published_or_final_version / abstract / Physiology / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

關於本論文的章節安排。在論証次序上，由於上面的論証已經提示蒙太奇對班雅明的重要意義，所以下一章開始，首先對於電影與感官模式加以申述，也就是電影蒙太奇與變化了的感官模式中有所對應的部份——震驚體驗兩者間如何能聯繫起來。而蒙太奇與震驚體驗之間的關聯性又在於不連續性。而經由這一個特性，可以作為中介，讓我們把班雅明的時代與波特萊爾的時代聯繫起來看。所以波特萊爾詩作裡、以及其創造性過程中的經驗二重性：Erfahrung與Erlebnis之間的糾葛也一一浮現。這樣就完整呈現出班雅明是如何論証波特萊爾的作品、以及創作過程裡經驗概念的Erfahrung與Erlebnis之二重性。

The heat shock response is a highly conserved genetic mechanism which is induced by a wide range of environmental stimuli. Although intensively studied in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, no regulatory mechanism has been identified by which the environmental stimuli affect expression of the heat shock genes. In addition, although many inducers of the heat shock response are known to cause DNA damage, the role of heat shock in repair of DNA damage remains unclear. Mutants of Escherichia coli defective in the recA, uvrA, and xthA genes are more sensitive to heat than wild type. However, these mutants are able to develop thermotolerance, suggesting that thermotolerance is an inducible response capable of repairing heat-induced DNA damage independent of recA, uvrA, and xthA. Thermotolerance itself is shown to depend on the dnaK gene, directly linking the E. coli heat shock response to thermotolerance. In addition, the dnaK mutant is sensitive to heat and H₂O₂, but not to UV suggesting that the DnaK protein may function to protect cells from the specific DNA damage caused by heat and H₂O₂. An E. coli grpE mutant was found to be substantially more resistant to 50°C heat treatment than wild type. However, grpE⁻ cells have the same H₂O₂ and UV sensitivity as wild type. This implies that the conditions, for which a grpE mutation is beneficial, are unique to heat exposure and are not caused by H₂O₂ or UV exposure. Furthermore, heat shock protein synthesis occurs sooner in the grpE mutant than in wild type, indicating that the grpE gene product of E. coli may act as a negative regulator of the heat shock response. An adenyl cyclase deletion mutant of E. coli (cya) failed to exhibit a heat shock response even after 30 min. at 42°C. Furthermore, a presumptive cyclic AMP receptor protein (CRP) binding site exists within the promoter region of the E. coli htpR gene. Together, these results suggest that the cya gene may regulate the heat shock response, through cyclic AMP, by directly affecting the level of expression of the heat shock sigma factor.

Exposure of cells to environmental or chemical stressors will initiate the heat shock response, which is mediated by heat shock proteins. Heat shock proteins are molecular chaperones which are classified by size into six main families: HSP100, HSP90, HSP70, HSP60, HSP40 and the small heat shock proteins (sHsps). The sHsp family members bind to denatured proteins and maintain them in a folding competent state such that they may be refolded by other molecular chaperones. <br /><br /> The present study examined the expression and function of two amphibian sHsps, namely, <em>Rana catesbeiana</em> HSP30 and <em>Xenopus laevis</em> HSP27. Initially, an antisense riboprobe was produced to study the mRNA accumulation of <em>Rana hsp30</em> in cultured tongue fibroblast (FT) cells. Results showed that <em>Rana hsp30</em> mRNA was optimally induced when maintained at 35&deg;C for 2 h. An antibody to the recombinant <em>Rana</em> HSP30 protein was also produced in order to study HSP30 protein accumulation in <em>Rana</em> FT cells. Analysis showed that <em>Rana</em> HSP30 was heat-inducible and accumulated maximally at 4 h when maintained at 35&deg;C and then allowed to recover at 22&deg;C for 2 h. Immunocytochemical analysis indicated that <em>Rana</em> HSP30 protein was present primarily in the nucleus, with diffuse localization in the cytoplasm. Additional immunocytochemical analysis showed that <em>Rana</em> HSP30 remained in the nucleus following heat stress and extended periods of recovery. <br /><br /> The molecular chaperone function of <em>Rana</em> HSP30 was also studied. Recombinant <em>Rana</em> HSP30 was found to inhibit the heat induced aggregation of various target proteins including citrate synthase, luciferase and malate dehydrogenase. Also, no major difference was detected between <em>Rana</em> HSP30 and <em>Xenopus</em> HSP30C in the inhibition of heat-induced aggregation of target proteins. <br /><br /> This study also examined the expression and function of <em>Xenopus laevis</em> HSP27. Analysis of the putative amino acid sequence of the <em>Xenopus hsp27</em> cDNA revealed that it had an identity of 71% with chicken, 65% with zebrafish, 63% with human and 53% with topminnow. Most of the identity was located within the &alpha;-crystallin domain of the protein. Interestingly, <em>Xenopus</em> HSP27 shared only a 19% identity with 2 other <em>Xenopus</em> sHsps, HSP30C and HSP30D. <br /><br /> Western blot analysis using an anti-<em>Xenopus</em> HSP27 antibody revealed that HSP27 was not detectable in cultured kidney epithelial cells. However, examination of early <em>Xenopus</em> embryos revealed that HSP27 was first detected in tadpole embryos (stage 44). Heat-inducible HSP27 was also first detected at this stage. The accumulation pattern of <em>Xenopus</em> HSP27 protein was distinct from <em>Xenopus</em> HSP30, which was heat-inducible at midtailbud stage 26, approximately two and a half days earlier in development. <br /><br /> Analysis of recombinant HSP27 by native pore exclusion limit electrophoresis showed that it formed high molecular weight, multimeric complexes. The molecular chaperone function of HSP27 was assessed by means of thermal aggregation assays employing citrate synthase, luciferase and malate dehydrogenase. <em>Xenopus</em> HSP27 inhibited the heat-induced aggregation of all of these target proteins. This study has revealed that <em>Xenopus</em> HSP27 is a member of the HSP27 subfamily of small heat shock proteins in <em>Xenopus</em> and distinct from the HSP30 family. The accumulation of HSP27 under constitutive and stress-inducible conditions is developmentally regulated. Finally, this sHsp appears to function as a molecular chaperone.

This project is for Rinker Center for International Programs at Ball State University to provide useful information to international and American students. The project consists of ten video interviews with the director of Rinker Center for International Programs and nine international students presenting Ghana, France, Germany, Mexico, Brazil, Japan, China, Taiwan, and Turkey. Each interviewee provides cultural differences between American culture and their cultures. In addition, the interviewees tell their personal solutions for coping with cultural difficulties based on their experiences in the United States or different cultures. The director was given three questions and the nine international students were asked ten questions.Each video interview is categorized under country menus and question menus designed with Adobe Macromedia Flash 8 to be navigated by clicking each menu button on a computer. / Department of Telecommunications

<p>The successful, efficient, and safe turbine design requires a thorough understanding of the underlying physical phenomena. This research investigates the physical understanding and parameters highly correlated to flutter, an aeroelastic instability prevalent among low pressure turbine (LPT) blades in both aircraft engines and power turbines. The modern way of determining whether a certain cascade of LPT blades is susceptible to flutter is through time-expensive computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes. These codes converge to solution satisfying the Eulerian conservation equations subject to the boundary conditions of a nodal domain consisting fluid and solid wall particles. Most detailed CFD codes are accompanied by cryptic turbulence models, meticulous grid constructions, and elegant boundary condition enforcements all with one goal in mind: determine the sign (and therefore stability) of the aerodynamic damping. The main question being asked by the aeroelastician, ``is it positive or negative?'' This type of thought-process eventually gives rise to a black-box effect, leaving physical understanding behind. Therefore, the first part of this research aims to understand and reveal the physics behind LPT flutter in addition to several related topics including acoustic resonance effects. A percentage of this initial numerical investigation is completed using an influence coefficient approach to study the variation the work-per-cycle contributions of neighboring cascade blades to a reference airfoil. The second part of this research introduces new discoveries regarding the relationship between steady aerodynamic loading and negative aerodynamic damping. Using validated CFD codes as computational wind tunnels, a multitude of low-pressure turbine flutter parameters, such as reduced frequency, mode shape, and interblade phase angle, will be scrutinized across various airfoil geometries and steady operating conditions to reach new design guidelines regarding the influence of steady aerodynamic loading and LPT flutter. Many pressing topics influencing LPT flutter including shocks, their nonlinearity, and three-dimensionality are also addressed along the way. The work is concluded by introducing a useful preliminary design tool that can estimate within seconds the entire aerodynamic damping versus nodal diameter curve for a given three-dimensional cascade.</p> / Dissertation

A systematic investigation is presented into the microstructural and micromechanical influences on ductile damage nucleation with an emphasis on grain boundaries in polycrystals. Microstructures obtained from experiments on copper polycrystals are characterized using Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) and near-field High-Energy Diffraction Microscopy (nf-HEDM) and the occurrence of damage is compared with micromechanical values obtained using an elasto-viscoplastic model based on the Fast- Fourier Transform (EVPFFT). The model produces full-field solutions for the stress and strain in voxelized polycrystalline microstructures. In order to resolve the fields onto interfaces, local Cartesian moments of the polycrystalline grain structure are used to extract the normals of grain boundaries and the tangents of triple junctions directly from the voxelized microstructure. Thus projecting the stress yields a parameter with potential significance, i.e. the grain boundary surface tractions. We identify “traction hotspots”, i.e. regions with tractions that are significantly above the mean, for the case of uniaxial tension. These show correlations with the angle between the grain boundary normal and the loading axis, a trend that some experiments also show when boundaries that nucleated voids are analyzed using EBSD, though differences present between the simulation and experiment hint that further criteria are needed. Nf-HEDM was used to record microstructure images of a polycrystalline sample before and after it undergoes damage. The damage locations in the post-shocked image are mapped onto the pre-shocked image, allowing stress and strain values from the EVPFFT model in the regions that eventually nucleated damage to be correlated with the locations of the void. The unexpected result was that differences in plastic work across boundaries correlated with voids, whereas vi quantities such as triaxiality and normal forces across boundaries did not.

Trotz enormer Fortschritte in der Therapie, bleibt der kardiogene Schock die führende Todesursache im akuten Myokardinfarkt. Die pathophysiologischen Veränderungen umfassen dabei unter anderem Störungen der Mikrozirkulation, endotheliale Dysfunktion mit vaskulärer Leckage, sowie vermehrte Thrombozyten- und Leukozytenadhäsion an die Gefäßwand. Die endotheliale Glykokalyx wurde als zentraler Regulator dieser Prozesse identifiziert. Das Glykosaminoglykan Heparansulfat repräsentiert dabei den Hauptbestandteil der Endothelzelloberfläche und Syndecan-1 das am weitesten verbreitete Proteoglykan. Diesbezüglich konnte in Studien eine Assoziation zwischen Schädigung der endothelialen Glykokalyx und den zirkulierenden Membranbestandteilen im Patientenblut beobachtet werden. Ziel der Arbeit war die Analyse der Glykokalyxmarker bei 184 Patienten mit Infarkt-assoziiertem kardiogenen Schock. In den Serumproben zum Zeitpunkt der Aufnahme und nach einem Tag wurde mittels ELISA die Konzentration von Heparansulfat und Syndecan-1 bestimmt. Dabei zeigte sich ein signifikanter Konzentrationsabfall von Syndecan-1 innerhalb des Analysezeitraums. Des Weiteren hatten die Überlebenden an beiden Tagen signifikant niedrigere Syndecan-1-Serumwerte. Durch eine schrittweise Multiregressionsanalyse wurde Syndecan-1 bei Patienten mit akutem Myokardinfarkt und assoziiertem kardiogenen Schock als unabhängiger Prädiktor der 30-Tage- Mortalität identifiziert.

This thesis is a narrative inquiry of 10 international students from Nigeria studying in selected UK universities. The thesis draws from emerging discourse on international student’s overseas experiences and extends this knowledge by analysing these experiences from the framework of trauma, individuation, spiritual emergency and the African initiation process, in an attempt to gain an in depth knowledge of Nigerian students’ experiences of studying abroad in the current period. The previous understanding of international students’ experiences from culture shock framework does not account for how their difficult experiences affect their psychological, emotional, physical, social and spiritual wellbeing, so this thesis have reconceptualised these problems and explained them in more depth using the trauma framework and contributed to knowledge in this area. It is an exploratory qualitative study and data for the study was gathered through narrative interviewing. The narrative or story telling method applied in this study enabled the researcher to capture how the participants construct meaning to their lived experiences. The narrative inquiry is chosen because it gives voice to silenced group of people like the Nigerian students whose experiences are not heard. Narratives gathered were textually analysed to evidence the narrators’ unique individual experiences. Findings revealed that the participants had experiences that coincided with trauma experiences such as feeling of helplessness, disorganization, confusion, depression, sleeplessness and disorientation, lack of concentration and supressed emotion as they lived and studied in UK. The thesis concluded from the findings of the study that there is resemblance of trauma experiences in the participants’ stories. The study recommends that support was necessary when they are in UK, while adequate information should be provided before the students sojourn to the UK since most of their difficulties were as a result of failed expectations from their preconceptions about studying in the UK before they arrived.

El presente trabajo de investigación fue planteado tomando en cuenta que se dispone de limitada información respecto a las alteraciones ácido base en pacientes ingresados en unidades de trauma shock que son pacientes con alto riesgo de mortalidad debido a descompensación de su salud que lo lleva a inestabilidad de diversos sistemas como el cardiovascular, respiratorio, nervioso entre otros. Existe limitada información respecto a que alteraciones ácido base y en que nivel de alteración puede conllevar a mayor mortalidad en estos pacientes; es por ello que se plantea el presente trabajo teniendo como problema el siguiente. El 54.4% de pacientes fueron de sexo masculino y el restante 45.6% fueron de sexo femenino. Las edades fueron muy dispersas teniendo pacientes entre los 15 y 94 años de edad, siendo el promedio de edad de 64 años y la mayoría pacientes mayores de 50 años lo que se asocio a mortalidad con un riesgo relativo de muerte de 4.5 con respecto a los menores de 50 años. La alteración gasométrica mas frecuente fue la mixta correspondiendo a la acidosis metabólica con acidosis respiratoria en 25.6% del total de pacientes. La presencia de un ph alterado se vio en 72.5% del total de casos siendo únicamente el 27.5% gasometrías con ph normal; la acidosis de diversos tipos se presento en 75% de gasometrías alteradas (excluyendo las de ph normal) como trastorno mas frecuente frente a la alcalosis que se presento en 25% de gasometrías alteradas. la acidosis metabólica con acidosis respiratoria fue el trastorno metabólico acido base mas frecuente presentado en los pacientes fallecidos (38% de fallecidos). / --- The present investigation work was outlined taking into account that has limited information regarding the alterations acid bases on patients entered in units of trauma shock that are patient with high risk of mortality due to life threatening condition of its health that takes it to uncertainty of diverse systems like the cardiovascular, breathing, nervous among others. Limited information exists regarding that alterations acid base and in that alteration level can bear to more mortality in these patients; it is for it that thinks about the present work having as problem the following one. Conclusions: 54.4% of patients was of masculine sex and the remaining 45.6% they were of female sex. The ages were very dispersed having patients between the 15 and 94 years of age, being the average of 64 year-old age and most patient bigger than 50 years what you associates to mortality with a relative risk of death of 4.5 with regard to those smaller than 50 years. The gasometry alteration but it frequents was mixed went corresponding to the metabolic acidosis with breathing acidosis in 25.6% of the total of patient. The presence of an altered ph was seen in 72.5% of the total of cases being only 27.5% gasometrys with normal ph; the acidosis of diverse types you presents in 75% of altered gasometrys (excluding those of normal ph) like dysfunction but it frequents in front of the alcalosis that you presents in 25% of altered gasometrys. the metabolic acidosis with breathing acidosis was the dysfunction metabolic acid it bases but it frequents presented in the patients died (38% of deceaseds). bigger risk of death.