Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-09-09T18:00:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 evanegoncalvesdetoledojunior.pdf: 1164428 bytes, checksum: 27c476e8596eb60a8efd9e8c6bfbc052 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-09-13T13:49:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 evanegoncalvesdetoledojunior.pdf: 1164428 bytes, checksum: 27c476e8596eb60a8efd9e8c6bfbc052 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-13T13:49:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 evanegoncalvesdetoledojunior.pdf: 1164428 bytes, checksum: 27c476e8596eb60a8efd9e8c6bfbc052 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-21 / Avaliou-se a resistência ao cisalhamento de quatro diferentes combinações de materiais para fixação de bráquetes ortodônticos ao esmalte dental. Utilizou-se 80 incisivos inferiores bovinos divididos em 08 grupos (n=10). Nos grupos G1 e G5 empregou-se um sistema adesivo de três passos + resina composta híbrida; no G2 e no G6 o sistema adesivo de três passos + resina composta híbrida com liberação de flúor; no G3 e no G7 um sistema adesivo autocondicionante + resina composta híbrida; e no G4 e no G8 um sistema adesivo autocondicionante + resina composta híbrida com liberação de flúor, sendo que os grupos G5, G6, G7 e G8 foram submetidos à termociclagem de 1000 ciclos com temperatura variando de 5ºC ±1ºC a 55ºC ±1ºC, com 30s de imersão a cada banho. Em todos os grupos empregou-se bráquetes ortodônticos metálicos Roth Kirium. A seguir realizou-se o teste de cisalhamento em uma máquina de ensaios mecânicos universal a uma velocidade de 1mm/min.. Após esta etapa, o local de fratura foi avaliado ao Microscópio Eletrônico de Varredura (MEV), e as fraturas classificadas em adesiva, coesiva ou mista. Todos os corpos de prova apresentaram fratura do tipo coesiva. Concluiu-se que a superfície do esmalte foi preservada após o teste de cisalhamento e que todas as combinações de materiais testadas apresentaram valores adequados de resistência ao cisalhamento para uso clínico. / This study evaluated the shear bond strength of four different combinations of materials for bonding orthodontic brackets to enamel. Eighty bovine mandibular incisors were used and divided into 08 groups (n = 10). The materials studied were distributed as follows: groups G1 and G5 - three steps primer + hybrid composite; groups G2 and G6 - three steps primer + hybrid composite with fluoride release ; groups G3 and G7- self etching primer + hybrid composite, groups G4 and G8 – self etching primer + hybrid composite with fluoride release. Groups G5, G6, G7 and G8 were thermal cycled for 1000 cycles at temperatures ranging from 5°C ± 1°C to 55ºC ± 1°C, and 30s dip each bath. All groups tested received a metal bracket. The shear test was performed in a universal mechanical testing machine at a speed of 1mm/min and the fracture was assessed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Fractures were classified as adhesive, cohesive or mixed. All specimens showed a cohesive fracture type, which preserved the enamel surface after bracket debonding in the shear test. All tested materials presented the shear strength within the clinical limits. After debonding enamel integrity was preserved.

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyses the relationship between the degree of conversion of double bonds of self-etching adhesives and microshear bond strength on dentin. Materials and methods: For microshear testing twenty third molar caries free were selected. They had their crowns sectioned longitudinally so as to obtain slices that were randomly chosen and divided into four groups according to the adhesive system, Single Bond (SB), Clearfil SEBond (CL) , Adhese (AD) and Gbond (GB). The slices were included into epoxy resin, and then cylindrical restorations were built with an area of 1.0 mm in diameter and 2.0 mm in height, around ten restorations per group, using a starch matrix. After 24 hours the specimens were tested for bond strength. To analyze the degree of conversion of these systems, a drop of adhesive was dispensed on a glass plate and after 20 seconds polymerized, forming a film of adhesive. After 24 hours, these films were pulverized and mixed with potassium bromide, pressed in a hydraulic press to form an insert for analysis with the spectrophotometer - FT-IR. The data of shear bond strength and degree of conversion of each specimen were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey s test (p = 0.05). Results: The SB adhesive system had mean values of bond strength statistically higher than AD and GB, but no statistical difference was found with Cl. Among the self-etching systems, the highest average shear bond strength was achieved with the application of the union CL, followed by GB and AD systems, which were not statistically different. Regarding the degree of conversion, similar statistical results were found for the systems SB and CL, and despite the SB had a higher average it, did not differ from CL. The adhesive system SB and CL showed higher values in AD and GB. The AD, showed values higher than the GB. Conclusion: The degree of conversion is affected by several factors related to the complex mixture of adhesive systems, which somehow contribute to their bond strength. / Objetivo: O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o grau de conversão de sistemas adesivos autocondiconantes em dentina e correlacioná-los com a resistência ao teste de microcisalhamento. Materiais e Métodos: Para o ensaio de microcisalhamento foram selecionados vinte terceiros molares livres de cárie, os quais tiveram suas coroas seccionadas longitudinalmente de modo a se obter fatias, que, aleatoriamente, foram divididas em quatro grupos, de acordo com o sistema adesivo uilizado, Single Bond (SB), Clearfil SE Bond (CL), Adhese (AD) e Gbond (GB). As fatias foram incluídas em tubos de PVC com resina acrílica e, em seguida, foram construídas restaurações cilíndricas com uma área de 1,0 mm de diâmetro e 2,0 mm de altura, em torno de dez restaurações por grupo, por meio de uma matriz de amido. Após 24 horas, os corpos de prova foram submetidos ao ensaio de microcisalhamento. Para análise do grau de conversão desses sistemas, uma gota do adesivo foi dispensada sobre uma placa de vidro e, após 20 segundos, foram fotopolimerizadas, formando uma película de adesivo. Após 24h, essas películas foram pulverizadas e misturadas com brometo de potássio, prensadas em prensa hidráulica de modo a formar uma pastilha para análise no espectofotômetro - FT-IR. Os dados obtidos da resistência de união e do grau de conversão foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste de Tukey (p = 0.05). Resultados: O sistema de união SB apresentou valores médios de resistência de união ao microcisalhamento estatisticamente superior AD e GB, mas não apresentou diferença estatística em relação ao sistema Cl. Dentre os sistemas autocondicionantes, as maiores médias no ensaio mecânico foram obtidas com a aplicação do sistema de união CL, seguido pelos sistemas AD e GB, que não foram estatisticamente diferentes entre si. Em relação ao grau de conversão, resultados estatísticos semelhantes foram encontrados para os sistemas SB e CL, que, apesar do SB apresentar uma maior média, não diferiu do CL. O sistema adesivo SB e CL apresentaram valores médios superiores ao AD e GB. O AD, que por sua vez, apresentou valores médios maiores que o GB. Conclusão: O grau de conversão é afetado por diversos fatores relacionados à mistura complexa dos sistemas adesivos, que, de certo modo, repercutirá na sua resistência de união.

This research work proposes methods to rises the resistance and to evaluate the behavior of confined masonry walls built from clay solid bricks. These elements are widely used in Guerrero State (México) to build masonry structures, which should resist high lateral loads because of the serious seismic hazard. Therefore, a large experimental program to evaluate the mechanical properties of bricks and masonry currently required in the design process and masonry analysis was developed. To rises the masonry resistance and to counteract the influence of the compressive strength of the pieces on the masonry behavior, a high compressive strength mortar and a metallic reinforcement inside the joints were used. With respect to referenced values of the mechanical properties, some were similar and others were twice bigger. In this country zone, the first three tests under lateral load on full-scale confined masonry walls built from clay solid bricks were carried out in order to evaluate its behavior. A reinforcement composed by metallic hexagonal mesh-mortar coat was placed on the faces of two walls to rise or to restore the resistance. The walls showed good behavior and the reinforcement had adequate structural efficiency. Numerical models of panels and walls built by using the experimental data evaluated the envelope resistance, the failure mode and showed the influence of the mechanical properties of the pieces and joints on the global behavior. Two models had metallic reinforcement inside the joints. In addition, a constitutive law of the masonry defined from experimental results allowed to elaborate a simple model, which results were concordant with respect to the experimental results and similar to those calculated by complex models. Finally, two simplified models to evaluate the resistance of confined masonry walls by considering the failure plane on the wall diagonal were developed. One supposes the masonry failure by shear effect and the other supposes the masonry failure by induced tension. The ratio theoretical resistance vs. experimental resistance was adequate for walls built from different materials and tested under different loads, which had ratio Height/Length ranging from 0.74 to 1.26

Le développement de l’énergie nucléaire durant les dernières années nécessite de trouver des solutions pour le stockage et le confinement des déchets radioactifs. Une solution envisagée est l’enfouissement dans les formations argileuses peu perméables comme les argilites. Dans cette perspective, l’Andra a mis l’accent sur l’étude du comportement à court et à long terme de l’argilite du Callovo-Oxfordien (COx), considérée comme une roche hôte potentielle en France. Dans le cadre de ce projet, une étude expérimentale microscopique et macroscopique sur le comportement thermo-hydro-mécanique de l’argilite du COx a été réalisée. Dans un premier temps, une investigation microstructurale des propriétés de rétention d’eau a été réalisée. L’étude de la courbe de rétention d’eau déterminée par la technique de contrôle de succion par phase vapeur et incluant les changements de volume et de degré de saturation en fonction de la succion le long des chemins de séchage et humidification a été complétée par une étude microstructurale basées sur des mesures porosimétriques par intrusion de mercure sur éprouvettes lyophilisées. On observe que les concepts régissant l’hydratation des smectites peuvent être utilisés pour une meilleure compréhension des effets de changement de teneur en eau sur la microstructure de l’argilite. Le comportement en compression-gonflement avec un aspect microstructural a été étudié par la réalisation d’un programme d’essai oedométriques haute pression et l’utilisation conjointe de la porosimétrie au mercure et le microscope électronique à balayage. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que le potentiel du gonflement était lié à la densité de fissuration engendrée lors de la compression. Le comportement thermo-mécanique de l’argilite du COx saturée a été étudié à partir d’essais de cisaillement et de chauffage en condition drainée réalisés à l’aide d’une cellule triaxiale cylindre creux à faible chemin de drainage. Les essais de cisaillement à 25°Cmontrent des résistances au cisaillement plus faible pour des éprouvettes de plus forte porosité. Les essais triaxiaux à 80°C montrent un comportement plus ductile, une résistance au cisaillement moins importante et pas d’effet significatif sur les paramètres élastiques de l’argilite. L’analyse des résultats des essais de chauffage drainée confirme un comportement plastique contractant, similaire aux argiles normalement consolidées, pour l’argilite du COx. La possibilité de réactivation d’un plan de cisaillement lors d’un essai de chauffage non drainé d’un échantillon de l’argilite du COx est mise en évidence. Les résultats obtenus montrent que la pressurisation thermique du fluide interstitiel peut, du fait du relâchement de contrainte induit, réactiver une fissure de cisaillement existante. Les propriétés d’auto-colmatage de l’argilite du Callovo-Oxfordien, dans une gamme de température de 25-80°C, ont été étudiées par la réalisation d’essais de perméabilité sur un échantillon endommagé par un chargement déviatorique. Les résultats montrent que la présence des plans de cisaillement n’affecte pas la perméabilité, ce qui confirme la bonne capacité d’auto-colmatage de l’argilite du COx / The development of nuclear energy in recent years requires safe solutions for the storage of radioactive waste. A solution proposed for high activity radioactive waste is the storage indeep low permeability geological formations such as claystones. In this perspective, Andra, the French agency for the management of radioactive wastes, supported investigations on theshort and long term behaviour of the Callovo-Oxfordian (COx) claystone, considered as apotential host rock in France. In this framework, a microscopic and macroscopic experimental study on the thermo-hydro-mechanical behaviour of COx claystone was carried out. In this work, a microstructure investigation of the water retention properties of the Cox claystone was performed. The water retention properties were determined by controlling suction through the vapour phase, with also the monitoring of volume changes and changes indegree of saturation as a function of suction along the drying and wetting paths. The study was completed by a microstructure investigation based on the use of mercury intrusion porosimetry on freeze-dried specimens. It was observed that the concepts governing the hydration of smectites appeared useful to better understand the effects of changes in water content and suction on the microstructure of COx claystone. In a second step, the compression-swelling behaviour of the COx claystone was related to micro structure features by performing high pressure oedometer compression tests and byrunning mercury intrusion porosimetry tests and scanning electron microscope observationson specimens submitted to compression and stress release. The results obtained showed that the potential of swelling was linked to the density of cracks generated during compression. The thermo-mechanical behaviour of fully saturated COx claystone specimens was investigated from shear and drained heating tests using a hollow cylinder triaxial device specially developed for low permeability materials. The shear tests at 25°C evidenced lowershear strength on specimens with higher porosity. The preliminary results obtained at 80°Cevidenced a more ductile response, with slightly smaller shear strength and little changes of the elastic parameters at elevated temperature. Drained isotropic heating tests confirmed thecontracting volumetric plastic behaviour of the COx argillite, similar to normally consolidated clays. The effect of thermal pressurisation of the pore water on a specimen with a pre-existingshear plan was investigated. The results showed that undrained heating under shear stress decreased the effective stress, bringing back the sheared specimen to failure. The self-sealing properties of COx claystone at 25 and 80°C were investigated by conducting steady state permeability tests on sheared specimens at various stages. The results showed that the overall permeability of the sheared specimen at 25 and 80°C was comparable to that before shearing, confirming the good self-sealing properties of COx claystone

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The bond strength of indirect restorations luted with self-adhesive resin cements to caries affected dentin has been poorly studied, despite this substrate be frequently found in cavity preparations. To standardize this substrate type, in vitro protocols of caries induction under controlled conditions are commonly used for bond strength tests. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bond strength of self-adhesive resin cements RelyX U200 and BisCem, and regular resin cement RelyX ARC to caries-affected dentin induced artificially. A microcosm biofilm from saliva of a donator was inoculated over dentin samples from caries-free human third molars and cultivated under anaerobic conditions for 14 days. It was used a model with intermittent availability of 1% sucrose for 4 hours per day. Cylinders of each resin cement were build-up on sound and caries-affected dentin surface (n=24). The cylinders were submitted to microshear testing after 24 hours. Vicker’s hardness (VH) and elastic modulus (E) were measured in both substrates until the depth of 200 μm. Data of bond strength were submitted to two-way ANOVA followed by Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) multiple comparisons test; and the failure mode was evaluated by Fisher’s Exact and Chi-Square tests (P < 0.05). Data of VH and E were submitted to split-plot ANOVA and SNK’s test (P < 0.05). Caries-affected dentin presented the lower values of VH and E than sound dentin until the depth of 50 and 100 μm, respectively. The bond strength of all cements was lower on caries-affected dentin than sound dentin. Bond strength of RelyX U200 was similar to RelyX ARC and higher than BisCem, independently of substrate. In conclusion, the resin cements evaluated showed lowest bond strength values to caries-affected dentin, which presented lower mechanical properties than sound dentin near to surface where the adhesive procedures were performed. / A resistência de união de restaurações indiretas cimentadas com cimentos resinosos autoadesivos na dentina afetada por cárie tem sido pouco estudada, apesar de esta ser frequentemente encontrada em preparos cavitários. Para padronizar este tipo de substrato, protocolos in vitro de indução de cárie sob condições controladas são comumente empregados para testes de resistência de união. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resistência de união dos cimentos resinosos autoadesivos RelyX U200 e BisCem, e do cimento resinoso convencional RelyX ARC, na dentina afetada por cárie induzida artificialmente. Biofilmes de microcosmos originados da saliva de um doador, foram cultivados em condições de anaerobiose por 14 dias e formados sobre as amostras de dentina de terceiros molares humanos livres de cárie. Utilizou-se o regime de alimentação intermitente de sacarose à 1% em meio de cultura por 4 horas diárias. Cilindros de cada cimento resinoso foram confeccionados nas superfícies de dentina afetada por cárie ou hígida (n= 24). Os cilindros foram submetidos ao ensaio de microcisalhamento após 24 horas. A dureza Vickers (VHN) e módulo de elasticidade (E) foram medidos nos dois substratos avaliados até a profundidade 200 μm. Os dados de cisalhamento foram submetidos à Análise de Variância (ANOVA) de dois fatores, seguido pelo teste de comparações múltiplas de Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK), e o padrão de falha foi avaliado pelo teste Exato de Fisher e Qui-quadrado (P < 0,05). Os dados de VHN e E foram submetidos a ANOVA de parcela subdivida e teste de SNK (P < 0,05). A dentina afetada por cárie apresentou menores valores de VHN e E do que a dentina hígida até as profundidades de 50 e 100 μm, respectivamente. A resistência de união de todos os cimentos foi menor na dentina afetada por cárie que na dentina hígida. A resistência de união do RelyX U200 foi similar à do Relyx ARC e maior que a do BisCem, independente do substrato. Concluiu-se que os cimentos resinosos avaliados mostraram uma menor resistência de união na dentina afetada por cárie, que apresentou menores propriedades mecânicas que a normal próximo à superfície onde foi realizado os procedimentos de união.

Cette recherche propose des méthodes d’amélioration de résistance et d’évaluation du comportement de murs en maçonnerie confinée construits en briques solides d’argile cuite. Ces éléments sont largement utilisés dans la construction des bâtiments à l’État du Guerrero (Mexique) lesquels doivent résister charges séismiques importantes. Ainsi, un programme expérimental a été développé pour évaluer les propriétés mécaniques des briques et de la maçonnerie, qui sont nécessaires dans la conception et analyse des constructions. Pour augmenter la résistance de la maçonnerie et compenser la variabilité de la résistance à la compression des briques, un mortier à haute résistance et un renfort métallique dans les joints ont été utilisés. Certaines propriétés mécaniques sont égales à celles communément citées, cependant, les autres ont des valeurs deux fois plus grandes. Dans cette région du pays, les trois premiers tests de murs à échelle réelle construits en briques solides d’argile cuite ont été réalisés sous charge latérale alternée afin d'évaluer son comportement. Un renfort métallique et une couche du mortier ont été placés dans les surfaces de deux murs. Ceux-ci ont présenté un bon comportement et le renfort a eu un comportement structural adéquat. Avec les données expérimentales, plusieurs modèles numériques de panneaux et de murs ont été mis au point afin de reproduire l'enveloppe de résistance et le mode de défaillance. Ces modèles ont également évalué l'influence des propriétés mécaniques des briques et des joints sur le comportement global des spécimens. Aussi, un renfort métallique a été placé à l’intérieure des joints dans deux modèles. D'un autre côté, à partir de résultats expérimentaux obtenus et cités, une loi de comportement de la maçonnerie a été définie pour construire un modèle simple qui donne des résultats concordants à la fois avec les résultats expérimentaux et ceux obtenus par la méthode des éléments finis. Finalement, deux modèles simplifiés ont été proposés afin d’évaluer la résistance de murs en maçonnerie en supposant que le plan de rupture est suivant la diagonale du mur. L'un suppose la rupture de la maçonnerie par effet de cisaillement tandis que l'autre suppose la rupture par effet de tension induite. Le ratio entre résistance théorique et résistance expérimentale a été acceptable pour 27 murs faits de matériaux différents et testés sous différents types de chargement où le ratio hauteur sur longueur varie entre 0,7 et 1,26 / This research work proposes methods to rises the resistance and to evaluate the behavior of confined masonry walls built from clay solid bricks. These elements are widely used in Guerrero State (México) to build masonry structures, which should resist high lateral loads because of the serious seismic hazard. Therefore, a large experimental program to evaluate the mechanical properties of bricks and masonry currently required in the design process and masonry analysis was developed. To rises the masonry resistance and to counteract the influence of the compressive strength of the pieces on the masonry behavior, a high compressive strength mortar and a metallic reinforcement inside the joints were used. With respect to referenced values of the mechanical properties, some were similar and others were twice bigger. In this country zone, the first three tests under lateral load on full-scale confined masonry walls built from clay solid bricks were carried out in order to evaluate its behavior. A reinforcement composed by metallic hexagonal mesh-mortar coat was placed on the faces of two walls to rise or to restore the resistance. The walls showed good behavior and the reinforcement had adequate structural efficiency. Numerical models of panels and walls built by using the experimental data evaluated the envelope resistance, the failure mode and showed the influence of the mechanical properties of the pieces and joints on the global behavior. Two models had metallic reinforcement inside the joints. In addition, a constitutive law of the masonry defined from experimental results allowed to elaborate a simple model, which results were concordant with respect to the experimental results and similar to those calculated by complex models. Finally, two simplified models to evaluate the resistance of confined masonry walls by considering the failure plane on the wall diagonal were developed. One supposes the masonry failure by shear effect and the other supposes the masonry failure by induced tension. The ratio theoretical resistance vs. experimental resistance was adequate for walls built from different materials and tested under different loads, which had ratio Height/Length ranging from 0.74 to 1.26