indeed the case, that rape cannot be seen in this manner, this is also - and no less important - the task of this work. The fundamental part of this work, as a work looking at the issue addressed especially in terms of criminal law, and its main investigative contribution provide not only an analysis of the various elements of the crime of rape, but primarily an attempt within it to completely categorize all hitherto considered and neglected forms of sexual behavior within individual - prescribed by law - forms of sexual intercourse. The same is true then and the main investigative contribution of this work can be...

O presente estudo, com abordagem quantitativa, foi motivado pela reduzida adesão ao uso do preservativo pela mulher soropositiva ao HIV/com aids e pela gravidez indesejada. Teve como objetivo geral discriminar fatores de impacto que influenciam as ações de mulheres soropositivas ao HIV/com aids no uso de preservativos, e como objetivos específicos: construir um instrumento para avaliação de fatores de impacto no campo de interesse; identificar os fatores de impacto relacionados à adesão aos preservativos pela mulher soropositiva ao HIV/com aids; associar a situação sociodemográfica dessa mulher às variáveis de maior influência na adesão aos preservativos. Na construção do instrumento de coleta de dados, especialistas avaliaram o formulário original e emitiram sugestões que resultaram em sua reformulação. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Secretaria Municipal da Saúde da Prefeitura da Cidade de São Paulo. Os dados foram coletados no período de setembro de 2009 a setembro de 2010, por meio de entrevistas com 201 mulheres soropositivas ao HIV/com aids que frequentavam um serviço de assistência especializada em DST/aids no município de São Paulo. Os achados foram tratados estatisticamente, iniciando pela avaliação da consistência do instrumento utilizado. Identificaram-se dez fatores de impacto que influenciam na adesão aos preservativos da mulher HIV positivo/com aids. Em ordem decrescente de valor, os impactos obtidos foram: Relações de Gênero, Cultural, Comportamental, Cognitivo, Drogadição, Religioso-Sentimental, Intencional, Socioeconômico, Protetor e Fidelidade. Como se vê, as relações de gênero mostraram-se com maior impacto na adesão ao preservativo; no outro extremo, a fidelidade entre os parceiros mostrou menor impacto sobre esta situação. Os dados mostraram, também, que as mulheres apresentavam dificuldade na decisão em aderir ao uso do preservativo, mesmo recebendo orientações sobre sua necessidade, pelo serviço de assistência especializado. Concluiu-se que a assistência à mulher soropositiva ao HIV necessita ser implementada em relação às orientações sobre o uso do preservativo em todas as relações sexuais; orientações que devem ser realizadas com o casal, priorizando as suas dúvidas e dificuldades. O apoio deverá ser contínuo, para fortalecer e incentivar a aderência ao preservativo. Sugere-se, também, a replicação do instrumento construído para sua validação junto a outros grupos de mulheres infectadas pelo HIV/com aids, no país. / This study, with a quantitative approach, was motivated by the reduced use of protection by women who are HIV positive/with AIDS and also by the undesirable pregnancy. The general aim was to discriminate the factors of impact that influences these HIV womens actions, according to the use of protection. The specific aims were: to create an instrument to evaluate the factors of impact in the field of interest; to identify the factors of impact related to the use of protection by the HIV women with AIDS and also to relate the socio-demographic situation of these women to the variables that have higher influence in the use of protections. During the creation of the instrument for data collection some changes were done considering the suggestions given by the experts who have evaluated the original. The study was approved by the Ethic and Research Committee of the Health Department of São Paulo city. The data collection was done between September 2009 and September 2010, by interviews with 201 women who are with STD/AIDS and used to go to a STD/AIDS assistance service in São Paulo city. The findings were statistically analyzed, starting from the consistency of the instrument used. It was found ten factors that influenced the use of protection by the HIV women with AIDS. In a decreasing order of value, the factors of impact were: Relation of Gender, Culture, Behavior, Cognition, Use of Drugs, Religion-Feeling, Intention, Society-Economic, Protection and Fidelity. According to the results, the relation of gender had more impact in the use of protection; on the other hand, the fidelity between the partners had less impact on the situation. The findings also showed that the women had difficult in deciding the use of protection, even after the specialized assistance service has given them orientation to the necessity. It was concluded that the assistance to the HIV women needs to be improved in order to give better orientation towards the use of protection during all sexual intercourses. This orientation has to be given to the couple, prioritizing their doubts and difficulties. The support must be continuous, in order to motivate and intensify the use of protection. It was also suggested the use of the instrument created, in order to get its validation with other groups of HIV women with AIDS, in the country.

This dissertation is presented in two articles derived from the same project about sexuality in the adolescence. The first article explain the descriptive behaviors of sexuality in a group of 560 adolescents from the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil. This part examines the behaviors and characteristics related to sexual initiation, the partner of the first sexual encounter, protection, and family orientation, as well as the parent’s responses to the sexual initiation of the adolescents. Among the results, we found that the means of the age of the first relation was 14.81 years; 82.1% was report uses of contraception at the first sexual intercourse; 60% of the parents know about the sexual life of his children and 72.3% of parents gave advice and guide young people about responsible sexual behavior. The second article discusses the sexual risk behaviors and gender differences presented by 365 adolescents who have already started their sexual life. The risk behaviors were: the age of sexual initiation, age difference with sexual partner, the frequency of condom use, use of contraceptives, number of partners in the last year and the history of pregnancies. Results indicated that 39.6% of this sample started their sexual activity between 14 and 15 years old; 69.8% of adolescents have until two years apart with their sexual partner; 52.6% use condoms in all their sexual relations; 54.2% use effective contraceptive methods; 60.3% have until two sexual partners in the last year and only 3.9% have a history of pregnancies. This result allow understand and describe the sexual behaviors in adolescence. In addition, the data provide empirical bases for the elaboration of projects and policies for the improvement of the health and prevent sexual risk behaviors. / Esta disertación está dividida en dos artículos que integran un mismo proyecto que trata sobre la sexualidad en la adolescencia. El primero artículo aborda comportamientos descriptivos de la sexualidad en un grupo de 560 adolescentes de la ciudad Porto Alegre, Brasil. En esta sección se estudian las conductas y características relacionadas con el inicio sexual, el compañero del primer encuentro, protección, y la orientación familiar, así como la respuesta de los padres frente al inicio sexual de los menores. Entre los principales resultados se encontró que la media de la edad de la primera relación fue de 14,81 años; el 82,1% de los adolescentes reportaron que hicieron uso de algún método anticonceptivo en la primera relación sexual; el 60% de los progenitores saben sobre la vida sexual de los adolescentes y el 72,3% de los padres dieron consejos y orientaciones a los jóvenes sobre conductas sexuales responsables. El segundo artículo aborda los comportamientos sexuales de riesgo y las diferencias de género presentadas en los 365 adolescentes que ya habían comenzado su vida sexual. Los comportamientos de riesgo que fueron considerados están: edad del inicio sexual, diferencia de edad con el compañero sexual, frecuencia del uso del preservativo, uso de anticonceptivos, numero de compañeros en el último año y histórico de embarazos. Entre los resultados se encontró que el 39,6% de esta muestra comenzó su actividad entre los 14 y los 15 años; el 69,8% de los adolescentes tenían hasta dos años de diferencia con sus compañeros; el 52,6% usan preservativo en todas sus relaciones sexuales; el 54,2 % usan métodos anticonceptivos eficaces; el 60,3% hasta 2 compañeros sexuales en el último año y solo el 3,9% presentan histórico de embarazos. Los datos encontrados permiten entender y describir los comportamientos sexuales en la adolescencia y dar bases empíricas para subsidiar la elaboración de proyectos y políticas hacia la mejora de la salud de los jóvenes y prevenir comportamientos sexuales de riesgo.