Background and purpose: Tuberculosis (TB) is one kind of chronic infectious disease which caused by the mycobacterium tuberculosis, and still widely exists in the world. In Taiwan, there are approximately 15,000 new tuberculosis patients and 1,300 died annually. The incidence and mortality rate rank the number one among the legal reported disease in Taiwan. Therefore, how to prevent and control the tuberculosis becomes a crucial policy for Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in Taiwan. Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course (DOTS) is a TB control program implemented in many countries aggressively by the World Health Organization (WHO) since 1993. The implementation method is that patients are supervised by well-trained health care staff while medication is administered, to assure the clients taking each dose of medicine. This policy is intended to cure the patient in time, cutting off the infectious sources, prevent the efficacy of anti-tuberculosis drugs and cease the emerging of multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB) . For the long-term planning and the target of ¡§Halve the TB over the next ten years,¡¨ the CDC of Taiwan has been enforced the DOTS program since April 1st, 2006. The rate implementing DOTS in smear- positive case has been exceeded 90%. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of DOTS policy on the outcomes of Tuberculosis before and after the DOTS policy implementation. Methods: The secondary databases from the study hospital were retrieved. The data included 24 months before and after the DOTS implementing (April 1st, 2006). We investigated if there¡¦s significant improvement in treating tuberculosis after the DOTS. Both descriptive and Chi-square tests were used to depict the study sample and to examine the correlation between treatment outcome and DOTS, respectively. Results: There is no difference on treatment outcome between male and female. Male had higher cavity formation on the chest x-ray. There¡¦s more easy treatment completion when the clients were younger than 65 years old. No cavity on the chest x-ray was statistically associated with negative acid fast stain. The chest x-ray showed cavity was related to higher completion rate of treatment. There¡¦s no correlation between the acid fast stain and treatment completion. There¡¦s no significant difference on treatment outcome after the DOTS implementing. Conclusions: There¡¦s no difference in treatment result between the ¡§DOTS¡¨ and ¡§without DOTS¡¨ group after April 2006. The reason we deliberate that may be the study hospital is located at the urban area, which is high prevalence area in tuberculosis and thus have been under control for years. The completion rate in tuberculosis treatment is already high enough. No wonder there¡¦s no such difference. Anyway, we can not ignore the policy of the DOTS, we must keep cooperation with this policy, make great efforts on tuberculosis prevention and control in Taiwan.

Magister Public Health - MPH / Tuberculosis (TB) is a major health problem worldwide, with an estimated 9 million new cases accounting for an estimated 1.5 million deaths in 2012. Non-compliance with TB treatment has become a major barrier to achieving global TB control targets. Namibia is one of the worst affected countries in Africa with a high case notification rate (CNR) of all forms of TB and relatively low treatment success rate compared to the WHO targets. The study aimed at investigating TB treatment compliance and measuring its association to patient characteristics and treatment outcomes, in determining the effects of compliance on treatment outcomes in Windhoek District. This information is crucial for TB programme management and development of targeted strategies. A quantitative observational analytic study using a retrospective cohort design was adopted. New adult Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) patients treated under DOTS in Windhoek District between 1st January 2013 and 31st December 2013 were included in the study based on specified criteria. Data was collected from the patients TB treatment cards using an extraction tool. Selection and information bias was eliminated by using clearly defined inclusion and exclusion criteria using a pre-tested standardised tool. Statistical analysis using descriptive and analytic statistics was done using Epi Info 7 to determine compliance, treatment outcomes and to measure the associations. Overall treatment compliance (89%), initial phase compliance (97.2%) and continuation phase compliance (88.1%) were reported in the study. Age (OR=4.3 95% CI (1.72 – 9.90), p-value=<0.01) and type of area (OR=0.02 95% CI (1.00 – 1.13), p-value=0.05) were associated with compliance in the continuation phase. Overall, type of area (OR=0.03 95% CI (0.00 – 0.91), p-value=0.04) remains associated with treatment compliance. Treatment success is reported among 86.1% of patients. Poor treatment outcomes are associated with non-compliance in the initial phase ( =49.98, p-value=<0.01), continuation phase ( =98.81, p-value=<0.01) and overall ( =110.02, p-value=<0.01). Overall treatment compliance (89%) although higher than expected was lower than the WHO recommended 90% compliance. Very high compliance (97.2%) were reported in the initial phase of treatment whilst compliance was also lower than desired (88.1%) in the continuation phase. Non-compliance recorded in the continuation phase is in agreement with the literature. Age and type of area are associated with compliance as reported in the continuation phase and overall in this study is new contribution of knowledge. The findings suggest that treatment compliance is associated with treatment success in both phases of treatment and overall. Low compliance especially in the continuation phase could lead to poor treatment outcomes such as prolonged infections, relapse, high TB mortality and drug resistance leading to increased programme costs. The study concludes that non-compliance results in poor treatment outcomes highlighting the need for interventions that address compliance in all phases but specifically within the continuation phase and amongst those at risk of having reduced compliance such as those in rural areas and young adult patients aged (15 – 34 years). Recommendations to the District Management Team and TB Programme Managers include: identification of measures that promote treatment compliance; support and monitoring of TB patients’ compliance continuously; strengthening CB-DOT by increasing CB-DOT points and enhancing CB-DOT supporters’ capacity as well as strengthening record keeping as a monitoring tool to increase compliance and improve treatment outcomes.

Tuberculosis is one of the worlds? deadliest infectious diseases, and is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality especially in poor countries. In Zambia, Tuberculosis remains a major health problem and is among the top ten causes of morbidity and mortality. Tuberculosis notifications have increased 5- fold in the last 20 years, mainly due to HIV/AIDS, it is estimated that approximately 70 % of all detected tuberculosis cases are also co-infected with HIV. The interaction of tuberculosis with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has complicated and made difficult the Tuberculosis control program. Tuberculosis has become the leading cause of death among people living with HIV/AIDS. The management of tuberculosis in Zambia is faced with many challenges, such as lack of compliance to treatment by patients, poverty as well as lack of adequate finance for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up care. The main aim of my thesis was monitoring the problem of tuberculosis in Zambia, other accompanying aims were to find out how well informed the Zambian population is, about tuberculosis, monitor the diagnostic procedure for tuberculosis, analyse the tuberculosis treatment regime and lastly to analyse the preventive measures that have been implemented and how effective they have been. In this thesis, both qualitative and quantitative types of research were used. With the qualitative research, secondary analysis of data was used. Data from different sources of information like books, publications and research findings of various surveys and researches that were done not only by the Zambian Ministry of Health but also by other organizations was used. With the quantitative research, a questionnaire was formulated whose main aim was to find out about how well informed the Zambian people are about tuberculosis. This was done only in the capital city of Zambia which is Lusaka, and the number of respondents was 100. From the results obtained, the tuberculosis burden in Zambia still remains high and tuberculosis continues to be a serious public health problem. The implementation of the various preventive measures, though still facing difficulties, has however yielded positive results. There have been improvements in the treatment success rates from 77 % in the year 2000 to the current 86 %, the incidence rate per 100 000 population has also reduced from 504 in the year 2000 to the current 365 per 100 000 population. This reduction in incidence rates can be attributed to the preventive measures like the expansion of directly observed therapy treatment ? shortcourse (DOTS)strategy to all the districts in the country, the strengthening of the National Tuberculosis Control program and many others. This work can be used as a source of reference for future research in relation to the topic of tuberculosis in Zambia.

Magister Public Health - MPH / Background: The incidence of tuberculosis in South Africa last measured at 834 in 2015 as reported by the World Bank. Out of these cases, only 54% cured and 13% of patients stop taking treatment. In Pretoria, Gauteng, comprehensive TB services are available in 87% of clinics and all these clinics offer the Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS) programme and help to diagnose TB and trace contacts. However, the average Pretoria district DOTS coverage has decreased from 88.8% to 84.7% in the last few years. The health district's cure rate as at 2012 is 61%, and its average rate of successful treatment of all new smear positive cases is 66% since 2005. Certain factors that determine patients' adherence towards TB treatment have been identified to include demographic, psychosocial and health system related factors. However, the WHO identified factors responsible for or predisposing patients to discontinue the DOTS programme have not been investigated in the study setting. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the determinants of adherence to DOTS therapy amongst TB patients who commenced TB treatment at the TB clinic of a district hospital during April – June 2014. Methodology: A quantitative study was conducted using a descriptive cross-sectional design. An inclusive sample was drawn from adults in the DOTS programme receiving first line treatment during the 6-month period prior to commencement of the research. The calculated sample size was 234 individuals. The data collection tools included a questionnaire, 2-day recall and 30-day recall instruments and pill counts. Data were analysed using EPI info version 7 which included descriptive statistics to measure level of adherence. Associations between identified factors and adherence to TB treatment were also determined. Results: The final sample size was 80 participants of which 76% were male. The mean composite adherence rate was found to be 94% while the proportion of the patients who achieved adherence of 95% and above was 75%. Identified barriers to adherence include forgetfulness, lack of transport fare on clinic appointment days, patients not feeling well and so were not strong enough to attend clinic appointments. On the other hand, the role of treatment supporters and counseling were found to have a positive impact on adherence to DOT in this setting. The use of reminders such as cell phones and alarm-radios were also identified as facilitators to adherence. Patients' knowledge of consequences for not taking medications as prescribed, which is closely linked with counseling, was found to be significantly associated with adherence in this study. Education status of participants was found to be significantly associated with adherence to DOTS (p = 0.01), when considering the pharmacy refill pill count as the adherence measure. Significant association was found between DOTS treatment regimens and 30-day recall adherence measures (p = 0.002). Significant association was also found for medication side effects and the adherence measures of 2-day recall, 30-day recall and pill count with p = 0.04; p = 0.03; p = 0.05 respectively There were significant associations between age and adherence with two of the adherence measures (30-day recall and pill count) at p = 0.002 and p = 0.003 level of significance respectively. Significant association was observed between duration of DOTS treatment when dichotomised using the mean treatment period (17 weeks) as the cut-off point and any of the adherence measures. Conclusion: The factors identified in this study can be classified into patient related factors, economic factors, social factors and health care workers and health system related factors. Furthermore, the factors at these different levels impact on one another and their improvements need to be made at all these levels to address the challenges facing TB patients to achieve optimal treatment adherence. This study is the first study of its kind in the study location and the findings have provided useful baseline data on the adherence rates and some insights into the major factors that affect adherence among patients on DOTS at a Pretoria West District Hospital. However further qualitative and quantitative studies are required to explore the factors influencing adherence further.

Η φυματίωση είναι λοιμώδης νόσος μεταδιδόμενη αερογενώς και προκαλούμενη από βακτήρια τα οποία ανήκουν στην ομάδα των Μυκοβακτηριδίων και ιδιαίτερα στο σύμπλοκο της φυματιώσεως (Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex). Τα τελευταία χρόνια αποτελεί ένα επιδεινούμενο πρόβλημα δημόσιας υγείας ανά την υφήλιο, με επίπτωση παγκοσμίως για το 2007 139/100.000 πληθυσμό, ενώ για την Ευρώπη 54/100.000 και για την Ελλάδα 5,9/100.000 πληθυσμό. Η σωστή καταγραφή των κρουσμάτων, συμβάλλει στην πραγματική αποτύπωση του μεγέθους του προβλήματος και των χαρακτηριστικών της νόσου και θα οδηγήσει σε αποτελεσματικές θεραπευτικές παρεμβάσεις, ώστε να επιτευχθούν και στη χώρα μας οι στόχοι που έχει θέσει η ΠΟΥ, δηλαδή ο περιορισμός κατά το ήμισυ της νοσηρότητας και των θανάτων από φυματίωση έως το 1015, συγκριτικά με το 1990 και η εκρίζωση της νόσου έως το 2050. Στην παρούσα μελέτη έγιναν αρχικά δύο επιδημιολογικές έρευνες που αφορούσαν: α) την επιδημιολογία της φυματίωσης στη Δυτική Ελλάδα και την αξιολόγηση της πληρότητας των υποχρεωτικών δηλώσεων (2000-2003) καθώς και β) την εκτίμηση του δείκτη διαμόλυνσης σε μαθητικό πληθυσμό του Νομού Ηλείας (1994-2000). Σκοπός μας ήταν να περιγραφεί και να αναλυθεί η επιδημιολογία της φυματίωσης στη Δυτική Ελλάδα (Νομοί Ηλείας, Αχαΐας, Αιτωλοακαρνανίας), ώστε να εξετασθεί η επάρκεια ολόκληρου του συστήματος επιτήρησης και ελέγχου για τη δηλωτέα αυτή νόσο στο ΚΕΕΛΠΝΟ, καθώς και να αξιολογηθεί η εξέλιξη του δείκτη διαμόλυνσης της φυματίωσης στο νομό Ηλείας, στα πλαίσια πρόληψης της νόσου. Για τον λόγο αυτό, χρησιμοποιήθηκαν επίσημα στοιχεία από την ΠΟΥ, το ΚΕΕΛΠΝΟ, τις Νομαρχιακές αυτοδιοικήσεις, αλλά και αρχεία των νοσοκομείων ENΝΘΔΕ, του ΠΓΝ Πατρών, καθώς και του Κέντρου Υγείας Γαστούνης. Εν συνεχεία, μελετήθηκε η εφαρμογή της Άμεσα Επιτηρούμενης Θεραπείας (DOTS) σε 13 νεοδιαγνωσθέντες ασθενείς με φυματίωση, συγκριτικά με την έκβαση 41 πρώην διαγνωσθέντων ασθενών (μάρτυρες) χωρίς ΑΕΘ, αλλά με την έως τώρα συντηρητική αντιμετώπιση, όλοι κάτοικοι του Νομού Ηλείας. Για την ολοκλήρωση της μελέτης υπήρξε συνεργασία του Πνευμονολογικού Ιατρείου του Γ.Ν. Πύργου με τον ειδικά εκπαιδευμένο Γενικό/Οικογενειακό Ιατρό, ο οποίος πραγματοποιούσε τις κατ΄ οίκον επισκέψεις και προσωπικές συνεντεύξεις στους νέους ασθενείς, στους μάρτυρες αλλά και στα μέλη των οικογένειών τους. Για την στατιστική ανάλυση των αποτελεσμάτων μας, χρησιμοποιήθηκε το πρόγραμμα SPSS (11,0 – 15,0). Από επιδημιολογικές μελέτες προκύπτει ότι οι χώρες της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης παρουσιάζουν μια σταθερή μείωση του μέσου όρου επίπτωσης της φυματίωσης το διάστημα 1986-2006, με την Ελλάδα να έχει τις μικρότερες τιμές (4,7/100.000 το 2001 και 6/100.000 το 2007). Με βάση όμως «ενδεικτικές» επιδημιολογικές μελέτες-έρευνες της φυματίωσης στον Ελλαδικό χώρο σε αντίστοιχα διαστήματα, προκύπτει διακύμανση της επίπτωσης από 16 – 73/100.000. Αναφορικά με την έρευνά μας στη Δυτική Ελλάδα, η μέση ετήσια επίπτωση βρέθηκε να είναι 5,4 ανά 100.000 άτομα (4 Αχαΐα, 6 Αιτωλοακαρνανία, 7,2 Ηλεία), ενώ τα επίσημα στοιχεία από το ΚΕΕΛΠΝΟ παρουσιάζουν μόνο 3,8 κρούσματα ανά 100.000 πληθυσμό. Στην μελέτη μυκοβακτηριδιακής διαμόλυνσης για τον μαθητικό πληθυσμό του νομού Ηλείας, συγκρίνοντας τις δύο τριετίες 1994-1996 και 1998-2000, ο Μ.Ο. εξάπλωσης του ΔΜΔ για τους μαθητές του Δημοτικού μειώθηκε από 0,7% σε 0,16%, ενώ στους μαθητές του Γυμνασίου παρατηρήθηκε μια μικρή πτώση, από 2,51% σε 2,41%. Σε επίπεδο γειτονικών νομών (αλλά και αναπτυγμένων χωρών), ο μέσος φυματινικός δείκτης είναι <1%, ενώ ως εκρίζωση κατά την Π.Ο.Υ. νοείται ο περιορισμός του Δ.Δ.<0,1%. Με βάση τις διεθνείς οδηγίες, η θεραπευτική αντιφυματική αγωγή αποτελείται από INH, RIF, PZA και EMB για 2 μήνες και για τους επόμενους 4 μήνες χορηγούνται μόνο INH και RIF. Κατόπιν αξιολόγησης των αποτελεσμάτων της προοπτικής μας μελέτης υπό το πρόγραμμα DOTS, προκύπτει ότι τα ποσοστά επιτυχούς θεραπείας ήταν 84,6% (προσεγγίζοντας το κατώτερο 85% που έχει θέσει ο WHO), εκ των οποίων 69,2% είχαν αρνητικά πτύελα στο τέλος της θεραπείας και 15,4% ολοκλήρωσαν την θεραπεία χωρίς μικροβιολογική εξέταση πτυέλων (2 αθίγγανοι που δε συνεργάστηκαν). Αξίζει να σημειωθεί, ότι ένας ασθενής απεβίωσε και ένας εξαφανίστηκε, λόγω αλλαγής πόλης στην οποία εργαζόταν. Αντίθετα, για τους μάρτυρες μόνο το 75,6% επιβεβαιώνουν αποτελεσματικότητα της θεραπείας, το 49% έλαβε 9μηνη αντιφυματική αγωγή και το 36% 12μηνη. Η σημαντικότητα της κατ’ οίκον επιτηρούμενης θεραπείας, πέραν της επιτυχούς θεραπείας των ασθενών, παρουσιάζει οφέλη και για τα μέλη. Πριν την κατ’ οίκον επίσκεψη δεν είχε γίνει η διενέργεια Mantoux στο 43,3%, από τα μέλη των ασθενών, στους οποίους και έγινε κατά την επίσκεψη στις οικίες τους από το Γενικό Ιατρό. Αντίθετα, το ήμισυ από τα μέλη των οικογενειών των μαρτύρων, κατά την διάγνωση του ασθενούς τους, δεν προσήλθαν στο νοσοκομείο για διενέργεια Mantoux. Μετά τις επισκέψεις στις οικίες από τον Γενικό Ιατρό, τηρήθηκε απόλυτα η εφαρμογή των μέτρων πρόληψης και συνθηκών διαβίωσης (αερισμός, φωτεινότητα, καθαριότητα, συγχρωτισμός, κ.τ.λ.) στα μέλη των ασθενών. Στα δε μέλη των μαρτύρων ούτε εκεί εφαρμόζονταν σωστά (92,3%) μέτρα πρόληψης – προφύλαξης και αυτό συνέβη καθ’ όλη την διάρκεια θεραπείας του ασθενούς. Σχετικά με τη νοσηρότητα των μελών, από τους 30 συγγενείς – μέλη των ασθενών, οι 4 (13,3%) χρειάστηκαν χημειοπροφύλαξη, ενώ από τους 111 συγγενείς – μέλη των μαρτύρων, οι 14 (12,6%) χρειάστηκαν χημειοπροφύλαξη και οι 7 (6,3%) νόσησαν και έλαβαν θεραπεία. Συμπερασματικά, η σωστή αντιμετώπιση του προβλήματος δεν έγκειται μόνο στην έγκαιρη διάγνωση και θεραπεία, αλλά και στην αξιόπιστη καταγραφή των κρουσμάτων που θα μας ευαισθητοποιήσουν στο να αντιληφθούμε την πραγματικά ανησυχητική διάσταση του προβλήματος και να χρησιμοποιήσουμε αποτελεσματικότερους τρόπους πρόληψης και αντιμετώπισης. Για την πληρέστερη δήλωση των κρουσμάτων, θα πρέπει να υπάρχει ευαισθητοποίηση και ένα εύκολο και προσιτό δίκτυο επικοινωνίας μεταξύ του ΚΕΕΛΠΝΟ, των Νοσοκομειακών αλλά και των ιδιωτών ιατρών, των Κ.Υ. αλλά και των Νομαρχιακών Αυτοδιοικήσεων, προκειμένου να κατανοηθεί επακριβώς ο τρόπος καταγραφής και αποστολής των στοιχείων, κατόπιν διάγνωσης των κρουσμάτων. Η άμεσα επιτηρούμενη θεραπεία, στοχεύει όχι μόνο στη σωστή παρακολούθηση και ίαση των ασθενών με φυματίωση, αλλά και στην εκπαίδευση των μελών των οικογενειών τους σε θέματα πρόληψης και βελτίωσης των επιβαρυντικών παραγόντων διαβίωσης, μειώνοντας σημαντικά τη νοσηρότητα του πληθυσμού. / Tuberculosis is an infectious disease transmitted aerogen and caused by bacteria which belong to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. In the past few years it constitutes an increasing problem of public health with a worldwide incidence rate of 139/100 000 population in the year 2007, while in Europe the incidence was 54 and in Greece 5.9, respectively. The accurate recording of cases contributes to the actual mapping of the burden of the disease leading thus to focused therapeutic interventions, which can be also achieved in our country, according to the goals set by WHO, i.e. the decrease of morbidity and mortality from tuberculosis at least the half until 2015, in comparison to 1990 and the eradication of the disease until 2050. In the present research two epidemiologic studies were carried out, concerning a) the epidemiology of tuberculosis in Western Greece and the evaluation of completeness of TB notifications (2000-2003), b) the estimation of tuberculin status in school population in the Prefecture of Ilia (1994-2000). The aim of the studies was to described and analyze the epidemiological characteristics of tuberculosis in Europe in comparison to Greece, to describe and analyze the epidemiology of tuberculosis in Western Greece (Prefectures Ilia, Achaia, Etoloakarnania) and to evaluate the completeness of TB notifications in order to examine the effectiveness of the surveillance system and the effectiveness of disease control and prevention, as well as to evaluate the tuberculin status in the prefecture of Ilia, in order to examine if satisfactory progress has been achieved in the control and prevention of tuberculosis. For these purposes, official data of WHO, KEELPNO (Hellenic Centre of Disease Control), the local and prefectoral self-administrations were used, as well as records of the hospitals in the examined area and of the Health Centre of Gastouni. Furthermore, a study was carried out, implementing a Directly Observed Treatment Short Course (DOTS) programme in the prefecture of Ilia (Western Greece) and assessing the efficacy of the WHO-recommended strategy in 13 newly detected pulmonary tuberculosis cases in comparison to 41 TB cases managed conventionally. In collaboration with the clinic of pulmonology of the general hospital of Pyrgos a general practitioner who was educated in DOTS strategy carried out home visits and completed a questionnaire in a face-to-face interview with the newly diagnosed patients, the past treated patients as well as the household members of the patients. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS for Windows (v.11.0 – v.15.0). According to the results of the epidemiological studies, the countries of the European Union present a steady decline of the average incidence of tuberculosis (<20/100 000), with Greece presenting the lowest rates (4.7/100 000, 2001). Based on other “indicative” epidemiological studies carried out in Greece, the incidence of tuberculosis varies from 16 – 73, respectively. In regard to the study performed in Western Greece, the mean annual incidence was found to be 5.4 (4 in Achaia, 6 in Etoloakarnania and 7.2 in Ilia), respectively, while the official data from KEELPNO for Western Greece revealed only 3.8 cases per 100 000 population. Finally, for the school population in the prefecture of Ilia, comparing the two three-year periods from 1994-1996 and 1998-2000, the mean prevalence of positive tuberculin status in the primary schoolchildren declined from 0.7% to 0.16%, while in the secondary schoolchildren we observed a very small decline, from 2.51% to 2.41%. In the neighboring prefectures (but also in developed countries), the mean prevalence of positive tuberculin status is <1%, while as indicator for eradication WHO determine a positive tuberculin status<0.1%. Based on the international guidelines, the antituberculosis therapy comprises INH, RIF, PZA and EMB for 2 months and for the following next 4 months only INH and RIF are taking. The evaluation of the results of the prospective DOTS study shows treatment success in 84.6% (approximating the lower limit of 85% set by the WHO), out of them 69.2% had negative saliva swab test at the end of treatment and 15.4% completed the treatment without microbiological examination of the saliva (2 gypsies who showed non compliance). One case under DOTS programme died during the study and one was lost to follow-up, because of change of residence. On the contrary, among the past treated cases 75.6% confirmed treatment effectiveness, in 49% after 9 month therapy duration and in the 36% after 12, respectively. The importance of the Directly Observed Treatment Short Course, beyond the successful treatment of patients, presents benefits also for the household members. Before the 1st home visit, Mantoux test was not carried out in 43.3% of the household members, but performed in all members during the 1st home visit by the general practitioner. On the contrary, 50% of the household members of the past treated patients had not carried out Mantoux test after diagnosis confirmation in the past treated patients, since they did not visit the hospital/health center for vaccination. After the doctor’s home visits, the family members adhered to the preventive measures and adequate living conditions (airing, brightness, cleanness, etc.). In the members of past treated patients the preventive measures were not met in 92.3% during the whole treatment period. With regard to the morbidity of the members of DOTS patients, from the 30 household members 4 (13.3%) needed chemoprophylaxis, while from the 111 members of past treated patients, 14 (12.6%) needed chemoprophylaxis and 7 (6.3%) antituberculosis treatment. In conclusion, the adequate confrontation of the problem does not lie only in the early diagnosis and treatment of TB, but also in the reliable notification of cases, in order to create public awareness of the burden and to implement more effective control and prevention measures. For optimal monitoring a more accurate and to all accessible communication network with proper and sincere co-operation between all actors (KEELPNO, hospitals, doctors in private praxis, health centers and prefectoral self-governments) is needed, in order to improve the accuracy of the notification system. The Directly Observed Treatment Short Course aims not only in the appropriate control and cure of the TB patients, but also in the education of the household members, in regard to prevention and improvement of aggravating risk factors, decreasing thus considerably the burden of the disease.

The purpose of this study is to explore and describe the knowledge, attitudes and experiences of health care workers who care for patients receiving treatment under DOTS strategy at public health facilities in the Windhoek District of the Khomas Region. A qualitative explorative, descriptive and contextual research design was used in this study. A purposive sampling was used to select participants who met the inclusion criteria for the study. The inclusion criteria was to be a health care worker who at the time of the study was working with patients who are on DOT for at least 6 months. A semi-structured interview guide was used to collect data. The study was conducted in the Windhoek district of the Khomas region, with a sample of 14 health care workers. Data was analysed by means of content analysis, a process of organizing and integrating narrative, qualitative data according to emerging themes and concepts. The three themes, which emerged from data analysis, were the knowledge of health care workers regarding the implementation of DOTS, the attitudes of health care workers towards patients on DOT which may affect the success of their treatments, and the experiences of health care workers when attending to patients on DOTS. The findings from the study may be used to engage stakeholders to address the shortcomings that exist in the implementation of the DOTS strategy in the district. / Health Studies / M.A. (Nursing Science)