Given the unstable state of the environment, there is an undeniable need for the development of sustainable technologies. This need affects all areas of everyday life, even the shower. Modern shower systems result in energy waste in the form of heat, which can be minimized through the implementation of a heat exchanger. In cooperation with Consat SES this project developed a system to implement a heat exchanger using an in-shower water transportation pipe. A fitting non-electrical pump and motor were also chosen. To develop these elements a general design methodology of defining the problem, identifying the solution space, developing concepts, testing concepts and proposing a design, was used with adaptations for the component at hand. By following this strategy for each component and then reviewing the system as a whole, a new shower system was developed with a trapezoidal water transport pipe, a wing pump, and a turgo turbine.

The research will help to design a shower for Dr. Chelson’s shelter, which can control the water flow, pressure and duration of the shower, which optimizes the utilization of water. The showers could be used in drought-hit areas where water is very scarce, as daily sanitation needs are necessary to keep a person safe and healthy without wasting water. The report from, World Health Organization shows that showers consume the most water. A timed shower could help resolve this issue through eliminating the wastage. Eco-friendly environmentalists may also be attracted to the showers, as their main purposes are to save energy and water. The showers could be set according to the needs of the person. Annually, the difference in costs reflects that these showers are effective and make optimal use of the available water and energy.

Couple rituals range from everyday activities to once-in-a lifetime events. Weddings are arguably the most elaborate, complex, and rare couple ritual. Few studies have examined the association between wedding rituals and marital outcomes, yet millions of Americans marry and celebrate weddings each year. The purpose of the current study was to examine the associations between wedding ritual enactment, wedding ritual satisfaction, and marital satisfaction and commitment. The wedding rituals examined in the current study were the bridal shower, bachelor/bachelorette party, wedding reception, and honeymoon. It was hypothesized that enactment of a bridal shower, wedding reception, and honeymoon would be positively associated with marital outcomes whereas bachelor/bachelorette party enactment would be negatively associated with marital outcomes. We additionally hypothesized that satisfaction with all wedding rituals would be positively associated with satisfaction and commitment and that wedding ritual conformity would be associated with overall wedding ritual satisfaction. Our exploratory analyses examined unique predictability of wedding ritual enactment and wedding ritual satisfaction on marital outcomes. Results indicated expected and unexpected associations. Three of the predicted wedding rituals, bachelor/bachelorette party, wedding reception, and honeymoon enactment were associated with marital outcomes. Satisfaction with each wedding ritual significantly predicted marital outcomes. Lastly, wedding ritual conformity was found to be negatively associated with wedding ritual satisfaction. In our exploratory analyses, we found that wedding reception enactment was the most significant contributor to satisfaction whereas bachelor/bachelorette party enactment was the most significant contributor to marital commitment. Study limitations and directions for future research are discussed.

ECRS is a program for the detailed simulation of extensive air shower initiated by high energy cosmic ray particles. In this dissertation work, a Geant4 based ECRS simulation was designed and developed to study secondary cosmic ray particle showers in the full range of Earth's atmosphere. A proper atmospheric air density and geomagnetic field are implemented in order to correctly simulate the charged particles interactions in the Earth's atmosphere. The initial simulation was done for the Atlanta (33.460 N , 84.250 W) region. Four different types of primary proton energies (109, 1010, 1011 and 1012 eV) were considered to determine the secondary particle distribution at the Earth's surface. The geomagnetic field and atmospheric air density have considerable effects on the muon particle distribution at the Earth's surface. The muon charge ratio at the Earth's surface was studied with ECRS simulation for two different geomagnetic locations: Atlanta, Georgia, USA and Lynn Lake, Manitoba, Canada. The simulation results are shown in excellent agreement with the data from NMSU-WIZARD/CAPRICE and BESS experiments at Lynn Lake. At low momentum, ground level muon charge ratios show latitude dependent geomagnetic effects for both Atlanta and Lynn Lake from the simulation. The simulated charge ratio is 1.20 ± 0.05 (without geomagnetic field), 1.12 ± 0.05 (with geomagnetic field) for Atlanta and 1.22 ± 0.04 (with geomagnetic field) for Lynn Lake. These types of studies are very important for analyzing secondary cosmic ray muon flux distribution at the Earth's surface and can be used to study the atmospheric neutrino oscillations.

The purpose of this report is to investigate the possibilities with drain water heat recovery (DWHR) in residential buildings. Information and relevant theory has been collected and summarized in this report. Calculations have been done for given scenarios to evaluate profits. DWHR heat exchangers use simple technology and have long life-time. The heat exchanger is connected to outgoing drainage pipe and incoming cold-water supply so countercurrent flow is accomplished. This makes it possible to increase the temperature of the incoming cold-water and thereby decrease the amount of energy used to heat water. There are mainly two types of models on the markets, vertically and horizontally heat exchangers. DWHR can be cost-effective if installed during new constructions or renovation, otherwise installation costs can be quite expensive. An installation of a DWHR-unit means no increasing risks of bacteria growth (legionella). Approximately 20 % of the energy used to heat hot-water can be counted as internal heat gain, with a DWHR heat exchanger the amount increases which will result in less energy consumed in the room heating system. More development of existing models is required to reduce the prices and spread information. A big advantage with DWHR is that the energy need for heating water is quite constant during the whole year compared to other demands, for example room-heating. Results from calculations in this report show that a reduction of 43 % of the heating demand for hot-water could be made in a normal family house and 17 % reduction could be made in a residential building with fifty apartments. / Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka möjligheterna med att återvinna värme från spillvatten i bostäder. Fakta och relevant teori inom området har samlats ihop och sammanfattats i denna rapport. Egna beräkningar har gjorts för att utvärdera hur mycket det är möjligt att återvinna. Tekniken för spillvattenvärmeväxling är enkel och växlarna håller i regel länge och kräver inget underhåll. En spillvattenvärmeväxlare kopplas in så att motströmsvärmeväxling uppnås. En växlare ansluts till utgående spillvattenledning och inkommande kallvattenledning. Ett problem är att de större växlarna för flerbostadshus kan vara platskrävanade och dyra. En installation av en växlare lämpar sig bäst vid nybyggnation för både småhus och flerbostadshus. Vid renoveringar av miljonprogrammen som uppfördes på 1960–70-tal finns det goda möjligheter att installera spillvattenvärmeväxlare då man genom exempelvis en stamrenovering gör ingrepp på befintliga ledningar, detta kan minska installationskostnaderna. Det finns inga tillkommande risker för legionellabakterier med spillvattenvärmeväxlare. Mer utveckling borde ske inom området så att nya modeller tillkommer. För nuvarande är den vertikala växlaren liten och passar bäst i småhus medan den horisontella växlaren passar bättre vid större anläggningar, med utveckling kan modellerna anpassas så de kan fungera oavsett användningsområde. I småhus bör man i första hand titta på andra åtgärder att för att minska energiförbrukningen, exempelvis driftoptimering, tätning av fönster, tilläggsisolering av vind m.m. En spillvattenvärmeväxlare kan istället vara ett alternativ för ett lågenergihus eller passivhus där vanliga åtgärder redan vidtagits. Ungefär 20 % av energiåtgången för tappvarmvatten kan tillgodoräknas som internvärme, med en installerad spillvattenvärmeväxlare ökar denna del vilket är bra då mindre effekt krävs till värmesystemet. En stor fördel som kan ses med spillvattenvärmeväxling är att tappvarmvattenförbrukningen är relativt konstant under året till skillnad från exempelvis värmebehovet. Utifrån givna scenarion visade beräkningarna i denna rapport att 43 % kunde besparas i småhus och 17 % i flerbostadshus.

A new one-dimensional device simulation package developed for the simulation of neutron radiatiol! effects in silicon avalanche photodiodes is described. The software uses a finite difference technique to solve the time-independent semiconductor equations across a user specified structure. Impact ionisation and illumination are included, allowing accurate simulation with minimal assumptions about the device under investigation. The effect of neutron radiation damage is incorporated via the introduction of deep acceptor levels subject to Shockley-Read-Hall statistics. Two models are presented. A reverse reach through model, based on the EG&G C30626E reverse reach through avalanche photo diode originally proposed for use in the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter, and a reach through model, based on widely available commerical devices. A short experimental study on two commercial silicon avalanche photodiodes, a C30719F reverse reach through APD and a C30916E reach through APD, is presented for comparison with the simulation data. To allow full comparison with the simulated predictions, the commercial devices were irradiated at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory's ISIS facility. The simulated data shows good qualitative agreement with the measurements performed on the commercial devices, quantitative predictions would require exact information about the doping profile. The characteristic behaviour of the devices is predicted over a wide range of conditions both before and after neutron irradiation. The effect of ionised deep acceptors in the bulk of the devices is investigated. The simulation package provides a useful tool for the analysis of semiconductor devices, particularly in areas where a non-ionising radiation damage is prevelent e.g. high energy physics, and provides a good basis for further development.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2002. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-76).

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:57:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3541450 bytes, checksum: 30c9c0221d9245f540ca0645363552fc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The present work deals with the analysis and development of a closed-loop system for the effective control of water temperature on the output of an electric shower, independently of both the water flow or water temperature at its entrance. The system targets low cost, small physical dimensions and high efficiency. The goal is a system with physical dimensions small enough to be directly incorporated into existing electric showers, without the need for the manufacturer to reformulate their product. The high efficiency ends up being of paramount importance because it contributes effectively in both the size and cost of the solution: the lower the losses (greater efficiency) the smaller the heatsink needed, reducing the size and cost of the solution. Based on these criteria, we decided to use a TRIAC as a power switch and turning it on only at the zero crossings of the mains. For the design and development of the system, we adopted as tools Scilab and the Arduino platform. Prior to the assembly of the prototype, several simulations of circuits and programming codes were performed using the Proteus and Scilab together. For the experimental tests, a prototype with a nominal power of 3.2 kW was built employing a commercial electric shower. Experimentally, we obtained an efficiency greater than 99 %, which in turn required a heatsink with a volume of 63 cm³, and effective control of water temperature on the output device. Moreover, no noticeable flicker was observed when considering an electrical installation in accordance with Brazilian standards. / O presente trabalho trata da análise e desenvolvimento de um sistema de controle em malha fechada para o controle efetivo de temperatura da água na saída de um chuveiro elétrico, independentemente do fluxo de água ou temperatura da água em sua entrada. O sistema vislumbrado tem como premissa ser de baixo custo e alta eficiência, além de apresentar dimensões físicas reduzidas o suficiente para que possa ser incorporado diretamente nos chuveiros elétricos existentes, evitando que o fabricante precise reformular seu produto. A alta eficiência acaba sendo de suma importância, pois contribui efetivamente tanto no custo quanto no tamanho da solução, uma vez que quanto menor a eficiência, maiores as perdas, e consequentemente, maior será o dissipador de calor agregado ao sistema, elevando-se o custo e tamanho da solução vislumbrada. Baseado nestes critérios, optou-se por utilizar o TRIAC como chave de potência, e acioná-la sempre nos cruzamentos por zero da rede elétrica. Para a concepção e desenvolvimento do sistema, adotou-se como ferramentas o Scilab e a plataforma Arduíno. Antes da construção do protótipo, várias simulações dos circuitos e códigos de programação foram realizadas, utilizando-se o Proteus e o Scilab em conjunto. Para os testes experimentais, um protótipo com potência nominal de 3,2 kW foi construído, empregando-se um chuveiro elétrico comercial. Experimentalmente, verificou-se uma eficiência maior que 99 %, o que exigiu um dissipador com volume de 63 cm³, e controle efetivo da temperatura da água na saída do equipamento. Além disso, não se observou cintilação quando considerada uma instalação elétrica de acordo com as normas brasileiras.

This thesis presents a variety of work concerning the design, construction and use of the SLD's vertex detector. SLD's pioneering 120 Mpixel vertex detector, VXD2, was replaced by VXD3, a 307Mpixel CCD vertex detector in January 1996. The motivation for the up-grade detector and its subsquent construction and testing are described in some detail. This work represents the collaborative work of a large number of people. My work was mainly carried out at EEV on the testing of the CCDs and subsequent ladders. VXD3 was commissioned during the 1996 SLD run and performed very close to design specifications. Monitoring the position of VXD3 is crucial for reconstructing the data in the detector for physics analysis. This was carried out using a capacitive wire position monitoring system. The system indicated that VXD3 was very stable during the whole of the 1996 run, except for known controlled movements. VXD3 was aligned globally for each period in-between these known movements using the tracks from e+e- → Z° → hadrons. The structure of three-jet bbg events has been studied using hadronic Z° decays from the 1993-1995 SLD data. Three-jet final states were selected and the CCD-based vertex detector was used to identify two of the jets as a ь or ъ. The distributions of the gluon energy and polar angle with respect to the electron beam direction were examined and were compared with perturbative QCD predictions. If was found that the QCD Parton Shower prediction was needed to describe the data well. These distributions are potentially sensitive to an anomalous b chromomagnetic moment к. к was measured to be -0.031±0.038 0.039(Stat.)±0.003 0.004(Syst.), which is consistent with the Standard Model, with 95% confidence level limit, -0.106 < к < 0.044.

Le Collisionneur Linéaire International ILC est un projet de collisionneur électron-positon développé pour prendre le relais du Grand Collisionneur de Hadrons LHC. Ce projet permettra d'étudier précisément les caractéristiques du nouveau boson de 125 GeV , découvert en 2012 par les expérience CMS et ATLAS, compatible avec le boson de Higgs du modèle standard. Cette expérience pourrait aussi permettre aux physiciens de mettre à jour des phénomènes physiques inconnus. Pour exploiter au maximum ce nouvel accélérateur, deux collaborations travaillent sur le développement de deux détecteurs : le Grand Détecteur International ILD et le Détecteur au Silicium SiD. Ces détecteurs sont dits généralistes et sont optimisés pour la mise en oeuvre de technique de suivi des particules. Ils sont constitués d'un trajectographe dans leur partie centrale et de systèmes de calorimétrie. L'ensemble est inséré dans un aimant supraconducteur, lui même entouré d'une culasse instrumentée avec des chambres à muon. Le groupe lyonnais dans lequel j'ai effectué mes travaux de recherche pendant mon doctorat, a grandement participé au développement du calorimètre hadronique à lecture semi-digitale. Ce calorimètre ultra-granulaire fait partie des options pour le calorimètre hadronique du Grand Détecteur International. Un prototype a été construit en 2011. D'environ 1 m3, il est constitué de 48 chambres à plaque résistive de verre, comporte plus de 440000 canaux de lecture de 1 cm2 et pèse environ 10 tonnes. Ce calorimètre répond aux contraintes imposées pour le Collisionneur Linaire International (une haute granularité, une consommation électrique faible, une alimentation pulsée etc) et est régulièrement testé sur des lignes de faisceau au CERN. Les données ainsi collectées m'ont permis d'étudier en détail le phénomène de gerbe hadronique. De nombreux efforts ont été réalisé pour développer des méthodes efficace de reconstruction de l'énergie des gerbes hadroniques et pour améliorer la résolution en énergie du prototype SDHCAL. La simulation des gerbes hadroniques dans le SDHCAL constitue une part importante de mes travaux de recherche. Une simulation réaliste des chambres à plaque résistive de verre a été développée en étudiant la réponse du prototype au passage de muons et de gerbes électromagnétiques. J'ai alors confronté les modèles de simulation des gerbes hadroniques avec des données expérimentales. La granularité du SDHCAL rend aussi possible des études fines sur la topologie des gerbes hadroniques, notamment sur leur extension latéraleet longitudinale. J'ai finalement pu étudier, en m'appuyant sur mes travaux de simulations, la reconstruction de la masse des bosons W et Z dans une simulation complète du Grand Détecteur International. Cette étude permet d'estimer les performances de l'ILD avec le SDHCAL et les techniques de suivi des particules / The International Linear Collider ILC is an electron-positron collider project proposed to become the next particle collider after the Large Hadron Collider LHC. This collider will allow to study, in details, the new 125 GeV boson, discovered in 2012 by CMS and ATLAS experiments. This new particle seems compatible with the standard model Higgs boson. The International Collider may also allow physicists to discover new physics. In order to operate this new collider, two collaborations are developing two detectors : the International Large Detector ILD and the Silicon Detector SiD. These general-purpose detectors are optimised for particle flow algorithms. The team from Lyon in which I worked during my Ph.D., has widely participated in the development of the semi-digital hadronic calorimeter SDHCAL. This high granular calorimeter is one option for the International Large Detector hadronic calorimeter. A prototype has been built in 2011. This 1 m3 prototype is made of 48 glass resistive plate chambers and contains more than 440000 electronic readout channels. This technological calorimeter is often tested with beam of particles at CERN. The collected allowed me to study the hadronic showers with many details. Methods to reconstruct precisely the hadronic showers energy has been developed in order to improve the SDHCAL energy resolution. My main contribution was the development of the hadronic shower simulation within the SDHCAL. A realistic simulation of the SDHCAL was performed by studying the SDHCAL response to the passage of muons and electromagnetic showers. I was then able to compared different simulation models with experimental data. The SDHCAL granularity allows precise studies on the hadronic showers topology, such as longitudinal and lateral shower extent. I finally worked on the W and Z boson mass reconstruction in a full simulation of the International Large Detector in order to study the performance of this calorimeter option with particle flow techniques