Includes bibliographical references / 119 leaves, [67] leaves : ill., maps ; 31 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Dept. of physics, University of Adelaide, 1983

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Canterbury, 2007. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (p. 62-63). Also available via the World Wide Web.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Canterbury, 2009. / Typescript (photocopy). "July 15, 2009." Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-73). Also available via the World Wide Web.

In this thesis a characterization of air showers induced by magnetic monopoles is presented. Monopoles are predicted to exist and be accelerated to relativistic velocities. High energy monopoles traversing earth’s atmosphere continuously deposit energy, inducing an air shower. These air showers have been described based on simulations run in CORSIKA. It was found that monopole air showers are continuous; they plateau after the shower maximum, and have a large electromagnetic component. As such,they can easily be distinguished from normal cosmic rays and most other air shower sources. Very high energy photons and muons could induce similar showers but do not produce identical signals in track-following detectors such as IceCube.

Cosmic rays are at the foundation of astroparticle physics and the extensive air showers (EAS) is one indirect way to detect them. Air showers, however, have been used to infer information not just of cosmic rays particles, but also to localize gamma rays sources. The shower maximum of an EAS, defined as the position at the atmosphere where the maximum quantity of charged particles is reached, is an observable of air showers that can permit to infer the mass composition of cosmic rays. For this reason, it is important to propose methods to measure it. Several methods to determine the shower maximum have been implemented in the last decades with the development of different kinds of telescopes. This work discusses the possibility of determining the maximum of air showers using imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACT). The Cherenkov telescopes can detect the Cherenkov radiation produced by the interaction of charged particles with the atmosphere. Those Cherenkov photons are projected back into the plane containing the longitudinal development of the air shower. Each plane is saved as a 2D histogram with the longitudinal and lateral development in the vertical and horizontal axis, respectively. A detailed analysis of each 2D histogram is presented and used to obtain the depth of the maximum of the Cherenkov profile. The main effect seen is a decrease in the shower maximum of Cherenkov photons as a function of the telescope position from the shower axis to 150 m. After 150m from the shower axis, there is a constant behavior that is correlated to the real depth of the maximum of an EAS. Based on this constant behavior after 150 m, the shower maximum is reconstructed and it is shown the resolution of the method as a function of the energy, which is around 55 g/cm2 considering just one telescope, and 15 g/cm2 for the best case considering zenith angle of 20 degrees. Moreover, the method is tested with some simulations took from Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS) experiment to compare with the results of our simulations. The resolution of the reconstruction of the shower maximum for proton and iron showers was also done which ranges around 80 g/cm2 for proton and around 30 g/cm2 for iron in the case of 20° of zenith angle. / Os raios cósmicos estão na base da física das astropartículas e os chuveiros atmosféricos extensos (EAS pela sigla em inglês) são uma maneira indireta de detectá-los. Os chuveiros atmosféricos, no entanto, têm sido usados para inferir informações não apenas sobre partículas de raios cósmicos, mas também para localizar fontes de raios gama. A profundidade de máximo num EAS, definido como a profundidade atmosférica onde a quantidade máxima de partículas carregadas é atingida, é um observável de EAS que permite inferir a composição de massa dos raios cósmicos. Por esse motivo, é importante propor métodos para medí-lo. Vários métodos para determinar a profundidade de máximo foram implementados nas últimas décadas com o desenvolvimento de diferentes tipos de telescópios. Este trabalho discute a possibilidade de determinar a profundidade de máximo de chuveiros atmosféricos utilizando os telescópios atmosféricos Cherenkov (IACT). Os telescópios Cherenkov podem detectar a radiação Cherenkov produzida pela interação de partículas carregadas com a atmosfera. Esses fótons Cherenkov são projetados de volta ao plano que contém o desenvolvimento longitudinal do chuveiro. Cada plano é salvo num histograma 2D com o desenvolvimento longitudinal e lateral no eixo vertical e horizontal, respectivamente. Uma análise detalhada de cada histograma 2D é apresentada e usada para obter a profundidade máxima do perfil de emissão de luz Cherenkov. O principal efeito visto é uma diminuição na profundidade de máximo dos fótons Cherenkov do chuveiro como função da posição do telescópio a partir do eixo do chuveiro até 150 m. A partir de 150 m do eixo do chuveiro, há um comportamento constante que está correlacionado com a profundidade real de máximo do EAS. Com base nesse comportamento constante após 150 m, o máximo do chuveiro é reconstruído e é mostrada a resolução do método em função da energia, que é cerca de 55 g/cm2 considerando apenas um telescópio, e 15 g/cm2 para o melhor caso, considerando o ângulo zenital de 20 graus. Além disso, o método é testado com algumas simulações cedidas pelo experimento VERITAS (Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System, pela sigla em inglês) para comparar com os resultados de nossas simulações. Também foi feita a resolução da reconstrução da profundidade de máximo para chuveiros atmosféricos de prótons e ferro, que varia em torno de 80 g/cm2 para prótons e em torno de 30 g/cm2 para ferro no caso chuveiros inclinados a um ângulo de 20°.

Résumé indisponible. / Résumé indisponible.

The purpose of this research is to analyse how gender is ‘done’, represented and reproduced in a Peruvian baby shower ritual. The study is situated geographically in the urban Andean setting of Cusco, and theoretically, in a feminist framework combining an ethnomethodological ‘doing gender’ perspective, anchored in social interactions, with a linguistic performativity approach, as formulated by Judith Butler. In the latter, gender is understood as performed through discursive practices of iterability. The ethnographic material, collected from two baby showers and additional interviews, demonstrate several ways and sites in which gender is done and performed in the Cusqeanean baby shower. This occurs, for instance, by the means of gendered gifts, decorations and performances of gender-crossing and hyperbolised displays of masculinity, femininity and sexuality.             Furthermore, to help make sense of the notions of prenatal gender, as well as the strictly gendered cultural norms for invitation cards, decoration and gift-making, which made me unknowingly brake conventions when bringing gender-neutral wooden toys to a Peruvian baby shower, I draw on theorisation of fetal personhood. Adapting van Gennep’s (2004[1909]) concept, I propose that the baby shower could be conceptualised as a rite of passage, in which the unborn transcends from the state of fetus to a gendered baby. The acts of naming and attributing gender in the baby shower ritual, I argue, are requisites for incorporating the child into the society, as family members and, ultimately, as human beings. The baby shower can, thus, be regarded a crucial site for the ‘social birth’ of the Cusqueanean baby.

Jag har i min essä utgått från ett dilemma som utspelar sig i skolans omklädningsrum. Syftet med min undersökning är att förstå varför vissa tjejer inte duschar efter idrottslektion. För mig som skolad idrottstjej är det nämligen en självklarhet. Det tillhör en kultur och det är viktigt inte minst ur en hygienisk aspekt. Under arbetets gång har jag kommit att förstå att det är flera faktorer som påverkar den här sakfrågan varför vissa tjejer inte duschar. Den största faktorn tycks vara påverkan av elevernas föräldrar. Det handlar till stor del om makt och auktoritet som föräldrarna har gentemot sina barn. För mig som pedagog ställs jag därmed i svåra situationer i fråga om hur jag ska hantera situationen. Frågeställningen i undersökningen bearbetas med hjälp av dygdetiken och forskning om idrottskultur och om patriarkal makt. Samt mina egna samtal med elever och föräldrar. I min slutsats har jag kunnat konstatera att kulturtillhörighet har en stor påverkan på dessa tjejer och jag har fått en större förståelse för deras hållningar och attityder i det här problemet.

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