Materiais biocerâmicos são constituídos por elementos encontrados normalmente no organismo e por esse motivo são empregados na área médica, principalmente para a fabricação de implantes dentários e aplicação ortopédica. A partir do tipo de ligação realizada com o organismo, o biocerâmico é classificado em inerte, reabsorvível e bioativo, sendo esse último dividido em vidro bioativo, hidroxiapatita e vitrocerâmico. O material vitrocerâmico exibe propriedades únicas devido a sua microestrutura específica, variedade de composições e propriedades mecânicas adequadas. Entre as possíveis composições, o sistema CaO-MgO-SiO2 exibe bioatividade devido a concentração de cálcio e silício que podem estimular os genes responsáveis pela proliferação de osteoblastos. A presença de magnésio eleva as propriedades mecânicas e a osteointegração devido a interações na superfície da cerâmica com os osteoblastos, possibilitando a formação de hidroxiapatita (HA) e consequentemente ligações diretas com o tecido vivo. Para este trabalho foram realizadas sínteses empregando sol-gel combinado com coprecipitação e sol-gel convencional, para comparação dos produtos obtidos. Os pós cerâmicos sintetizados foram caracterizados por DRX, MEV, BET e as cerâmicas foram testadas para determinação de bioatividade e citotoxicidade in vitro. A formação de HA na superfície das cerâmicas confirmou a bioatividade e observou-se que as amostras não são citotóxicas. Portanto, pôde-se concluir que a partir das metodologias aplicadas foi possível sintetizar pós cerâmicos que exibiram propriedades semelhantes, com potencial aplicação na área médica. / Bioceramic materials are constituted by elements normally found in the body and are therefore used in the medical field, mainly for the manufacture of dental implants and orthopedic application. From the type of binding performed with the organism, the bioceramic is classified as inert, resorbable and bioactive, the latter being divided into bioactive glass, hydroxyapatite and glass-ceramic. The glassceramic material exhibits unique properties due to its specific microstructure, variety of compositions and suitable mechanical properties. Among the possible compositions, the CaO-MgO-SiO2 system exhibits bioactivity due to the concentration of calcium and silicon that can stimulate the genes responsible for the proliferation of osteoblasts. The presence of magnesium increases the mechanical properties and the osseointegration due to interactions on the surface of the ceramic with the osteoblasts, allowing the formation of hydroxyapatite (HA) and consequently direct connections with the living tissue. In this work, syntheses were performed using sol-gel combined with coprecipitation and conventional sol-gel methods for comparison of the obtained products. The synthesized ceramic powders were characterized by XRD, SEM and BET, and the ceramics were submitted for tests of in vitro bioactivity and cytotoxicity. The formation of HA on the surface of the ceramics confirmed the bioactivity and no cytotoxicity was observed in the samples. Therefore, it was possible to conclude that using proposed methodologies it was possible to synthesize ceramic powders that exhibited similar properties, with potential application in the medical area.

Des revêtements sol-gel nanocomposites TiO2-SiO2 ont été réalisés à partir de mélanges d'une suspension nanocristalline de TiO2 anatase et de sols polymériques de silice. Ces revêtements présentent une superhydrophilie naturelle, persistante et photo-régénérable. La présence de charges localisées aux interfaces granulaires TiO2-SiO2 est une des hypothèses permettant d'expliquer cette superhydrophilie naturelle. Toutefois des effets de morphologie (rugosité, porosité de surface) sont également connus pour influencer le mouillage. Des études ont été menées pour mettre directement en évidence l'effet intrinsèque des interfaces granulaires. Les études se sont recentrées sur l'effet extrinsèque de paramètres morphologiques susceptibles d'influencer la mouillabilité des revêtements nanocomposites selon des modèles thermodynamiques des surfaces connus. De nouveaux protocoles de synthèse par voie sol-gel ont été mis au point afin d'analyser i/ en quoi la superhydrophilie naturelle et photo-induite des revêtements TiO2-SiO2 pouvait être influencée par des effets de morphologie et de composition, et ii/ en quoi une exacerbation de ces effets via des structurations artificielles pouvaient encore accroître la superhydrophile de surface. Une extrapolation de ces protocoles a également permis d'étudier des revêtements superhydrophobes. / Sol-gel TiO2-SiO2 nanocomposites coatings have been deposited from a suspension of anatase TiO2 nanocristallites mixed with different polymeric silica sols. These coatings show a natural and persistent superhydrophilicity, which can also be photo-regenerated. This outstanding property can probably be explained by electrical charges localized at TiO2-SiO2 granular interfaces. Yet, some morphological features (roughness, surface porosity) may also influence wetting properties. Studies have firstly been carried out to directly evidence the intrinsic effect of those electrical charges. The studies have then been focused on the extrinsic effect of morphological parameters than can influence the composite wettability, according to thermodynamic models. New sol-gel protocols were carried out to better understand in which extent i/ the natural and photo-induced wetting properties of composite coatings may be influenced by composition and morphological features, and ii/ artificial structuration of the coating surface may enhance their superhydrophilicity. Those structuration protocols have been extrapolated to the study of superhydrophobic coatings.

Estruturas líquidas cristalinas estão presentes em materiais compostos por moléculas com anisotropia de forma e são caracterizadas por uma ordem orientacional de longo alcance. Na mesofase nemática as moléculas alongadas tendem a se alinhar paralelas entre si, a direção média de orientação define é caracterizada por um vetor unitário, chamado de diretor n. Os cristais líquidos liotrópicos são obtidos usualmente a partir da dispersão de moléculas anfílicas em água. Essas moléculas anfílicas, por terem uma parte polar e uma parte apolar, tendem a formar agregados anisotrópicos, com a parte polar da molécula na superfície. Esse tipo de estrutura esta presente em todos os seres vivos e o exemplo mais clássico é a membrana da célula. A existência de uma superfície de contorno ou uma fronteira modifica as propriedades de um material na vizinhança dessa fronteira. Isso é particularmente verdadeiro para os cristais líquidos, que são muitos sensíveis as condições de contorno, mesmos quando estas não são tão intensas. De fato essa propriedade e bastante útil para a fabricação de dispositivos eletro-ó pticos. Um dos efeitos de superfície mais evidente é a mudança no ordenamento das moléculas devido a quebra de simetria na superfície. Nas fases nemáticas esse efeito microscópico resulta na formação de uma camada superficial com uma ordem posicional que se estende ao longo de uma certa distância no volume. 0 outro efeito resulta da origem a mudanças significativas no estado orientacional das moléculas no volume devido a presença de forças superficiais. Esse efeito é conhecido como ancoramento. Na ausência de campos extemos ou condições de contorno qualquer orientação é igualmente provável. Neste trabalho serão apresentados os resultados de investigação das propriedades de cristais líquidos liotrópicos na interface com um substrata. Estudamos o comportamento dinâmico da camada superficial quando o campo magnético é aplicado e induz uma re­ orientação do diretor. Nesse estudo são utilizadas amostras de cristal líquidos liotrópicos. / Liquid crystalline structures are found in materials made from molecules which are anisotropic in shape; such material are characterized mainly by a long range orientational order. In the nematic phase, the rodlike molecules tend to align parallel to each other. The average orientation defines a unit vector, called director n. Lyotropic liquid crystals are usually obtained by the dispersion of amphiphilic molecules in water. Due the fact that these molecules present a polar head and a non-polar tail, they tend to form aggregates with the polar part at the aggregate surface. This type of struc­ ture is present in all living being; the most classical example is the cell membrane. The existence of a boundary surface affects the properties of a material close to this boundary. This particularly true for liquid crystals, which are very sensitive to boundary conditions, even when weak. Indeed, this property is quite useful in the fabrication of electro-optic devices. One of the most obvious surface effect is the change in the molecules organization due to a breaking of the symmetry at the boundary surface. In the nematic phases, this microscopic effect results in the formation of a surface la yer with a positional order that extends through the bulk up to a certain distance from the surface. The other effect of the surface results in a change in the orientational state of the molecules in the volume due to the sur face forces. This macroscopic effect is known as anchoring. In the absence of any external field or boundary conditions, all molecular orientation is equally probable. In this work, we will present some results of the investigation of the properties of lyotropic liquid crystals at the interface with a solid substrate. We have studied the dy­ namic of the surface layer when a applied magnetic field induces a reorientation of the nematic director. In this study different systems were used: lyotropic liquid crystals in the nematic phase, ferronematics (nematic phase doped with ferrofluid) and filled nematics (nematic phase doped with silica nano-spheres). By means of transmittance measurements.

Orientador: Yoshitaka Gushikem / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T19:15:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marafon_Eduardo_D.pdf: 4220393 bytes, checksum: 1adee837c254c6481f606e3e1cf1dac1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O material carbono cerâmico condutor SiO2/ZrO2/C-grafite foi preparado pelo método sol-gel em duas composições: (A) SZC30 (SiO2 = 50 %, ZrO2 = 20 %, C = 30 %) e (B) SZC20 (SiO2 = 60 %, ZrO2 = 20 %, C = 20 %) em % m/m, caracterizado e utilizado para preparar eletrodos. O material carbono cerâmico foi aquecido nas temperaturas de 400, 600, 800 e 1000 °C, em atmosfera de nitrogênio, e foi verificado que o mesmo apresenta alta estabilidade térmica. Verificando-se a cristalização de ZrO2 em 1000 °C, na fase tetragonal, enquanto que SiO2 permanece amorfo. A área superficial específica dos materiais carbono cerâmico SZC20 e SZC30 como preparados, foram respectivamente 45 e 12 mg, enquanto que em temperaturas acima de 600 °C, devido ao colapso dos poros, a área superficial específica dos materiais diminuem para 3 e 4 mcm. As imagens de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão de alta resolução mostraram que as nanopartículas de grafite estão bem dispersas no interior da matriz de SiO2/ZrO2, sendo responsáveis pela elevada condutividade elétrica dos materiais carbono cerâmico SZC 20 e SZC30 prensados na forma de discos, 4 e 18 S cm, respectivamente. Com o material SZC30 foram preparados eletrodos e os mesmos foram modificados com hexacianoferrato(II) de cobre (CuHCF) e flavina adenina dinucleotídeo (FAD). A espessura do filme de CuHCF formado sobre a superfície do eletrodo SZC30 foi estimada como sendo 101 nm, e ele apresentou boa estabilidade química e baixa resistência de transferência de carga. O eletrodo SZC30 modificado com FAD mostrou ser eficiente nas reações de redução eletrocatalítica de íons bromato e iodato, em solução aquosa. A eletroredução de ambos os íons ocorreu num potencial de -0,41 V vs. Eletrodo de calomelano saturado. Os experimentos de cronoamperometria mostraram que o eletrodo carbono cerâmico modificado com FAD apresenta potencial para ser empregado como sensor amperométrico para determinação de bromato e iodato, apresentando limites de detecção de 2,3 e 1,5 mmol L, respectivamente / Abstract: SiO2/ZrO2/C-graphite was prepared by the sol-gel method in two compositions: (A) SZC30 (SiO2 = 50 %, ZrO2 = 20 %, C = 30 %) e (B) SZC20 (SiO2 = 60 %, ZrO2 = 20 %, C = 20 %) in % m/m, characterized and used to prepare electrodes. The carbon ceramic material was thermally treated at 400, 600, 800 and 1000 °C in nitrogen atmosphere, and it was observed that it presents high thermal stability and the crystallization of ZrO2 occurred at 1000 °C in tetragonal phase, while SiO2 remained amorphous. The specific surface area of SZC20 and SZC30 the carbon ceramic materials was, respectively, 45 and 12 mg, as prepared. For materials treated at temperatures higher than 600 °C, due to the collapse of the porous, specific surface area of the materials decrease to 3 and 4 mg. High resolution transmission electron microscopy micrographs showed that the graphite nanoparticles are well dispersed inside SiO2/ZrO2 matrix, and these nanoparticles are responsible for the high electrical conductivity of pressed disks of carbon ceramic materials, 4 and 18 S cm, respectively. The SZC30 material was used to prepare electrodes and they were modified with copper hexacyanoferrate(II) (CuHCF) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). The thickness of the CuHCF film was estimated as 101 nm, presenting good chemical stability and low charge transfer resistance. FAD modified SZC30 carbon ceramic electrode was efficient for electrocatalytic reduction of bromate and iodate ions, in aqueous solution. The electroreduction of both ions occurred at a peak potential of - 0,41 V vs. saturated calomel electrode. The cronoamperometry experiments showed that FAD modified SZC30 carbon ceramic electrode can be used as an amperometric sensor for bromate and iodate, presenting detection limit of 2,3 and 1,5 mmol L, respectively / Doutorado / Quimica Inorganica / Doutor em Ciencias Quimicas

A lower-alkalinity cement based on MgO and SiO2 blends is analysed to develop clinker-free Fibre Reinforced Cementitious Composites (FRCC) with cellulosic fibres in order to solve the durability problems of this type of fibres when used in FRCC with Portland cement. Hydration evolution from 7 to 28 days of different MgO-SiO2 formulations is assessed. The main hydration products are Mg(OH)2 and M-S-H gels for all the formulations studied regardless of age. Hardened pastes are obtained with pH values < 11 and good mechanical properties compared to conventional Portland cement. 60% MgO-40% SiO2 system is chosen as optimal for the development FRCC since is the most mechanical resistant and is less alkaline compared with 70% MgO-30% SiO2. FRCC based on magnesium oxide and silica (MgO-SiO2) cement with cellulose fibres are produced to study the durability of lignocellulosic fibres in a lower pH environment than the ordinary Portland cement (PC). Flexural performance and physical tests (apparent porosity, bulk density and water absorption) of samples at 28 days and after 200 accelerated ageing cycles (aac) are compared. Two types of vegetable fibres are utilised: eucalyptus and pine pulps. MgO-SiO2 cement preserves cellulosic fibres integrity after ageing, so composites made out of MgO-SiO2 exhibit significant higher performance after 200 cycles of accelerated ageing than Portland cement composites. High CO2 concentration environment is evaluated as a curing treatment in order to optimise MgO- SiO2 matrices in FRCC. Samples are cured under two different conditions: 1) steam water curing at 55°C and 2) a complementary high CO2 concentration (20% by volume). In carbonated samples, Mg(OH)2 content is clearly lowered while new crystals of hydromagnesite [Mg5 (CO3)4⋅(OH) 2⋅4H2O] are produced. After carbonation, M-S-H gel content is also reduced, suggesting that this phase is also carbonated. Carbonation affects positively to the composite mechanical strength and physical properties with no deleterious effects after ageing since it increases matrix rigidity. The addition of sepiolite in FRCC is studied as a possible additive constituent of the binding matrix. Small cement replacement (1 and 2% wt.) by sepiolite is introduced and studied in hardened cement pastes and, later, in FRCC systems. When used only in cement pastes, it improves Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity over time. Bending tests prove the outcome of this additive on the mechanical performance of the composite: it improves composite homogeneity. Ageing effects are reported after embedding sisal fibres in MgO-SiO2 and PC systems and submitting them to different ageing conditions. This comparative study of fibre degradation applied in different cementitious matrices reveals the real compatibility of lignocellulosic fibres and Mg-based cements. Sisal fibres, even after accelerated ageing, do neither suffer a significant reduction in cellulose content nor in cellulose crystallinity and crystallite size, when exposed to MgO-SiO2 cement. Fibre integrity is preserved and no deposition of cement phases is produced in MgO-SiO2 environment. / Um cimento de baixa alcalinidade à base de blendas de MgO e SiO2 é analisado para o desenvolvimento de Compósitos Cimentícios Reforçados com Fibras (CCRF) celulósicas sem clínquer para resolver os problemas de durabilidade de este tipo de fibras quando são usadas em CCRF com cimento Portland. A evolução da hidratação, desde 7 aos 28 dias, das diferentes formulações é avaliada. Os principais produtos hidratados são o Mg(OH)2 e o gel M-S-H para todas as formulações independentemente da idade estudada. As pastas endurecidas apresentam valores de pH < 11 e bom desempenho mecânico comparado com o cimento Portland convencional. O sistema 60% MgO-40% SiO2 é escolhido como a formulação ótima para o desenvolvimento de CCRF já que é a mais resistente e menos alcalina comparada com 70% MgO-30% SiO2. CCRF com cimento à base de óxido de magnésio e sílica (MgO-SiO2) e fibras celulósicas são produzidos para a análise da durabilidade das fibras lignocelulósicas em ambientes com valores de pH mais baixos comparados com o cimento Portland (PC). O desempenho mecânico a flexão e os ensaios físicos (porosidade aparente, densidade aparente e absorção de água) são comparados aos 28 dias e após de 200 ciclos de envelhecimento acelerado. O cimento à base de MgO-SiO2 preserva a integridade das fibras após o envelhecimento. Os compósitos produzidos com este cimento exibem melhores propriedades após 200 ciclos de envelhecimento acelerado que os compósitos produzidos com cimento Portland. Ambientes com alta concentração de CO2 são avaliados como tratamento de cura para otimizar as matrizes MgO- SiO2 nos CCRF. As amostras são curadas sob 2 condições diferençadas: 1) cura com vapor de água a 55oC e 2) cura com alta concentração de CO2 (20% do volume). As amostras carbonatadas apresentam teores reduzidos de Mg(OH)2 enquanto é produzida uma nova fase cristalina: hidromagnesita [Mg5 (CO3)4⋅(OH) 2⋅4H2O]. Após a carbonatação, o conteúdo de gel M-S-H é reduzido também, indicando uma carbonatação desta fase. A carbonatação aumenta a rigidez da matriz o que influi positivamente no desempenho mecânico e as propriedades físicas dos compósitos sem efeitos prejudiciais ao longo prazo. A adição de sepiolita em CCRF é estudada como possível adição na composição da matriz aglomerante. Baixos teores (1 e 2% em massa) de cimento são substituídos por sepiolita para o estudo das pastas de cimento hidratado e, posteriormente, dos compósitos. O Módulo Elástico Dinâmico das pastas é incrementado com o tempo pela adição de sepiolita. Os ensaios a flexão demostram que a adição de sepiolita melhora a homogeneidade dos compósitos. Reportam-se os efeitos das fibras de sisal após da exposição a sistemas MgO-SiO2 e PC e submetidas a diferentes condições de envelhecimento. Este estudo comparativo da degradação das fibras expostas a diferentes matrizes cimentícias mostra a compatibilidade das fibras lignocelulósicas com os cimentos à base de Mg. As fibras de sisal, inclusive após o envelhecimento acelerado, não apresentam nem redução significativa no conteúdo de celulose nem na cristalinidade da celulose assim como do tamanho de cristalito, quando expostas a cimentos MgO-SiO2.

O objetivo desta Tese é preparar e caracterizar nanopartículas de TiO2 e SiO2@ TiO2 e obter filmes finos baseados nesses materiais nanoestruturados usando a metodologia de preparação de filmes conhecida como layer-by-layer (LbL). Primeiramente, TiO2 amorfo sintetizado a partir de sulfato de titanila (TiOSO4) foi cristalizado por método de tratamento hidrotérmico brando (HTT). O efeito da temperatura e tempo de tratamento hidrotérmico na cristalinidade, tamanho de partícula e fotoatividade de TiO2 foi estudado. A análise de MET, DRX e área de superfície confirmou que o HTT a temperatura tão baixa quanto 105°C pode ser utilizada para obter as nanopartículas de anatase com boa cristalinidade (~95%), pequeno tamanho de cristalito (<10 nm), alta área de superfície (>200 m2.g-1) e excelente seletividade da fase. Em uma segunda etapa do projeto, o nanocatalisador de TiO2 foi depositado, via rota sol-gel, na superfície de NPs de sílica Stöber (diâmetro 200 nm), formando um sistema core@shell (SiO2@ TiO2). O objetivo desse processo foi de se obter melhor estabilidade térmica (1000°C), boa dispersão e menor aglomeração do nanocatalisador (TiO2). As análises de microscopia eletrônica (MEV e MET) confirmaram a formação de uma camada porosa (espessura 10-30 nm) de TiO2 formadas por cristalitos com cerca de 5 nm. Um estudo das propriedades ópticas das amostras SiO2@ TiO2 mostrou que o deslocamento no onset de absorção é função do espalhamento Rayleigh. Finalmente, desenvolveu-se um novo e versátil procedimento LbL para a preparação de filmes multicamadas, porosos e uniformes de TiO2 empregando fosfato de celulose (CP) como polieletrólito eficiente e não convencional. A formação dos filmes (CP/ TiO2 e CP/ TiO2/HPW) foi monitorada por espectroscopia UV/Vis e a interação entre os componentes dos filmes (CP, TiO2 e HPW) foi estudada pelas técnicas MET, XPS e FTIR. Estes filmes LbL apresentaram boa fotoatividade para degradação de ácido esteárico, cristal violeta e azul de metileno sobre irradiação UV. Os filmes CP/HPW formados em celulose bacteriana apresentaram boa resposta fotocrômica, que é aumentada pela presença do TiO2 devido a uma transferência eletrônica interfacial do TiO2 para o HPW. A interface entre nanopartículas de titânia e nanopartículas de ácido fosfotungstico foi pela primeira vez caracterizada por Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão como sendo não-cristalina. Este método simples e ambientalmente amigável pode ser utilizado para formar recobrimentos em uma grande variedade de superfícies com filmes fotoativos de TiO2 e TiO2/HPW. / The aim of the present investigation was to prepare and characterize TiO2 and core@shell (SiO2@TiO2) nanoparticles (CSNs) and form layer-by-layer (LbL) films with these nanoparticles (NPs) on various substrates. Firstly, amorphous TiO2 were prepared from oxotitanium (IV) sulfate (TiOSO4) and crystallized by low-temperature hydrothermal treatment (HTT). The effect of hydrothermal temperature and treatment time on crystallinity, particle size and photoactivity of TiO2 was studied. The TEM, XRD and BET surface area analysis confirmed that HTT at temperature as low as 105°C can be used to obtain phase-pure anatase nanoparticles with good crystallinity (~95%), small crystallite size (<10 nm), high surface area (>200 m2.g-1) and excellent phase selectivity. Secondly, TiO2 nanocatalyst was directly deposited, via sol-gel route, on the surface of Stöber silica NPs of around 200 nm in a core@shell (SiO2@ TiO2) configuration to obtain better thermal stability, good dispersion and less agglomeration of the nanocatalyst. SEM and TEM observation confirmed the formation of a porous anatase shell of crystalline TiO2 consisting of around 5-8 nm small crystallites, in accordance with XRD results. The shell thickness was varied between 10-30 nm by varying the quantity of precursor titanium (IV) isopropoxide (TiP). Compared to the uncoated silica, the BET surface area also increased by 147-365% depending on the amount of TiP added during synthesis step. The effect of shell morphology and TiO2 loading on surface area and photoactivity has been studied and compared among different CSNs. Finally, a new and versatile LbL procedure for the preparation of porous and highly dispersed multilayer films of TiO2 and phosphotungstic acid (HPW) on different substrates was developed using Cellulose Phosphate (CP) as an efficient and non-conventional binder. The films formation was monitored by UV/Vis spectroscopy and the interaction between the films components (CP, TiO2 and HPW) was studied by HRTEM, XPS and FTIR techniques. These CP/ TiO2 and CP/ TiO2/HPW LbL films showed good photoactivity against stearic acid (SA), crystal violet (CV) and methylene blue (MB) under UV irradiation. The CP/HPW films formed on bacterial cellulose showed good photochromic response, which is enhanced in presence of TiO2 due to an interfacial electron transfer from TiO2 to HPW. This simple and environmentally safe method can be used to form coatings on a variety of surfaces with photoactive TiO2 and TiO2/HPW films.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-09-20T12:04:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 flaviacamposmarques.pdf: 5444687 bytes, checksum: ee4ddf83c1895a69c8df07fd21fede21 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-10-01T19:24:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 flaviacamposmarques.pdf: 5444687 bytes, checksum: ee4ddf83c1895a69c8df07fd21fede21 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-01T19:24:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 flaviacamposmarques.pdf: 5444687 bytes, checksum: ee4ddf83c1895a69c8df07fd21fede21 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-26 / O presente trabalho abrange as sínteses e caracterizações nanobastões de ouro (AuNB) e nanopartículas esféricas de ouro e prata (AuNE e AgNE) recobertos por uma camada ultrafina de óxido de manganês, silício ou titânio. Utilizaram-se para caracterização das camadas dielétricas as técnicas UV-VIS, espectroscopia de absorção no infravermelho, difração raio X (XRD), voltametria cíclica (CV) e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (TEM). As nanoestruturas plasmônicas (NP) utilizadas como substratos nas aplicações espectroscópicas são instável na presença de muitos analitos, o que pode levar à agregação e posteriormente à precipitação do material, inviabilizando a caracterização do adsorbato. O recobrimento das NP por camadas dielétricas aumenta fortemente a sua estabilidade estrutural, conservando suas propriedades plasmônicas. Nesse intuito, o escopo desse trabalho visou recobrir os AuNB por MnO2, SiO2 ou TiO2 e AuNE ou AgNE por TiO2 e verificar a sua aplicabilidade nas técnicas espectroscópicas de superfície. Por meio do deslocamento da banda de ressonância de plasmon de superfície localizado foi possível acompanhar a formação e o aumento da espessura da camada dielétrica adsorvida na interface do metal quando comparados às NP sem recobrimento, que são resultados das mudanças no índice de refração local às NP. A técnica de XRD foi utilizada para confirmar a formação dos materiais híbridos; por essa técnica foram observados halo não-cristalinos atribuídos aos óxidos e picos de difração característicos de nanoestruturas metálicas de Au. Além disso, foi possível caracterizar as NP de Au e Ag com os óxidos por meio da análise por TEM, em que foram observados recobrimentos uniformes das camadas de MnO2, SiO2 ou TiO2 envolvendo o núcleo metálico com espessuras inferiores a 6 nm. O uso da técnica de CV permitiu verificar que as cascas de óxidos não apresentaram orifícios. Os materiais híbridos otimizados foram utilizados como substratos espalhamento Raman intensificado por superfície (SERS) e fluorescência intensificada por superfície (SEF) para análise de adsorção da molécula IR-820. As medidas SERS utilizando as radiações incidentes 633 e 1064 nm mostraram um aumento significativo nas intensidades relativas de alguns modos vibracionais comparado ao espectro Raman da molécula livre, através dos quais foram realizadas as atribuições dos modos vibracionais. Já as medidas SEF obtidas com a radiação incidente 785 nm, observou-se um aumento da intensidade SEF para espessuras maiores de óxido, atribuídas ao aumento da distância entre adsorbato e a superfície condutora do metal. Além disso, foi estudada por SERS a adsorção de ácido 3-mercaptopropiônico (HMP) e ácido 4-mercaptobenzoico (HMB) nessas NP recobertas, e através dos resultados foram atribuídos os modos vibracionais mais significativos. Através dessas atribuições foi possível verificar o sitio de adsorção e a orientação das moléculas HMP e HMB. Os resultados obtidos confirmaram a formação da camada de óxido envolvendo o núcleo metálico. Além disso, as aplicações dos efeitos SERS e SEF mostraram-se bastante promissoras para os substratos sintetizados. / The present work covers the syntheses and characterizations of gold nanorods (AuNR) and gold and silver spherical nanoparticles (AuSN and AgSN) coated with ultrathin layers of manganese, silicon or titanium oxide. Dielectric layers were characterized by UV-Vis, infrared absorption spectroscopy, X ray diffraction (XRD), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Plasmonic nanostructures (PN) which are used as substrates in spectroscopic applications are unstable in the presence of many analytes, thus leading to aggregation and subsequent precipitation. This instability makes the characterization of the adsorbate much more challenging. Coating PN with dielectric layers strongly increases its structural stability, while retaining their plasmonic properties. To this end, the scope of this work was to cover AuNR by ultrathin layers of MnO2, SiO2 or TiO2 and AuNS or AgNS by TiO2 and verify its applicability in surface spectroscopic techniques. By means of displacement of the localized surface plasmon resonance band, it was possible to follow the formation and increase of the thickness of the dielectric layer adsorbed at the interface of the metal when compared to PN without coating, which are results of the changes in the local refractive index to PN. The XRD technique was used to confirm the formation of the hybrid materials. It was observed non-crystalline haloes attributed to the oxides and diffraction peaks characteristic of Au metallic nanostructures. Moreover, it was possible to characterize the Ag and Au PN with oxides by means of analysis by TEM, wherein was possible to confirm the presence of uniform layer coatings of MnO2, SiO2 or TiO2 surrounding the metallic core with a thickness below 6 nm. The use of the CV technique allowed verifying that the oxide shells did not have pinholes. The optimized hybrid materials were used as surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and surface enhanced fluorescence (SEF) substrates for adsorption analysis of the IR-820 molecule. The SERS measurements using incident radiations at 633 and 1064 nm showed a significant increase in the relative intensities of some vibrational modes compared to the Raman spectrum of the free molecule, through which the assignments of the vibrational modes were performed. The SEF measurements obtained with the incident radiation 785 nm showed an increase in the SEF intensity for higher oxide thicknesses, which was attributed to the increase in the distance between adsorbate and the conductive surface of the metal. Moreover, adsorption of the 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) and 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (MBA) molecules in these NP coated was studied using SERS. It was possible to identify and assign the most significant vibrational modes and confirm the adsorption site of MPA and MBA molecules. The results confirmed the successful formation of the oxide layers surrounding the metallic cores. Finally, the applications of the SERS and SEF effect have shown to be very promising for the synthesized substrates.

Yolk-shell nanostructures/yolk-shell nanoparticles are defined as a hybrid structure, a mixture of core/shell and hollow particles, where a core particle is encapsulated inside the hollow shell and may move freely inside the shell. Of the various classifications of yolk-shell nanostructures, a structure with an inorganic core and inorganic shell (inorganic/inorganic) has been studied widely due to their unique optical, magnetic, electrical, mechanical, and catalytic properties. In the work presented here, among the different inorganic/inorganic yolk-shell nanostructures noble metal@silica yolk-shell nanostructures has been chosen as the topic of interest. Silica shell possesses many advantages such as chemical inertness, tunable pore sizes, diverse surface morphologies, increasing suspension stability, no reduction in LSPR properties of noble metal nanoparticles when used as a coating for such particles. Noble metal nanoparticles such as AgNPs and AuNPs, on the other hand, possess unique structural, optical, catalytic, and quantum properties. Hence yolk-shell nanostructures with a combination of Ag or Au core and a silica shell (Ag@SiO2 and Au@SiO2) would open to endless possibilities. In this study, four areas were mainly explored: mechanism of silica shell formation over a given template, the synthetic modifications of Ag@SiO2 and Au@SiO2 yolk-shell nanostructures, their application as a potential catalyst, and devising of a flow type catalytic reactor. Despite the growing number of contributions on the topic of yolk-shell nanostructures, particularly Au@SiO2 and Ag@SiO2 yolk-shell nanostructures, a potential for improvement lies in all four aforementioned areas. As an initial study, the effect of different processing conditions as well as the mechanism of silica shell formation over reactive block copolymer templates was investigated. An asymmetric PS-b-P4VP block copolymer was chosen as a structure directing component to deposit silica shell. In order to deposit silica shell, PS-b-P4VP micelles with a collapsed PS core and a swollen P4VP corona was prepared via a solvent exchange method. The growth of silica shell over the PS-b-P4VP micelles (reactive template) was done using in-situ DLS and TEM. The experimental data obtained revealed the 4 distinct stages involved in the silica shell formation over the reactive BCP micellar template starting from the accumulation of silica precursor around the P4VP corona followed by a reactive template mediated hydrolysis-condensation reaction of the silica precursor which eventually lead to the shell densification and shell growth around the micelles. An understanding of the mechanism of silica shell formation over reactive templates provides a direct way to encapsulate various active species such as metal nanoparticles and quantum dots and paves the way for the template mediated synthesis of hybrid nanostructures such as yolk-shell nanoparticles. These studies also serve as a platform to fine-tune the properties of such hybrid nanostructures by varying the reaction parameters during silica shell deposition and reaction time. The next part of the work focused mainly on the synthesis, process optimisation and characterization of Ag@SiO2 and Au@SiO2 yolk-shell nanostructures, and their potential use as a nanocatalyst. A well-known soft template mediated synthesis of the yolk-shell nanostructure was adopted for the present work. For this PS-b-P4VP micelle was used as a dual template for both encapsulation of nanoparticle and the deposition of silica shell. The nanoparticles were entrapped selectively to the BCP micellar core and silica deposition was done by reacting the nanoparticle-loaded micelles with an acidic silica sol which lead to the formation of Ag@PS-b-P4VP@SiO2 or Au@PS-b-P4VP@SiO2 particles with respect to the nanoparticle used. In the case of Ag@PS-b-P4VP particles, upon silica deposition, a partial dissolution of AgNPs was observed whereas AuNPs were stable against dissolution. Hence yolk-shell nanostructures with AuNPs were studied further. As-prepared Au@PS-b-P4VP@SiO2 particles were then subjected to pyrolysis to remove the BCP template. The resulting yolk-shell nanostructures comprised of an AuNP core and a hollow mesoporous silica shell. Upon removal of the BCP template, the Au@SiO2 particles fused together and formed large aggregates. The catalytic properties of Au@SiO2 yolk-shell nanoparticles were explored using a model reaction of reduction of 4-nitrophenol and proved to have good catalytic activity and efficient recyclability. It was observed that catalytic efficiency was hindered by the particle aggregates formed after pyrolysis by creating an inhomogeneity in the system and inaccessibility of the catalytic surface for the reactants. Hence synthetic modifications were needed to overcome such drawbacks. Next part of the work deals with the synthetic modification of Au@SiO2 yolk-shell nanoparticles done by embedding them in a porous silica structure (PSS). Such structural morphology was attained by gelating the excess silica precursor while synthesising the Au@PS-b-P4VP@SiO2 particles. The pyrolytic removal of block copolymer results in the formation of Au@SiO2@PSS catalyst and the porous nature of both the shell and the silica structure provides an easy access for the reactants to the nanocatalyst surface located inside. The catalytic properties of Au@SiO2@PSS were studied using a model reaction of catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) and reductive degradation of different dyes. Kinetic studies show that Au@SiO2@PSS catalyst possesses enhanced catalytic activity as compared to other analogous systems reported in the literature so far. Furthermore, catalytic experiments on the reductive degradation of different dyes show that Au@SiO2@PSS catalyst can be considered as a very promising candidate for wastewater treatment. Another proposed direction of applying the Au@SiO2 yolk-shells is by devising a continuous flow catalytic system composed of Au@SiO2 yolk-shell nanoparticles for the effective degradation of azo dyes as a promising candidate for wastewater treatment. This was done by infiltrating the Au@PS-b-P4VP@SiO2 particles inside a porous glass substrate (frits) and the subsequent pyrolytic removal of the BCP template resulting in the formation of Au@SiO2 yolk-shell nanostructures sintered inside the frit pores. The flow catalytic reactor was exploited in terms of studying its catalytic activity in the degradation of azo dyes and 4-nitrophenol and proved to have a catalytic efficiency of ca. 99% in terms of reagent conversion and has a long-term stability under flow. Thus, with a few modifications, these flow type systems can open the doors to a very promising continuous flow catalytic reactor in the future.

Prédites en 1916 par Albert Einstein, puis détectées 100 ans plus tard par les collaborations LIGO et VIRGO, les ondes gravitationnelles constituent un outil prometteur pour observer l’univers sur des échelles toujours plus grandes. Cependant, pour accéder à de plus nombreux évènements, une des principales limitations des détecteurs provient du bruit thermique des couches minces composant leurs miroirs, couches minces non cristallines de SiO2 et Ta2O5 dopé TiO2.L’objectif de ce travail est d’étudier l’origine microstructurale du bruit thermique de ces couches en utilisant les spectroscopies vibrationnelles pour, à terme, obtenir des matériaux plus performants. Il a notamment été observé que le bruit thermique diminue lorsque les miroirs sont recuits à faible température. Dans la silice, nous observons une restructuration du matériau lors du recuit qui semble suivre la diminution du bruit thermique. En particulier, un relâchement des contraintes a été constaté. En revanche, dans le Ta2O5, matériau de structure complexe et encore mal connue, l’effet du recuit sur la structure des couches apparaît plus limité, alors que celles-ci cristallisent facilement dès que la température augmente. Pour compléter la connaissance de ce matériau, des mesures in-situ hautes pressions ont été réalisées. Finalement, le rôle du dopage des couches de Ta2O5 par du TiO2 a été exploré / Predicted in 1916 by Einstein, then detected one hundred year later by the VIRGO and LIGO collaborations, the gravitational waves are a promising tool to observe the universe at scales always bigger. However, to detect a larger number of events, one of the main limitation of the detectors originates in the mirrors coatings thermal noise, thin non-crystalline layers composed of SiO2 and TiO2-doped Ta2O5. The aim of this work is to study the micro-structural origin of the layers thermal noise, by using vibrational spectroscopies, in order to, ultimately, process more efficient materials. Studies show a decrease of the thermal noise when the mirrors are annealed at low temperature. In silica, a structural reorganization happens during the annealing, following the evolution of the thermal noise. Notably, a stress relaxation has been observed. However, in Ta2O5, oxide with a complex structure not much studied, the impact of the annealing seems to be more limited, while the structure crystallizes easily as soon as the temperature increases. To complete our knowledge of this structure, in-situ high pressure measurements were conducted. Finally, the TiO2-doping effect of the Ta2O5 structures was studied

This diploma thesis is focused on the preparation of hybrid titania-silica layers. Titanium tetraisopropoxide and tetraethyl orthosilicate with Levasil were used as the precursors for TiO2 and SiO2 synthesis, respectively. The layers were deposited on substrates by material printing. Furthermore, this work is focused on the study of the rheological properties of TiO2-SiO2 sol and characterization of prepared films by XRD, SEM, ellipsometry, AFM, pencil hardnes test, optical microscopy. Optical properties were also characterized by transmitance and reflectance measurement and the functionality of these layers was demonstrated by a stearic acid degradation experiment.