Os camarões do gênero Palaemon Weber, 1795 possuem ampla variedade morfológica, ecológica e reprodutiva. Estudos baseados em dados moleculares indicam que o gênero pode não ser monofilético. Por outro lado, análises cladísticas baseadas em dados morfológicos recuperam Palaemon como um grupo natural. Além de questões em nível genérico, a validade de algumas espécies com ocorrência no Brasil também é questionada. Nesse contexto, foi utilizada uma abordagem molecular (genes COI, 16S, H3 e 18S) e morfológica com ampla amostragem taxonômica para 1) avaliar a hipótese de monofilia do gênero Palaemon; 2) avalia a hipótese de que padrões biogeográficos, de ocupação de hábitat, reprodutivos e morfológicos acompanham as relações filogenéticas entre as espécies de Palaemon; 3) avaliar o status taxonômico das espécies com ocorrência no Brasil. A filogenia recuperada indica que as espécies de Palaemon estão distribuídas em três linhagens distintas e caracteres morfológicos permitem a identificação de pelo menos quatro grupos monofiléticos. Os resultados indicam a necessidade de criação de dois novos gêneros e revalidação de Alaocaris Holthuis, 1949. A provável colonização da América e Europa ocorreu em mais de um momento em cada região e o ancestral comum mais recente da maioria das espécies de Palaemon, Macrobrachium Spence Bate, 1868 e gêneros próximos provavelmente foi uma linhagem anfídroma. A análise conjunta de dados moleculares e morfológicos demonstram a existência de nove espécies de Palaemon no Brasil, oito previamente descritas (P. argentinus, P. carteri, P. ivonicus, P. mercedae, P. northropi, P. octaviae, P. paivai, P. pandaliformis) e uma espécie nova (P. yuna). / Shrimps of the genus Palaemon Weber, 1795 have wide morphological, ecological and reproductive variability. Studies based on molecular data indicate that the genus might not be monophyletic. On the other hand, cladistics analyses based on morphological data recover Palaemon as a natural group. Besides generic level issues, the validity of some species from Brazil is questioned. In that context, we used a molecular (COI, 16S, H3 and 18S genes) and morphological approach with broad taxonomic sampling in order to 1) evaluate the hypothesis of monophyly of the genus Palaemon; 2) evaluate the hypothesis that biogeographical, habitat occupation, reproductive and morphological patterns follow the phylogenetic relationships among the species of Palaemon; 3) evaluate the taxonomic status of the species of Palaemon from Brazil. The recovered phylogeny indicates that the species of Palaemon are distributed into three distinct lineages. Morphological characters allow the identification of at least four monophyletic groups. The results indicate that the erection of two new genera and re-erection of Alaocaris Holthuis, 1949 is needed. The colonization of America and Europe probably took place more than once in each continent. The more recent common ancestor of the majority of the species of Palaemon, Macrobrachium Spence Bate, 1868 and closely related genera probably was an amphidromous lineage. The molecular and morphological approach indicates that there are nine species of Palaemon in Brazil, eight of them previously described (P. argentinus, P. carteri, P. ivonicus, P. mercedae, P. northropi, P. octaviae, P. paivai, P. pandaliformis) and one new species (P. yuna).

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar na cadeia produtiva do camarão Litopenaeus vannamei os perigos à saúde animal e à saúde pública e as respectivas medidas de controle, a partir de levantamentos bibliográficos. Os principais perigos à saúde animal identificados foram os vírus da Mancha Branca, Cauda Amarela, Mionecrose Infecciosa, síndrome da Taura e bactérias hepatonecrosantes dos camarões, que ocasionam grandes prejuízos para a cadeia produtiva, devido à queda da produtividade e às elevadas taxas de mortalidade. Esses perigos apresentam riscos à saúde animal, quando se mantêm viáveis nas plantas de cultivo, decorrente das práticas inadequadas de manejo sanitário e da queda de qualidade da água nos viveiros. Quanto aos riscos à saúde humana, alguns patógenos como: Vibrio spp, Salmonella spp e Staphylococcus aureus apresentam perigo se presente e viável no camarão contaminado. O uso abusivo e indiscriminado de metabissulfito de sódio em diferentes concentrações nas plantas de processamento, de contaminantes inorgânicos e resíduos de medicamentos veterinários nas criações podem resultar em níveis elevados de toxicidade aos animais e ao ambiente, precisando, consequentemente ser corrigido com a adoção de boas práticas de manejo do ambiente, implantação de vazio sanitário e estabelecimento de parâmetros microbiológicos e ambientais nos viveiros. Por ser uma atividade promissora para o desenvolvimento socioeconômico do país, é de extrema importância a adoção de medidas de controle destes perigos, que incluem a aplicação dos princípios das "Boas Práticas" e da "Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle" no manejo ambiental e sanitário em todos os elos da cadeia produtiva, dos criatórios até o consumo. / The objetive of this study was to identify in the production chain of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei the hazards to animal health and public health and their control measures, from the literature. The main hazards to animal health were identified: viruses White Spot, Yellow Tail, Infectious Myonecrosis, Taura syndrome and Hepatonecrotysing bacteria of prawns, which promote large losses in the supply chain due to a drop in productivity and high mortality rates. They are considered dangerous to animal and human health, because they maintain viable pathogens in crop plants, resulting from inadequate health management practices and falling water quality in the ponds. In relation to chemical hazards, the indiscriminate use of sodium metabisulphite, inorganic contaminants and residues of veterinary drugs and pesticides can result in situations of high toxicity to animals and the environment, and must be controlled by adopting good environmental management practices, implementation of depopulation and the establishment of microbiological parameters and environmental conditions in nurseries. Physical hazards can be related to any failure in the process of industrialization and commercialization, in which the detection of foreign objects should be checked by visual inspection and the use of metal detectors. Since it is a promising socio-economic development of the country, it is extremely important to adopt measures to control these hazards, including the principles of " Good Practice" and "Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points " in the management of environment and health in all links in the production chain, from the farms to the consumers.

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Orientador: Adilson Fransozo / Resumo: Artemesia longinaris Spence Bate, 1888 é considerada uma espécie monotípica endêmica das zonas costeiras do Atlântico Sul Ocidental. Vem sendo recentemente explorada comercialmente devido à queda nos estoques dos camarões de maior interesse comercial. Esse estudo visou comparar a distribuição espaço temporal da A. longinaris em um intervalo de 20 anos (novembro/1988 a outubro/ 1989 e novembro/2008 a outubro/2009) na Enseada da Fortaleza, em Ubatuba, São Paulo. Em ambos os períodos os indivíduos e fatores ambientais (temperatura e salinidade da água de fundo e superfície, sedimento) foram coletados em 7 transectos. Uma RDA foi feita para relacionar os fatores ambientais com a abundância dos indivíduos. O teste de Mann-Whitney foi realizado para comparar fatores ambientais e abundância dos indivíduos entre os dois períodos. Foram coletados de 3088 espécimes no primeiro período e 1252 no segundo, não havendo diferença significativa entre os períodos (p>0,05). Apesar de não apontada estatisticamente houve uma redução do número de indivíduos entre os períodos. Segundo resultados da RDA, uma forte correlação negativa entre a abundância e a classe C (silte+argila) do sedimento, mostrou que o aumento desse tipo de sedimento no segundo período, pode ter contribuído para a redução do número de indivíduos. Aliado a isso, houve menores reflexos da massa ACAS nesta enseada, ocasionando uma redução do número de indivíduos. Esta massa de água reduz as temperaturas de fundo, sendo que a espé... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Artemesia longinaris Spence Bate, 1888 is considered a monotypic species endemic to the coastal areas of the Western South Atlantic. It has recently been commercially exploited due to the fall in stocks of shrimps of major commercial interest. This study aimed at comparing the temporal distribution of A. longinaris over a period of 20 years (November / 1988 to October / 1989 and November / 2008 to October / 2009) at Fortaleza Bay in Ubatuba, São Paulo. In both periods the individuals and environmental factors (temperature and salinity of the bottom and surface water, sediment) were collected in 7 transects. An RDA was made to relate environmental factors to the abundance of individuals. The Mann-Whitney test was performed to compare environmental factors and abundance of individuals between the two periods. There were collected 3088 specimens in the first period and 1252 specimens in the second, with no significant difference between the periods (p> 0.05). Although not statistically indicated, there was a reduction in the number of individuals between the periods. According to the results of the GDR, a strong negative correlation between the abundance and class C (silt + clay) of the sediment showed that the increase of this type of sediment in the second period may have contributed to the reduction of the number of individuals. Along with this, there were smaller reflexes of the ACAS mass in this cove, causing a reduction in the number of individuals. This body of water redu... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

A landscape perspective is critically important for understanding community structure, particularly in systems dominated by migratory fauna. I aimed to understand how the structure of riverscapes in Puerto Rico mediates potential anthropogenic impacts, predator-prey interactions, and the migratory behavior of a diadromous species. I surveyed fishes and shrimps at sites throughout two watersheds, designed transplant experiments that investigated the role of natural barriers on predator-prey interactions, and developed models of shrimp migration specific to a particular river network. I did not detect an effect of anthropogenic changes to the landscape on fish and shrimp species distributions in two watersheds that drain the Luquillo Experimental Forest. These communities were primarily affected by the position of natural barriers: predatory fish distributions were limited by waterfalls and most shrimp species were found upstream from fish barriers. Thus, steep terrain mediated predator-prey interactions between fishes and shrimps, with one shrimp (Atya lanipes) likely avoiding predation by migrating above fish barriers. Lab and field experiments provided the first mechanistic evidence for landscape-level predator-avoidance behavior by A. lanipes. Both postlarval and adult shrimp avoided the scent of three predatory fish species in a y-maze fluvarium. In natural streams above fish barriers, adult A. lanipes did not respond to the addition of fish scent, but adult abundances did decline when fish were added to in-stream cages. To integrate our ideas about how shrimp behaviors scale up to observed adult A. lanipes distributions across the landscape, we developed a set of nested models specific to a particular river network. The best models parameterized branch choice at nodes within the river network to be heavily weighted toward particular mid-elevation tributaries above fish barriers. Our models indicated that distance traveled above and below fish barriers had little effect on adult distributions. Because the number of migrants decreases with distance upstream, the latter result was likely an artifact of the model. In montane river systems with migratory fauna, scientists would benefit by creatively designing new experiments and models that incorporate river network structure, as this is the template upon which all processes occur.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地域研究) / 甲第18394号 / 地博第163号 / 新制||地||55(附属図書館) / 31252 / 京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科東南アジア地域研究専攻 / (主査)准教授 安藤 和雄, 教授 小林 繁男, 准教授 竹田 晋也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Area Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第20448号 / 農博第2233号 / 新制||農||1050(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H29||N5069(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)教授 神﨑 護, 教授 北島 薫, 教授 柴田 昌三 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

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A physical model was built to study the properties of the feeding strike of the mantis shrimp that are responsible for drag reduction and cavitation control. The model had three goals: 1) The model was to be outfitted with a method to collect kinematic, force and cavitation data. 2) The velocity and acceleration profile of the model were to be predicted with a mathematical model of the mechanism. 3) The model was to match as many drag and cavitation sensitive properties of the mantis shrimp strike as feasible and have a means to control the rest. The first iteration of the model met the first goal but not the second or third. It matched the strike in maximum velocity, appendage size and shape and environmental temperature and salinity but did not control acceleration profile, water quality or pressure. Data collected with high-speed video of strikes of the model and Gonodactylus smithii showed the model to cavitate at speeds at which no cavitation was seen in animal strikes. The model was redesigned to be driven by the stored elastic energy in the deflection of a beam spring. The redesigned model reached the animals maximum accelerations but not velocities. Environmental variation was found to not substantially contribute to the variation in cavitation onset velocity between the model and animal experiments.

No description available.