NiTiHf shape memory alloys have been receiving considerable attention for high temperature and high strength applications since they could have transformation temperatures above 100 °C, shape memory effect under high stress (above 500 MPa) and superelasticity at high temperatures. Moreover, their shape memory properties can be tailored by microstructural engineering. However, NiTiHf alloys have some drawbacks such as low ductility and high work hardening in stress induced martensite transformation region. In order to overcome these limitations, studies have been focused on microstructural engineering by aging, alloying and processing. Shape memory properties and microstructure of four Ni-rich NiTiHf alloys (Ni50.3Ti29.7Hf20, Ni50.7Ti29.3Hf20, Ni51.2Ti28.8Hf20, and Ni52Ti28Hf20 (at. %)) were systematically characterized in the furnace cooled condition. H-phase precipitates were formed during furnace cooling in compositions with greater than 50.3Ni and the driving force for nucleation increased with Ni content. Alloy strength increased while recoverable strain decreased with increasing Ni content due to changes in precipitate characteristics. The effects of the heat treatments on the transformation characteristics and microstructure of the Ni-rich NiTiHf shape memory alloys have been investigated. Transformation temperatures are found to be highly annealing temperature dependent. Generation of nanosize precipitates (~20 nm in size) after three hours aging at 450 °C and 550 °C improved the strength of the material, resulting in a near perfect dimensional stability under high stress levels (> 1500 MPa) with a work output of 20–30 J cm– 3. Superelastic behavior with 4% recoverable strain was demonstrated at low and high temperatures where stress could reach to a maximum value of more than 2 GPa after three hours aging at 450 and 550 °C for alloys with Ni great than 50.3 at. %. Shape memory properties of polycrystalline Ni50.3Ti29.7Hf20 alloys were studied via thermal cycling under stress and isothermal stress cycling experiments in tension. Recoverable strain of ~5% was observed for the as-extruded samples while it was decreased to ~4% after aging due to the formation of precipitates. The aged alloys demonstrated near perfect shape memory effect under high tensile stress level of 700 MPa and perfect superelasticity at high temperatures up to 230 °C. Finally, the tensioncompression asymmetry observed in NiTiHf where recoverable tensile strain was higher than compressive strain. The shape memory properties of solutionized and aged Ni-rich Ni50.3Ti29.7Hf20 single crystals were investigated along the [001], [011], and [111] orientations in compression. [001]-oriented single crystals showed high dimensional stability under stress levels as high as 1500 MPa in both the solutionized and aged conditions, but with transformation strains of less than 2%. Perfect superelasticity with recoverable strain of more than 4% was observed for solutionized and 550 °C-3h aged single crystals along the [011] and [111] orientations, and general superelastic behavior was observed over a wide temperature range. The calculated transformation strains were higher than the experimentally observed strains since the calculated strains could not capture the formation of martensite plates with (001) compound twins.

Šiame baigiamajame magistro darbe apžvelgti atmenieji lydiniai, pagrindinės jų savybės bei panaudojimo pavyzdžiai, atlikta literatūros nagrinėjama tematika apžvalga, pagrindiniai šių medžiagų panaudojimo privalumai ir trūkumai. Atlikus literatūrinos apžvalgą, remiantis teoriniais duomenimis ir charakteristikomis, suplanuotas ir atliktas eksperimentas — siekiant geriau išsiaiškinti pagrindines šių lydinių savybes bei charakteristikas, kurios reikalingos norint šias medžiagas panaudoti robotiškos srityje - robotų vykdikliams. Eksperimentiškai gauti duomenys pateikiami grafikų pavidalu, iš kurių nustatytos pagrindinės charakteristikos, kurios reikalingos norint sėkmingai šias medžiagas panaudoti projektuojant įvairius mechanizmus ir pavaras su šio lydinio vykdikliais. Eksperimento metu gauti duomenys panaudojami sudarant sistemos dinaminį modelį, kuris sumodeliuojamas skaitmeniniu būdu. Gaunamas sistemos atsakas, kuris patvirtina eksperimento metu gautus duomenis ir suteikia galimybę tolesnius eksperimento plėtojimo planus ir tyrimus vykdyti skaitmeniniais metodais. / This final master thesis contains an overview of shape memory alloys, their literature review, main characteristics, common sage examples as well as their advantages and disadvantages. After analyzing the literature review the experiment has been planed and made in purpose of researching the most basic characteristics of shape memory alloys. The experiment was made with a shape memory alloy spring. The main purpose of the research is to get the most of the characteristics that are mostly needed for the successful usage in the robotic actuators. The data that was taken from the experiment in included in this paper. Acording to this data the conclusions has been made. Based on the experiment data and theoretical data the system’s dynamic model has been made to confirm the results that were taken from the experiment. This thesis allows to use the data taken from the experiment to be used in digital modeling, so further experimenting and system’s designing can be done using digital methods.

NiTi is the most commonly used shape memory alloy (SMA) and has been widely used for bio-medical, electrical and mechanical applications. Nickel rich NiTi shape memory alloys are coming into prominence due to their distinct superelasticity and shape memory properties as compared to near equi-atomic NiTi shape memory alloys. Besides, their lower density and higher work output than steels makes these alloys an excellent candidate for aerospace and automotive industry. Shape memory properties and phase transformation behavior of high Ni-rich Ni54Ti46 (at.%) polycrystals and Ni-rich Ni51Ti49 (at.%) single-crystals are determined. Their properties are sensitive to heat treatments that affect the phase transformation behavior of these alloys. Phase transformation properties and microstructure were investigated in aged Ni54Ti46 alloys with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to reveal the precipitation characteristics and R-phase formation. It was found that Ni54Ti46 has the ability to exhibit perfect superelasticity under high stress levels (~2 GPa) with 4% total strain after 550°C-3h aging. Stress independent R-phase transformation was found to be responsible for the change in shape memory behavior with stress. The shape memory responses of [001], [011] and [111] oriented Ni51Ti49 single-crystals alloy were reported under compression to reveal the orientation dependence of their shape memory behavior. It has been found that transformation strain, temperatures and hysteresis, Classius-Clapeyron slopes, critical stress for plastic deformation are highly orientation dependent. The effects of precipitation formation and compressive loading at selected temperatures on the two-way shape memory effect (TWSME) properties of a [111]-oriented Ni51Ti49 shape memory alloy were revealed. Additionally, aligned Ni4Ti3 precipitates were formed in a single crystal of Ni51Ti49 alloy by aging under applied compression stress along the [111] direction. Formation of a single family of Ni4Ti3 precipitates were exhibited significant TWSME without any training or deformation. When the homogenized and aged specimens were loaded in martensite, positive TWSME was observed. After loading at high temperature in austenite, the homogenized specimen did not show TWSME while the aged specimen revealed negative TWSME.

The ability to adjust structural response to external loading and ensure structural safety and serviceability is a characteristic of Smart Systems. The key to achieving this is through the development and implementation of smart materials. An example of a smart material is a Shape Memory Alloy (SMA). Reinforced concrete structures are designed to sustain severe damage and permanent displacement during strong earthquakes, while maintaining their integrity, and safeguarding against loss of life. The design philosophy of dissipating the energy of major earthquakes leads to significant strains in the steel reinforcement and, consequently, damage in the plastic hinge zones. Most of the steel strain is permanent, thus leading to large residual deformations that can render the structure unserviceable after the earthquake. Alternative reinforcing materials such as superelastic SMAs offer strain recovery upon unloading, which may result in improved post-earthquake recovery. Shape Memory Alloys have the ability to dissipate energy through repeated cycling without significant degradation or permanent deformation. Superelastic SMAs possess stable hysteretic behavior over a certain range of temperature, where its shape is recoverable upon removal of load. Alternatively, Martensite SMAs also possess the ability to recover its shape through heating. Both types of SMA demonstrate promise in civil infrastructure applications, specifically in seismic-resistant design and retrofit of structures. The primary objective of this research is to investigate experimentally the performance of concrete beams and shear walls reinforced with superelastic SMAs in plastic hinge regions. Furthermore, this research program involves complementary numerical studies and the development of a proposed hysteretic constitutive model for superelastic SMAs applicable for nonlinear finite element analysis. The model considers the unique characteristics of the cyclic response of superelastic materials.

Submitted by Marcio Miazaki null (mmiazaki@gmail.com) on 2017-12-12T15:38:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao.pdf: 2498214 bytes, checksum: bbe1b8f57d985978dca7748b50feb796 (MD5) / Submitted by Marcio Miazaki null (mmiazaki@gmail.com) on 2017-12-14T11:25:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao.pdf: 2498214 bytes, checksum: bbe1b8f57d985978dca7748b50feb796 (MD5) / Submitted by Marcio Miazaki null (mmiazaki@gmail.com) on 2017-12-14T13:50:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao.pdf: 2498214 bytes, checksum: bbe1b8f57d985978dca7748b50feb796 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cristina Alexandra de Godoy null (cristina@adm.feis.unesp.br) on 2017-12-18T10:25:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 miazaki_m_me_ilha.pdf: 2498214 bytes, checksum: bbe1b8f57d985978dca7748b50feb796 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-18T10:25:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 miazaki_m_me_ilha.pdf: 2498214 bytes, checksum: bbe1b8f57d985978dca7748b50feb796 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-30 / Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de utilização de molas helicoidais de liga com memória de forma presentes em rotores flexíveis para a atenuação dos deslocamentos laterais decorrentes de forças de perturbação, notadamente das forças de desbalanceamento. Num primeiro momento, o trabalho apresenta os principais modelos constitutivos de ligas com memória de forma (LMF), onde o princípio de funcionamento deste tipo de material é demonstrado por meio de simulações numéricas, e os resultados obtidos são confrontados com dados disponíveis na literatura. Discute-se também a questão da utilização de um modelo mais simplificado para representar o comportamento da liga para diferentes carregamentos termomecânicos. Dois modelos termomecânicos são confrontados numericamente visando representar adequadamente o comportamento termomecânico da LMF durante as transformações de fase. O trabalho evolui para a construção do modelo matemático via elementos finitos de rotores flexíveis contendo molas helicoidais de LMF e por fim apresenta um conjunto de simulações numéricas para comprovar a eficiência e a potencialidade do procedimento teórico formulado. O trabalho termina comentando as potencialidades da proposta apresentada, discutindo as facilidades e dificuldades encontradas na sua implementação e apontando para o desenvolvimento de futuros estudos. / This work proposes shape memory alloy helical springs present in flexible rotors for the attenuation of lateral displacements mainly caused by unbalance forces. This work presents some constitutive models of shape memory alloys (SMA). The principle of operation of this type of material is demonstrated by numerical simulations and the results obtained are compared with data available in the literature. The present work investigates the use of a simplified model to represent the behavior of the SMA for different thermomechanical loads. Two thermomechanical models are numerically confronted in order to represent properly the thermomechanical behavior of the SMA during the phase transformations. Based on the finite element model of flexible rotors containing helical springs of SMA, the efficiency and the potentiality of the theoretical procedure are shown through numerical simulations. This work is concluded presenting the potentialities of the design methodology proposed and future developments to be implemented.

Orientador: Gustavo Luiz Chagas Manhães de Abreu / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de utilização de molas helicoidais de liga com memória de forma presentes em rotores flexíveis para a atenuação dos deslocamentos laterais decorrentes de forças de perturbação, notadamente das forças de desbalanceamento. Num primeiro momento, o trabalho apresenta os principais modelos constitutivos de ligas com memória de forma (LMF), onde o princípio de funcionamento deste tipo de material é demonstrado por meio de simulações numéricas, e os resultados obtidos são confrontados com dados disponíveis na literatura. Discute-se também a questão da utilização de um modelo mais simplificado para representar o comportamento da liga para diferentes carregamentos termomecânicos. Dois modelos termomecânicos são confrontados numericamente visando representar adequadamente o comportamento termomecânico da LMF durante as transformações de fase. O trabalho evolui para a construção do modelo matemático via elementos finitos de rotores flexíveis contendo molas helicoidais de LMF e por fim apresenta um conjunto de simulações numéricas para comprovar a eficiência e a potencialidade do procedimento teórico formulado. O trabalho termina comentando as potencialidades da proposta apresentada, discutindo as facilidades e dificuldades encontradas na sua implementação e apontando para o desenvolvimento de futuros estudos. / Abstract: This work proposes shape memory alloy helical springs present in flexible rotors for the attenuation of lateral displacements mainly caused by unbalance forces. This work presents some constitutive models of shape memory alloys (SMA). The principle of operation of this type of material is demonstrated by numerical simulations and the results obtained are compared with data available in the literature. The present work investigates the use of a simplified model to represent the behavior of the SMA for different thermomechanical loads. Two thermomechanical models are numerically confronted in order to represent properly the thermomechanical behavior of the SMA during the phase transformations. Based on the finite element model of flexible rotors containing helical springs of SMA, the efficiency and the potentiality of the theoretical procedure are shown through numerical simulations. This work is concluded presenting the potentialities of the design methodology proposed and future developments to be implemented. / Mestre

De nombreux gestes médicaux utilisent des aiguilles. Il est proposé une solution de principe pour contrôler la trajectoire d’une aiguille lors son insertion. Ce contrôle de trajectoire permet d’éviter des obstacles et atteindre une cible avec plus de précision. La solution de principe proposée repose sur l’utilisation des alliages à mémoires de forme de type Nickel-Titane (NiTi) et des traitements thermiques localisés. Une méthode expérimentale originale pour caractériser les alliages NiTi est développée. Cette méthode repose sur l’utilisation d’un dispositif expérimental permettant de faire des mesures et analyses mécaniques dynamiques (DMA) lors d’un essai de traction ou au cours d’un balayage en température sous contrainte. Ces mesures DMA ont permis de détecter les nombreux phénomènes présents dans ces alliages : élasticité, transformation de phase, réorientation,localisation, plasticité. Les résultats des mesures effectuées sur un fil commercial de NiTi sont présentés et analysés. L’analyse de l’évolution du module de conservation a permis de mettre en évidence les différentes séquences de transformation et de définir les domaines d’existence des phases en fonction de la contrainte et de la température. Des valeurs de modules d’élasticité de l’austénite, de la martensite et de la phase R sont proposées. Enfin,des modèles d’évolution du module de conservation lors d’un essai de traction et d’un balayage en température sous contrainte sont proposés. Une dernière partie concerne l’étude des effets des traitements thermiques sur un fil NiTi étiré à froid. Une gamme de traitements thermiques a été réalisée sur un fil NiTi. Les propriétés thermomécaniques ont été investiguées à la fois par des essais de traction isothermes et des mesures DMA en balayage en température sous contrainte. / Many medical procedures use needles. A solution is proposed to control and modifyneedle trajectory during its insertion. This steerable needle must be able to avoid anobstacle and reach the target with more accuracy. The solution uses Nickel Titanium(NiTi) shape memory alloy. A new experimental method is proposed to characterize NiTiwires. This method is based on experimental device wich allows to perform DynamicMechanical Analysis (DMA) during a tensile test or during a temperature sweep understress. DMA measurements can detect many phenomena : elasticity, phase transformation,reorientation, plasticity. Results for a commercial NiTi wire are presented and analyzed.Storage modulus evolution analysis shows multistage phase transformations for which thestress-temperature diagram has been established. Values of elastic modulus are determinedfor austenite, martensite and R phase. Estimation models are proposed to determinestorage modulus evolution during tensile test with DMA and temperature sweep understress with DMA. The last part of this work studies the effect of heat treatment on acold worked Niti wire. A range of heat treatments was performed. Thermomechanicaltreatment effects were investigated both with tensile tests and temperature sweeps understress with DMA.

Orientador: Gustavo Luiz Chagas Manhães de Abreu / Resumo: Os sistemas rotativos estão frequentemente sujeitos a excitações externas e internas que provocam vibrações indesejáveis, colocando em risco a própria integridade estrutural do sistema e até mesmo a saúde dos usuários. No âmbito industrial, por exemplo, a atenuação das vibrações pode permitir aos sistemas rotativos, uma operação mais eficiente e segura, proporcionando manutenções periódicas menos frequentes evitando com isso gastos dispendiosos. Neste contexto, o controle de vibrações tem sido objeto de preocupação de inúmeros centros de pesquisa e a literatura especializada é rica em propostas de soluções para esta questão. Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta teórica de um controle semi-ativo de vibrações em rotores flexíveis usando fios de liga com memória de forma (LMF). O rotor em questão é apoiado sobre dois mancais e um deles é suspenso por fios de LMF, cuja finalidade é promover o amortecimento das vibrações laterais presentes no sistema rotativo decorrentes de forças de perturbação, notadamente das forças de desbalanceamento. O controle proposto tem por objetivo possibilitar a passagem do rotor pelas velocidades críticas, com segurança. / Abstract: Rotational systems are often subjected to external and internal excitations which cause undesired vibrations and risk to the structural integrity of the system and the user's health. In the industrial eld, the vibration attenuation may allow rotating systems more e ciency and safety, making periodical maintenance less frequent and reducing costs. In this context, the vibration control has been a concern for many research centers and the specialized literature is rich in solution proposals for this subject. This study presents a theoretical proposal of a semi-active control of vibrations in exible rotors using shape memory alloy (SMA) wires. The rotor is supported by two bearings and one of them it is suspended by SMA wires to promote attenuation of the lateral vibration present in rotating machines due to disturbance forces, especially unbalancing forces. The proposed theory control has a goal to allow the rotor passing through critical speeds safely. / Mestre

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-10-09T13:19:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ JOELSON DE MELO SANTIAGO - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEM) 2018.pdf: 5893476 bytes, checksum: 9fec0f8b27ff639270bebb4444b2285c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-09T13:19:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ JOELSON DE MELO SANTIAGO - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEM) 2018.pdf: 5893476 bytes, checksum: 9fec0f8b27ff639270bebb4444b2285c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-30 / Em muitas situações de projeto em sistemas mecânicos deseja-se rigidez e ao mesmo tempo uma certa flexibilidade. Nesses casos, as molas são elementos interessantes, por isso esses componentes foram bastante estudados. Em paralelo, visando ampliar as possibilidades, novos materiais têm se desenvolvido, a exemplo de materiais funcionais, como é o caso das ligas com memória de forma (LMF). As molas helicoidais fabricadas a partir de LMF são componentes promissores para aplicações como atuadores/sensores, pela capacidade de recuperar grandes deformações elásticas e pseudo-plásticas. Atualmente esses componentes são obtidos em sua maioria através da conformação de fios, a frio ou a quente, e tem aplicação consolidada no campo biomédico, porém no campo industrial as aplicações comerciais ainda são limitadas. Neste cenário, utilizar a fundição de precisão para este tipo de componente pode ampliar as possibilidades e aumentar as aplicações em diversos setores. Por outro lado, é de amplo interesse entender a relação entre as propriedades mecânicas e as configurações geométricas destes elementos. Neste contexto, o principal objetivo deste trabalho é a caracterização térmica e mecânica de molas helicoidais de LMF Ni-Ti (MLMFNiTi) com diferentes configurações, produzidas pelo processo de fundição de precisão, empregando a fusão por indução com injeção por centrifugação (FIC) em moldes cerâmicos. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as molas produzidas apresentaram transformação de fase característica dos fenômenos de superelasticidade (SE). Por meio dos ensaios mecânicos constatou-se que as molas suportaram, no geral, deformações de até 70%. Os parâmetros dimensionais influenciaram o comportamento mecânico para o qual o aumento do passo e do diâmetro do fio fizeram aumentar a força aplicada para submeter as molas as mesmas deformações. Dessa forma, as molas produzidas apresentam características funcionais adequadas para potencializar aplicações industriais a partir de LMF Ni-Ti. / In many situations of design in mechanical systems one wants rigidity and at the same time a certain flexibility. In these cases, the springs are interesting elements, so these components were well studied. In parallel, in order to expand possibilities, new materials have been developed, such as functional materials, such as shape memory alloys (LMF). Helical springs made from LMF are promising components for applications such as actuators / sensors, for the ability to recover large elastic and pseudo-plastic deformations. Currently, these components are mostly obtained through wire forming, either cold or hot, and have consolidated application in the biomedical field, but in the industrial field commercial applications are still limited. In this scenario, using precision casting for this type of component can expand the possibilities and increase the applications in several sectors. On the other hand, it is of broad interest to understand the relation between the mechanical properties and the geometric configurations of these elements. In this context, the main objective of this work is the thermal and mechanical characterization of LMF Ni-Ti helical springs (MLMFNiTi) with different configurations, produced by the invesment casting process, using induction fusion with centrifugal injection (FIC) in ceramic molds. The obtained results showed that the produced springs presented phase transformation characteristic of the phenomena of superelasticity (SE). Through the mechanical tests it was found that the springs generally supported deformations of up to 70%. The dimensional parameters influenced the mechanical behavior for which the step increase, and the wire diameter increased the applied force to subject the springs to the same deformations. Thus, the springs produced have functional characteristics suitable to enhance industrial applications from LMF Ni-Ti.

Submitted by Renan Sanches Geronel (renansanches91@gmail.com) on 2018-10-09T17:02:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 geronel_rs_me_ilha.pdf: 5620689 bytes, checksum: 950dc58c8b56a9f24a9a656722b4396d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cristina Alexandra de Godoy null (cristina@adm.feis.unesp.br) on 2018-10-09T19:55:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 geronel_rs_me_ilha.pdf: 5647462 bytes, checksum: dda190eff69aad90c5113e27f486d1b0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-09T19:55:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 geronel_rs_me_ilha.pdf: 5647462 bytes, checksum: dda190eff69aad90c5113e27f486d1b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os sistemas rotativos estão frequentemente sujeitos a excitações externas e internas que provocam vibrações indesejáveis, colocando em risco a própria integridade estrutural do sistema e até mesmo a saúde dos usuários. No âmbito industrial, por exemplo, a atenuação das vibrações pode permitir aos sistemas rotativos, uma operação mais eficiente e segura, proporcionando manutenções periódicas menos frequentes evitando com isso gastos dispendiosos. Neste contexto, o controle de vibrações tem sido objeto de preocupação de inúmeros centros de pesquisa e a literatura especializada é rica em propostas de soluções para esta questão. Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta teórica de um controle semi-ativo de vibrações em rotores flexíveis usando fios de liga com memória de forma (LMF). O rotor em questão é apoiado sobre dois mancais e um deles é suspenso por fios de LMF, cuja finalidade é promover o amortecimento das vibrações laterais presentes no sistema rotativo decorrentes de forças de perturbação, notadamente das forças de desbalanceamento. O controle proposto tem por objetivo possibilitar a passagem do rotor pelas velocidades críticas, com segurança. / Rotational systems are often subjected to external and internal excitations which cause undesired vibrations and risk to the structural integrity of the system and the user's health. In the industrial eld, the vibration attenuation may allow rotating systems more e ciency and safety, making periodical maintenance less frequent and reducing costs. In this context, the vibration control has been a concern for many research centers and the specialized literature is rich in solution proposals for this subject. This study presents a theoretical proposal of a semi-active control of vibrations in exible rotors using shape memory alloy (SMA) wires. The rotor is supported by two bearings and one of them it is suspended by SMA wires to promote attenuation of the lateral vibration present in rotating machines due to disturbance forces, especially unbalancing forces. The proposed theory control has a goal to allow the rotor passing through critical speeds safely. / CAPES - DS