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A água como premissa positiva nas relações internacionais: a lógica da cooperação que contraria a hipótese de conflito violento / Water as a positive premise in international relations: the logic of cooperation which contradicts the hypothesis of violent conflictCastro, Douglas de 11 April 2014 (has links)
As agendas de pesquisa em relações internacionais que se dedicam aos recursos hídricos compartilhados entre Estados aplicam a lógica econômica de que quanto mais escasso o recurso maior a competição por ele. Essa lógica leva à conclusão de que a escassez da água conduzirá os Estados a um ambiente de competição cujo fim inevitável é o conflito violento. No entanto, essa tendência não se confirma na realidade por conta da proliferação, sem precedentes, de tratados internacionais sobre água compartilhada e mecanismos institucionais de gestão compartilhada em muitas bacias hidrográficas no mundo. O presente estudo inferiu a existência de um mecanismo causal com base na interdependência física existente entre os Estados na bacia hidrográfica e o testou empiricamente nos casos da bacia do rio Jordão e Colorado/Grande por meio do método de process tracing. Os testes empíricos identificaram a grande relevância da interdependência física para os Estados que compartilham a água a tal ponto de iniciarem processos de cooperação mais ou menos institucionalizados que geraram um ambiente mais estável politicamente. Com isso, conclui-se a relevância da interdependência física como condição minimamente suficiente para conduzir os Estados ribeirinhos a processos de cooperação, embora não se exclua a possibilidade de conflitos violentos / Research agendas in international relations that are devoted to shared water resources between states apply economic logic that the more scarce the resource the more will be the competition for it. This logic makes research agendas to conclude that water scarcity will lead states to a competitive environment which the inevitable end is the violent conflict. However, this trend is not confirmed in reality due to the unprecedented proliferation of international treaties on shared water and institutional mechanisms for joint management in many river basins around the world.This study inferred the existence of a causal mechanism based on existing physical interdependence among states in the watershed and tested it empirically in the cases of Jordan and Colorado/Grande river basins by the method of process tracing. Empirical tests have identified the great relevance of physical interdependence among states that share the water to the point of starting more or less institutionalized cooperation processes that generated a more politically stable environment. Therefore, concludes the relevance of physical interdependence as a minimal sufficient condition that drive the riparian states to cooperation processes, although it does not exclude the possibility of violent conflicts
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A água como premissa positiva nas relações internacionais: a lógica da cooperação que contraria a hipótese de conflito violento / Water as a positive premise in international relations: the logic of cooperation which contradicts the hypothesis of violent conflictDouglas de Castro 11 April 2014 (has links)
As agendas de pesquisa em relações internacionais que se dedicam aos recursos hídricos compartilhados entre Estados aplicam a lógica econômica de que quanto mais escasso o recurso maior a competição por ele. Essa lógica leva à conclusão de que a escassez da água conduzirá os Estados a um ambiente de competição cujo fim inevitável é o conflito violento. No entanto, essa tendência não se confirma na realidade por conta da proliferação, sem precedentes, de tratados internacionais sobre água compartilhada e mecanismos institucionais de gestão compartilhada em muitas bacias hidrográficas no mundo. O presente estudo inferiu a existência de um mecanismo causal com base na interdependência física existente entre os Estados na bacia hidrográfica e o testou empiricamente nos casos da bacia do rio Jordão e Colorado/Grande por meio do método de process tracing. Os testes empíricos identificaram a grande relevância da interdependência física para os Estados que compartilham a água a tal ponto de iniciarem processos de cooperação mais ou menos institucionalizados que geraram um ambiente mais estável politicamente. Com isso, conclui-se a relevância da interdependência física como condição minimamente suficiente para conduzir os Estados ribeirinhos a processos de cooperação, embora não se exclua a possibilidade de conflitos violentos / Research agendas in international relations that are devoted to shared water resources between states apply economic logic that the more scarce the resource the more will be the competition for it. This logic makes research agendas to conclude that water scarcity will lead states to a competitive environment which the inevitable end is the violent conflict. However, this trend is not confirmed in reality due to the unprecedented proliferation of international treaties on shared water and institutional mechanisms for joint management in many river basins around the world.This study inferred the existence of a causal mechanism based on existing physical interdependence among states in the watershed and tested it empirically in the cases of Jordan and Colorado/Grande river basins by the method of process tracing. Empirical tests have identified the great relevance of physical interdependence among states that share the water to the point of starting more or less institutionalized cooperation processes that generated a more politically stable environment. Therefore, concludes the relevance of physical interdependence as a minimal sufficient condition that drive the riparian states to cooperation processes, although it does not exclude the possibility of violent conflicts
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L'eau et son partage au Levant : enjeu juridique au service de la paix / Sharing water resources in the Levant : a legal gateway to peaceZghaib, Rizk 15 December 2015 (has links)
Le cadre juridique régissant les ressources hydrauliques partagées dans la région de l’Est Méditerranéen dite du Levant souffre d’insuffisances manifestes et semble inadapté à la réalisation de la tâche que ses géniteurs lui ont assigné. Produit essentiellement de conventions bilatérales dont les dispositions s’avèrent parfois contradictoires, il est le fruit d’un contexte politique tendu, sévissant depuis longtemps dans cette partie du monde au point d’en constituer le trait de marque et valorisant une logique de confrontation entre des volontés souveraines peu soucieuses des intérêts des Etats tiers. Il dénote ainsi fermement une absence de prise de conscience du caractère commun des ressources hydrauliques et la nécessité de leur partage au sein d’une communauté d’intérêts. Il se trouve, par ailleurs, en retrait des mutations que connaît dernièrement le droit international des ressources hydrauliques partagées tant superficielles que souterraines. Loin de respecter l’unité hydrologique du bassin du Jourdain, ses stipulations ne permettent pas de donner leur plein effet aux principes de l’utilisation équitable et non dommageable de ses eaux. Or, ces principes coutumiers, désormais codifiés, préconisent une gestion intégrée et globale desdites ressources qui peine toujours à se réaliser le cas échéant. Ils se trouvent d’autant plus dénaturés dans la mesure où leur champ d’application demeure restreint incluant certains Etats riverains à l’exclusion d’autres. Pourtant, l’eau au Levant, dont la situation précaire est évidente, peut se transformer d’un élément générateur de tensions récurrentes à un facteur déclencheur d’une dynamique de coopération sur une échelle régionale. Des impératifs divers y contribueront immanquablement. Cette démarche aura toutefois tout à gagner en empruntant aux dernières avancées du droit international en la matière les modalités et procédures qu’elles prescrivent. Cet apport serait le garant d’une coopération multifonctionnelle et institutionnalisée, s’inscrivant dans un corpus juridique cohérent et global et oeuvrant à l’affermissement d’une culture de la paix. / The current legal framework that dictates the water distribution in the Levant can be considered as inapt and insufficient in the way it overlooks the populations’ current needs. Negotiated upon through a series of bilateral conventions that favored the interests of some sovereign states at the expense of others, today’s legal framework is sustaining the long-standing political tensions in the region. In hindsight, it appears as though the bilateral conventions have shaped a status quo that failed to take into account the vital characteristic of the natural resource in question and its essential need to be shared and equitably distributed in an approach that subscribes within the common interest. Today, although the international water distribution practices witnessed significant evolution, the Levant region nevertheless still finds itself enacting an outdated framework, one that overlooks the hydrological unity of the Jordan Basin. In practice, the bilateral conventions led to a sectarian division of resources as opposed to a more balanced and fair regional one allowing a full implementation to the principles of equitable and non harmful use of international water. These customary principles, now codified, can’t fully be effective through this lacking and deficient legal framework. However, the Levant’s water resources can go from being the bearer of regional tension, to triggering a series of cooperative talks. With a high number of imperatives at stake it is only a matter of time until the regional players reconvene and adopt a more suitable and equitable distribution practice. Doing so would bring about new levels of institutionalized and cooperative practices, which would ultimately lead to a strong affirmation of peace in the region.
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Tratamento jurídico internacional da água e desenvolvimento sustentável / International water law and sustainable developmentCastro, Douglas de 23 June 2009 (has links)
A água a cada dia passa a ser um tema da agenda de discussões dos Estados, especialmente aqueles que compartilham o recurso nas bacias hidrográficas. O direito internacional nesta área passa a ter importância fundamental como conciliador dos usos que se fazem da água e o desenvolvimento sustentável. Encontrar o equilíbrio entre os princípios do uso equitativo e racional, não causar dano significativo e desenvolvimento sustentável é o desafio numa época de grande demanda de água. / Water is an issue in the agenda among States, especially those that share the resource in the hydrographical basin. International law plays fundamental role as conciliator of the uses of water and sustainable development. Finding a balance between equitable and rational use, causing no harm and sustainable development is the challenge in this time of high demand for water.
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Negotiating an international regime for water allocation in the Mekong River BasinBrowder, Greg. January 1998 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Stanford University, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 349-357).
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Tratamento jurídico internacional da água e desenvolvimento sustentável / International water law and sustainable developmentDouglas de Castro 23 June 2009 (has links)
A água a cada dia passa a ser um tema da agenda de discussões dos Estados, especialmente aqueles que compartilham o recurso nas bacias hidrográficas. O direito internacional nesta área passa a ter importância fundamental como conciliador dos usos que se fazem da água e o desenvolvimento sustentável. Encontrar o equilíbrio entre os princípios do uso equitativo e racional, não causar dano significativo e desenvolvimento sustentável é o desafio numa época de grande demanda de água. / Water is an issue in the agenda among States, especially those that share the resource in the hydrographical basin. International law plays fundamental role as conciliator of the uses of water and sustainable development. Finding a balance between equitable and rational use, causing no harm and sustainable development is the challenge in this time of high demand for water.
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The management of international watercourse systems as reflected by international law and in view of the Southern African Development CommunityViljoen, Salome 06 1900 (has links)
International water law has been unable to translate its principles into effective institutions
for the management of shared water resources. National interest has often override any
real commitment to the principles of international water law as reflected by the draft
Articles of the ILC. Based on the theory of sovereignty, it emphasises a discretionary
power to co-operate. However, the community of interest's theory is rather recommended
as basis for co-operation. The draft Articles does not take sufficient account of the role
domestic water policies, international relations and economics play in the co-operation of
states. An integrated approach that considers social and economic effects within an
environmental context is proposetL The political economy of water includes the potential
of 'virtual water' through the importation of staple grains. A holistic approach, taking
global trade in agriculture into account, is recommended. The SADC countries should
also consider the potential of regional trade in 'virtual water'. / Law / LL. M. (Law)
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The management of international watercourse systems as reflected by international law and in view of the Southern African Development CommunityViljoen, Salome 06 1900 (has links)
International water law has been unable to translate its principles into effective institutions
for the management of shared water resources. National interest has often override any
real commitment to the principles of international water law as reflected by the draft
Articles of the ILC. Based on the theory of sovereignty, it emphasises a discretionary
power to co-operate. However, the community of interest's theory is rather recommended
as basis for co-operation. The draft Articles does not take sufficient account of the role
domestic water policies, international relations and economics play in the co-operation of
states. An integrated approach that considers social and economic effects within an
environmental context is proposetL The political economy of water includes the potential
of 'virtual water' through the importation of staple grains. A holistic approach, taking
global trade in agriculture into account, is recommended. The SADC countries should
also consider the potential of regional trade in 'virtual water'. / Law / LL. M. (Law)
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