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BARBOSA, Janaina Araújo. A competitividade das exportações de castanha de caju e melão no Nordeste brasileiro: 1997-2013. 2016. 63 f. :Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrarias, Departamento de Economia Agrícola, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Economia Rural. Fortaleza-CE, 2016 / Submitted by Mário LIMA (mariolima333@gmail.com) on 2016-09-01T18:07:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_jabarbosa.pdf: 1031310 bytes, checksum: f42f02eb294f5fecdc0487bd2d5b98b4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Margareth Mesquita (margaret@ufc.br) on 2016-09-02T19:31:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_jabarbosa.pdf: 1031310 bytes, checksum: f42f02eb294f5fecdc0487bd2d5b98b4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-02T19:31:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_jabarbosa.pdf: 1031310 bytes, checksum: f42f02eb294f5fecdc0487bd2d5b98b4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / The development of fruit production in Northeast Brazil faced some challenges and limits in recent years. However, due to the advancement of new technologies and research, managed to advance in some respects, making favorable growth in production of certain crops, which are benefited by the growing international demand for commodities and the attractive price, providing income and employment for exporters, farmers and workers involved in the activity. Thus, this study is essential to analyze the behavior and the main sources of progress or decline in exports of cashew nuts and melon in the Northeast, through commonly known variables as influencers for exports of these products, which are: price of the product in international currency exchange rates, harvested area, average yield in production and the quantity produced by international competitors. The information used in the research were taken from AliceWeb the Ministry of Development System, Industry and Foreign Trade (MDIC), the Municipal Agricultural Production of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) and IpeaData. To evaluate these influencing factors was made using the Shift Share methodology, using time series covering the period 1997-2013. The methodology that is used in paper proposes innovative in this type of analysis and is the decomposition of the value of exports of both commodities in the effects that hypnotize be definers of progress or setbacks in the value of Northeastern exports of both products. The results in the survey show that the Northeast is losing competitiveness relative to its main competitors (Vietnam and India) in the production and export of cashew nuts, both as regards the expansion area harvested as mainly relative yields, an evidence that the Northeastern production of cashew nuts advances in technological gap in relation to its two main competitors in the international market. Considering the production and export of melon by region, the evidence found in the survey suggest advances Northeastern participation in international melon market, demonstrating greater competitiveness compared to the production of this item in the main international competitors are Spain, Guatemala and the United States of America. / O desenvolvimento da fruticultura no Nordeste brasileiro enfrentou alguns desafios e limites nos últimos anos. Contudo, devido ao avanço de novas tecnologias e pesquisas, conseguiu avançar em alguns aspectos, tornando favorável o crescimento da produção de determinadas culturas, as quais são beneficiadas pela crescente demanda internacional de commodities e pelo preço atrativo, proporcionando renda e emprego para os exportadores, produtores e trabalhadores envolvidos na atividade. Diante disso, este estudo tem como objetivo fundamental analisar o comportamento e as principais fontes de avanço ou retração das exportações da castanha de caju e do melão na região Nordeste, por meio de variáveis comumente conhecidas como influenciadoras para as exportações desses produtos, as quais são: preço do produto em moeda internacional, taxa de câmbio, área colhida, rendimento médio da produção e quantidade produzida pelos concorrentes internacionais. As informações utilizadas na pesquisa foram retiradas do Sistema AliceWeb do Ministério do Desenvolvimento, Indústria e Comércio Exterior (MDIC), da Produção Agrícola Municipal do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) e do IpeaData. Para avaliar esses fatores influenciadores fez-se uso da metodologia Shift Share, com o uso de séries temporais cobrindo o período compreendido entre 1997 e 2013. A metodologia utilizada no trabalho é inovadora neste tipo de análise e consiste na decomposição do valor das exportações destas duas commodities nos efeitos tidos como definidores dos avanços ou retrocessos do valor das exportações nordestinas dos dois produtos. Os resultados encontrados na pesquisa mostraram que a região Nordeste está perdendo competitividade em relação aos seus principais concorrentes (Vietnã e Índia) na produção e exportação de castanha de caju, tanto no que concerne à expansão de área colhida como, principalmente, de rendimento relativo, numa evidência de que a produção nordestina de castanha de caju avança em descompasso tecnológico em relação aos seus dois principais concorrentes no mercado internacional. Considerando a produção e exportação de melão pela região, as evidências encontradas na pesquisa sugerem avanços da participação nordestina no mercado internacional de melão, demonstrando uma maior competitividade frente à produção deste item nos principais concorrentes internacionais, que são Espanha, Guatemala e Estados Unidos da América.

Thesis (M. P. A.)--Texas State University-San Marcos, 2007. / "Fall 2007." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 62-67).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii, 1989. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 135-153).

Thesis advisor: Donald Cox / This dissertation consists of three related chapters. A unifying feature throughout all is a focus on the role of regional earnings distributions, especially at the Commuting Zone level, in driving social and economic behavior. The first chapter examines the role of women's and men's expected earnings, across Commuting Zones, in driving women's and men's location choices (migration). The second chapter, a collaboration with Lia Yin, examines the roles of the upper and lower tails of the earnings distribution in driving crime rates, with a key distinction made between crimes motivated primarily by emotional gain, and those motivated by financial gain. Both chapters one and two use simple structural models, identified by Shift-Share (Bartik) instruments as instrumental variables. The third chapter delves into the history, meaning, and scope of Shift-Share instruments, develops several new variants, and tests them in an application to measuring effects of earnings inequality single parenting rates. The first chapter, "How Women and Men Choose Where to Live Based on Each Other's Expected Earnings," considers how the distribution of earnings between genders may influence the distribution of the population via internal migration. Might the earnings potential of prospective spouses drive migration choices? Migrants who flock to places with high-earning prospective partners can cause sex ratios to become unbalanced. Shortages of men have been shown to increase rates of single parenting, and shortages of women to increase crime. Past attempts to answer this question have been limited to brief windows in time, and have lacked causal identification. I build a 7-decade panel of U.S. Commuting Zones from Census and American Community Survey data, computing gender-specific Shift-Share (Bartik) instruments in order to isolate exogenous variation in women's and men's expected earnings. I find that both women and men place at least twice as much priority weight on men's expected earnings as they do on women's, indicating a gender asymmetry in preferences. This asymmetry slightly erodes over time from 1970 to 2019, consistent with a shift in norms. Because women and men prioritize men's earnings over women's by about the same amount, gender differences in earnings play little role in driving sex ratio imbalance. However, women place more weight than men do on the sum of women's and men's earnings, so that the ratio of women to men increases by about 1% per 10% increase in earnings. More balanced sex ratios may follow from policies that reduce overall (gender neutral) inequality, such as between urban and rural areas. The second chapter, "The Distinct Roles of Poverty and Higher Earnings in Motivating Crime," considers how the two extremes of the earnings distribution bear upon people's propensity to turn to crime. Does inequality lead to more crime? We develop a new model that articulates how Poverty (the lower tail of the earnings distribution) and Earnings (the upper tail) enter into equilibrium crime rates. In our model, individuals in Poverty have less to lose in the context of criminal punishment, so are less averse to committing crimes in general. The presence of high Earnings (therefore things worth stealing) heightens the expected gain to offenders per crime - but specifically in terms of financial gain, not emotional gain. We estimate our model on a comprehensive panel of U.S. Commuting Zones (1980-2016), deploying novel Shift-Share instruments to correct for reverse causality (of crime on the earnings distribution). Corroborating our hypothesis, we find that high Earnings plays a much larger role in driving crimes that yield financial gain to the offender (various forms of theft) than it does for crimes of emotional gain; while Poverty is a driving force equally across both types of crime. In each case, not accounting for reverse causality would underestimate both effects, often by more than double. The third and final chapter, "Novel Shift-Share Instruments and Their Applications," digs deeper into the topic of Shift-Share (Bartik) instruments, which are vital in both of the earlier chapters. Shift-Share instruments are among the most important tools for causal identification in economics. In this paper, I crystallize main ideas underlying Shift-Share instruments - their core structure, distinctive claim to validity as instruments, history, uses, and wealth of varieties. I argue that the essence of the Shift-Share approach is to decompose the endogenous explanatory variable into an accounting identity with multiple components; preserve that which is most exogenous in the accounting identity, and neutralize that which is most endogenous. Following this framework, I show clearly how several variants in the literature are related. I then develop formulas for several new variants. Particularly, I show how to develop Shift-Share instruments for distribution summaries beyond the mean - the variance, skew, absolute deviation around a central point, and Gini coefficient. As an empirical application that highlights the themes of the paper, I measure the effect of earnings inequality on rates of single parenting in the U.S., comparing results using each of various alternative instruments for the Gini coefficient. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2022. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Economics.

The aim is to assessment the development of employment and income. Assess the dynamics and differentiation of net cash income of the population by region and sector of the economy. Employment is one of the key areas of concern not only the Czech Republic, but all Member States of the European Union. Employment policy is intended to promote employment and is one of the major areas of social policy. The incomes of the population significantly affects living standards, competitiveness and hence aggregate demand. For surveys of household income to apply various methods. Income inequality can be measured in different ways. The most popular methods include the Gini coefficient and Lorenz curve. The household is most popular statistical unit whose income is observed.

O desenvolvimento da fruticultura no Nordeste brasileiro enfrentou alguns desafios e limites nos Ãltimos anos. Contudo, devido ao avanÃo de novas tecnologias e pesquisas, conseguiu avanÃar em alguns aspectos, tornando favorÃvel o crescimento da produÃÃo de determinadas culturas, as quais sÃo beneficiadas pela crescente demanda internacional de commodities e pelo preÃo atrativo, proporcionando renda e emprego para os exportadores, produtores e trabalhadores envolvidos na atividade. Diante disso, este estudo tem como objetivo fundamental analisar o comportamento e as principais fontes de avanÃo ou retraÃÃo das exportaÃÃes da castanha de caju e do melÃo na regiÃo Nordeste, por meio de variÃveis comumente conhecidas como influenciadoras para as exportaÃÃes desses produtos, as quais sÃo: preÃo do produto em moeda internacional, taxa de cÃmbio, Ãrea colhida, rendimento mÃdio da produÃÃo e quantidade produzida pelos concorrentes internacionais. As informaÃÃes utilizadas na pesquisa foram retiradas do Sistema AliceWeb do MinistÃrio do Desenvolvimento, IndÃstria e ComÃrcio Exterior (MDIC), da ProduÃÃo AgrÃcola Municipal do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e EstatÃstica (IBGE) e do IpeaData. Para avaliar esses fatores influenciadores fez-se uso da metodologia Shift Share, com o uso de sÃries temporais cobrindo o perÃodo compreendido entre 1997 e 2013. A metodologia utilizada no trabalho à inovadora neste tipo de anÃlise e consiste na decomposiÃÃo do valor das exportaÃÃes destas duas commodities nos efeitos tidos como definidores dos avanÃos ou retrocessos do valor das exportaÃÃes nordestinas dos dois produtos. Os resultados encontrados na pesquisa mostraram que a regiÃo Nordeste està perdendo competitividade em relaÃÃo aos seus principais concorrentes (Vietnà e Ãndia) na produÃÃo e exportaÃÃo de castanha de caju, tanto no que concerne à expansÃo de Ãrea colhida como, principalmente, de rendimento relativo, numa evidÃncia de que a produÃÃo nordestina de castanha de caju avanÃa em descompasso tecnolÃgico em relaÃÃo aos seus dois principais concorrentes no mercado internacional. Considerando a produÃÃo e exportaÃÃo de melÃo pela regiÃo, as evidÃncias encontradas na pesquisa sugerem avanÃos da participaÃÃo nordestina no mercado internacional de melÃo, demonstrando uma maior competitividade frente à produÃÃo deste item nos principais concorrentes internacionais, que sÃo Espanha, Guatemala e Estados Unidos da AmÃrica. / The development of fruit production in Northeast Brazil faced some challenges and limits in recent years. However, due to the advancement of new technologies and research, managed to advance in some respects, making favorable growth in production of certain crops, which are benefited by the growing international demand for commodities and the attractive price, providing income and employment for exporters, farmers and workers involved in the activity. Thus, this study is essential to analyze the behavior and the main sources of progress or decline in exports of cashew nuts and melon in the Northeast, through commonly known variables as influencers for exports of these products, which are: price of the product in international currency exchange rates, harvested area, average yield in production and the quantity produced by international competitors. The information used in the research were taken from AliceWeb the Ministry of Development System, Industry and Foreign Trade (MDIC), the Municipal Agricultural Production of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) and IpeaData. To evaluate these influencing factors was made using the Shift Share methodology, using time series covering the period 1997-2013. The methodology that is used in paper proposes innovative in this type of analysis and is the decomposition of the value of exports of both commodities in the effects that hypnotize be definers of progress or setbacks in the value of Northeastern exports of both products. The results in the survey show that the Northeast is losing competitiveness relative to its main competitors (Vietnam and India) in the production and export of cashew nuts, both as regards the expansion area harvested as mainly relative yields, an evidence that the Northeastern production of cashew nuts advances in technological gap in relation to its two main competitors in the international market. Considering the production and export of melon by region, the evidence found in the survey suggest advances Northeastern participation in international melon market, demonstrating greater competitiveness compared to the production of this item in the main international competitors are Spain, Guatemala and the United States of America.

Många mindre kommuner i Sverige minskar i befolkning. Detta är inte enbart en trend i Sverige utan det är en stor global trend. Gislaved som ligger i sydvästra Småland är en av alla kommuner som minskar i befolkning och som har drabbats av en allt högre arbetslöshet. Studiens mål är att hitta orsaken till hur och varför Gislaved minskar i befolkning. En annan del i studiens syfte är att hitta en lösning för hur kommunen kan förhindra den demografiska tillbakagången. Gislaved, som gränsar till nio kommuner, har i dagsläget problem att få ungdomar som flyttat från kommunen för studier och arbete att återvända. I jämförelse med grannkommunerna är Gislaved den kommun som har haft störst befolkningsminskning under 2000-talet. Detta beror på att Gislaved inte har tillräckligt många jobb att erbjuda och arbetslösheten stiger. Därmed tvingas kommunens invånare att flytta för att få en anställning i en annan kommun. Eftersom många mindre kommuner minskar i befolkning finns det flera olika strategier för hur den negativa trenden ska hindras. En strategi är tillväxtpolitik som fokuserar på tillväxt, befolkningsmässigt och ekonomiskt. Tillväxtpolitik bygger på att öka kommunens attraktivitet genom till exempel intressanta turistmål eller att kunna erbjuda jobb. En annan strategi är lokal anpassningspolitik som inte fokuserar på tillväxt utan handlar om att acceptera de nya förutsättningarna som en minskad befolkning innebär. Lokal anpassningspolitik används för att höja livskvaliteteten för de boende i kommunen genom till exempel samarbete med andra kommuner. För att analysera och granska arbetsmarknaden i Gislaveds kommun utfördes en shift-share-analys. Intervjuer med kommunalrådsordförande Niclas Palmgren (M), kommunalrådets viceordförande Margareta Lindgren (S) och Anders Ahlström, näringslivschef för Gislaved Näringsliv AB, har genomförts. Shift-share-analysen visade att Gislaved står sig starka gentemot resten av Sverige inom två arbetssektorer, Tillverknings- och utvinningsindustrin och Jordbruk, skogsbruk och fiske. Kommunen hade år 2010 jämfört med år 2001 9,8 % mindre anställda inom alla arbetssektorer, vilket motsvarar en minskning med 1563 anställda. I intervjuerna framkom det att den största anledningen till att kommunen minskar i befolkning beror på att de har svårt att locka tillbaka ungdomar som har flyttat från kommunen för arbete och studier på annan ort. Alla tre som intervjuades påpekade att iv bil- och järnvägarna hade en låg standard vilket de ansåg var ett problem för kommunen och dess företag eftersom det minskar möjligheterna för pendling. Goda möjligheter till pendling är viktigt för en kommun enligt tidigare studier. Av dessa anledningar bör kommunen satsa på lokal anpassningspolitik som leder till högre kvalitet i de kommunala verksamheterna för att medborgarna ska vara nöjda. De bör även satsa på att förbättra infrastrukturen som i längden kan generera fler jobb och en tillväxt, befolkningsmässigt och ekonomiskt.

This report explores the long-term demographic changes occurring near Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART) stations. The study area chosen to employ the shift share method consists of two segments of DART stations along the Red Line in Dallas, Texas. The downtown DART study area consists of census tracts surrounding light rail stations: Cedars, Convention Center, Union Station, West End, Akard, St. Paul, and Pearl, and the DART suburban study area consists of census tracts around the following stations: City Place, Mockingbird Station, Lovers Lane, Park Lane, Walnut Hill, Forest Lane, and LBJ/Central. Using the shift share method with demographic data obtained through the US Census Bureau from 1990 and 2005-2009 American Community Survey estimates, this analysis illustrates demographic changes over time as a result of light rail transit investments. The results indicate that demographic characteristics of residents have changed considerably since the introduction of light rail in Dallas. Although the growth trends in the DART neighborhoods are comparable to the growth trends of the city, the DART census tracts on average have experienced greater increases in population, attracted an influx of highly educated residents with higher household incomes, and experienced significant increases in high-density development surrounding transit stations. For the most part, growth has been stronger locally than on a citywide level, and these trends have occurred most noticeably in the downtown DART neighborhoods, where transit and financial measures have sparked a development boom in which total population and housing units have grown by the hundredth and even thousandth percentile. Additionally, these demographic changes create unintended consequences that affect people of varying socio-economic statuses. Although the shift of highly educated, wealthier individuals in neighborhoods creates a greater social mix among residents, lower-income residents of these transit neighborhoods quickly get priced out of their neighborhoods. / text

VIEIRA JÚNIOR, Nilson Machado. Análise regional do emprego nos estados do nordeste brasileiro - 1995-2003. 2006. 95f.: Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará. Mestrado Acadêmico em Economia Rural (MAER). Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Fortaleza-CE. 2006 / Submitted by Francisco Helder Macêdo Rangel (fhelder@ufc.br) on 2014-09-01T17:35:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_nmvjunior.pdf: 539201 bytes, checksum: 296e53ebfdd93bda7c23a9a7c6915ebd (MD5) / Rejected by Margareth Mesquita(margaret@ufc.br), reason: Corrigir a referência on 2014-09-02T14:24:06Z (GMT) / Submitted by Francisco Helder Macêdo Rangel (fhelder@ufc.br) on 2014-09-02T14:34:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_nmvjunior.pdf: 539201 bytes, checksum: 296e53ebfdd93bda7c23a9a7c6915ebd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Margareth Mesquita(margaret@ufc.br) on 2014-09-08T12:56:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_nmvjunior.pdf: 539201 bytes, checksum: 296e53ebfdd93bda7c23a9a7c6915ebd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-08T12:56:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_nmvjunior.pdf: 539201 bytes, checksum: 296e53ebfdd93bda7c23a9a7c6915ebd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / The economy of North-East Brazil has changed a lot in the last 30 years. Many studies have analysed the changes that have taken place in this Region, aiming to suggest some development policies for the Region. From a relative isolation and stagnation, North-East Brasil has showed a developing economy, specially in States such as Bahia, Pernambuco and Ceará. This research had as its goal to pinpoint the dynamic sectors of the Region. The basic variable used was the employed labor force throughout the economic sectors and some analysis measures of a sector and regional nature were also employed in this research, along with the shift-share method. The considered employed labor force was from 10 years old and up, and it was divided into economic sectors. The employed labor force considered was those people who were working all or a part of the range time (the week in reference or the reference period of 365 days or less than 4 years). The sectors analysed in this research were: the Agriculture; Industry; Building; Trade and repair; Public Administration, education and health; Household services and Other activities. Some of these sectors turned up to be dynamic and/or showed specific location advantages, which may point to the fact that these sectors can respond positively to a bigger development process, if public policies are taken correctly. / A economia do Nordeste tem se diversificado ao longo dos últimos 30 anos. Vários estudos têm procurado analisar as transformações pelas quais passou a economia desta Região, visando apontar diagnósticos e/ou políticas de desenvolvimento para a mesma. De um relativo isolamento regional e letargia, o Nordeste tem apresentado um certo desenvolvimento de sua economia, principalmente em Estados com Bahia, Pernambuco e Ceará. Este estudo procurou identificar os setores dinâmicos da economia da Região, tendo como variável-base a mão-de-obra ocupada nos seus diversos setores e utilizando-se de medidas de análise de natureza regional e setorial juntamente com o método Estrutural-Diferencial, ou shift-share. A mão-de-obra ocupada considerada foi a de 10 anos ou mais de idade, a qual foi decomposta por setores de atividade. São classificadas como ocupadas no período de referência especificado (semana de referência ou período de referência de 365 dias ou de menos de 4 anos) as pessoas que tinham trabalho durante todo ou parte desse período. Os setores considerados no presente estudo foram o Agrícola; Industria; Construção; Comércio e reparação; Administração pública, educação e saúde; Serviços domésticos e outras atividades. Alguns desses setores mostraram-se dinâmicos e/ou apresentando vantagens locacionais específicos, o que sugere que tais setores podem responder positivamente a um processo maior de desenvolvimento, se adotadas políticas públicas nesse sentido.