The Arctic regions are currently undergoing transformative changes linked to globalization and climate change, which pose challenges for current governance structures. This thesis investigates governance in times of change through the lens of reindeer pastoralism, and the traditional ecological knowledge (TEK)- based management in reindeer herding. While studies increasingly highlight the benefits of incorporating TEK into governance, a central challenge remains in finding ways to ensure integration. To contribute such knowledge, this thesis analyses how reindeer-herding local management systems interact with multiple processes of governance steering reindeer pastoralism, and the ways TEK is negotiated in such interactions. Theoretically, the thesis draws on literature on multi-level governance as an analytical framework for engaging with different types of governance processes and actors, and the literature on TEK to conceptualize local social institutions. Methodologically, a qualitative bottom-up methodological strategy (with local reindeer-herding groups and constellations – siidas, brigadas – forming the central starting point for the research) was adopted, focusing on cases from reindeer pastoralism in western Finnmark in northern Norway and Yamal in northwest Siberia. The results show that local reindeer herding organizations are incorporated into processes of governance through participatory, representative and deliberative processes for decision-making. Yet, such incorporation has not facilitated integration of the TEK to processes of governance. A central challenge is that current governance processes are formalized in a way that do not accommodate non-scientific ways of knowing, or non hierarchical consensus-based decision- making. The thesis thus highlights the need for holistic strategies for how to include TEK in governance. Co-management and participatory processes alone are not enough. / IPY EALÁT, the Reindeer Herders Vulnerability Network Study / RUF: Forvaltning i endring

Large amounts of carbon are stored in soils of the northern circumpolar permafrost region. High-resolution mapping of this soil organic carbon (SOC) is important to better understand and predict local to global scale carbon dynamics. In this thesis, studies from five different areas across the permafrost region indicate a pattern of generally higher SOC storage in Arctic tundra soils compared to forested sub-Arctic or Boreal taiga soils. However, much of the SOC stored in the top meter of tundra soils is permanently frozen, while the annually thawing active layer is deeper in taiga soils and more SOC may be available for turnover to ecosystem processes. The results show that significantly more carbon is stored in soils compared to vegetation, even in fully forested taiga ecosystems. This indicates that over longer timescales, the SOC potentially released from thawing permafrost cannot be offset by a greening of the Arctic. For all study areas, the SOC distribution is strongly influenced by the geomorphology, i.e. periglacial landforms and processes, at different spatial scales. These span from the cryoturbation of soil horizons, to the formation of palsas, peat plateaus and different generations of ice-wedges, to thermokarst creating kilometer scale macro environments. In study areas that have not been affected by Pleistocene glaciation, SOC distribution is highly influenced by the occurrence of ice-rich and relief-forming Yedoma deposits. This thesis investigates the use of thematic maps from highly resolved satellite imagery (&lt;6.5 m resolution). These maps reveal important information on the local distribution and variability of SOC, but their creation requires advanced classification methods including an object-based approach, modern classifiers and data-fusion. The results of statistical analyses show a clear link of land cover and geomorphology with SOC storage. Peat-formation and cryoturbation are identified as two major mechanisms to accumulate SOC. As an alternative to thematic maps, this thesis demonstrates the advantages of digital soil mapping of SOC in permafrost areas using machine-learning methods, such as support vector machines, artificial neural networks and random forests. Overall, high-resolution satellite imagery and robust spatial prediction methods allow detailed maps of SOC. This thesis significantly increases the amount of soil pedons available for the individual study areas. Yet, this information is still the limiting factor to better understand the SOC distribution in permafrost environments at local and circumpolar scale. Soil pedon information for SOC quantification should at least distinguish the surface organic layer, the mineral subsoil in the active layer compared to the permafrost and further into organic rich cryoturbated and buried soil horizons. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>

Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde im Rahmen des multidisziplinären Deutsch-Russischen Verbundprojektes "Laptev See 2000" erstellt. Die dargestellten bodenkundlichen und mikro-biologischen Untersuchungen verfolgten das Ziel die mikrobielle Lebensgemeinschaft eines Permafrostbodens im sibirischen Lena Delta zu charakterisieren, wobei den methanogenen Archaea besondere Beachtung zukam.<br><br> Die Probennahme wurde im August 2001 im zentralen Lenadelta, auf der Insel Samoylov durchgeführt. Das Delta liegt im Bereich des kontinuierlichen Permafrostes, was bedeutet, dass nur eine flache saisonale Auftauschicht während der Sommermonate auftaut. Das untersuchte Bodenprofil lag im Zentrum eines für die Landschaft repräsentativen Low Center Polygons. Zum Zeitpunkt der Beprobung betrug die Auftautiefe des untersuchten Bodens 45 cm.. Der Wasserstand lag zum Untersuchungszeitpunkt 18 cm unter der Geländeoberfläche, so dass alle tiefer liegenden Horizonte durch anaerobe Verhältnisse charakterisiert waren. Die Untersuchung der bodenkundlichen Parameter ergab unter anderem eine mit zunehmender Tiefe abnehmende Konzentration von Kohlenstoff und Stickstoff, sowie eine Abnahme von Temperatur und Wurzeldichte. Um die Auswirkungen der sich mit der Tiefe verändernden Bodeneigenschaften auf die Mikroorganismen zu ermitteln, wurden die Mikroorganismenpopulationen der verschiedenen Bodentiefen mit Hilfe der Fluoreszenz in situ Hybridisierung hinsichtlich ihrer Anzahl, Aktivität und Zusammensetzung beschrieben. Für die Charakterisierung des physiologischen Profils dieser Gemeinschaften, bezüglich der von ihr umsetzbaren Kohlenstoffverbindungen, wurden BIOLOG Mikrotiterplatten unter den in situ Bedingungen angepassten Bedingungen eingesetzt.<br><br> Die sich im Profil verändernden Bodenparameter, vor allem die abnehmende Substratversorgung, die geringe Temperatur und die anaeroben Verhältnisse in den unteren Bodenschichten führten zu einer Veränderung der Mikroorganismenpopulation im Bodenprofil. So nahm von oben nach unten die Gesamtanzahl der ermittelten Mikroorganismen von 23,0 × 108 auf 1,2 × 108 Zellen g-1 ab. Gleichzeitig sank der Anteil der aktiven Zellen von 59% auf 33%. Das bedeutet, dass im Bereich von 0-5 cm 35mal mehr aktive Zellen g-1 als im Bereich von 40-45 cm gefunden wurden. Durch den Einsatz spezieller rRNS-Sonden konn-te zusätzlich eine Abnahme der Diversität mit zunehmender Bodentiefe nachgewiesen werden.<br><br> Die geringere Aktivität der Population in den unteren Horizonten sowie die Unterschiede in der Zusammensetzung wirkten sich auf den Abbau der organischen Substanz aus. So wur-den die mit Hilfe der BIOLOG Mikrotiterplatten angebotenen Substanzen in größerer Tiefe langsamer und unvollständiger abgebaut. Insbesondere in den oberen 5 cm konnten einige der angebotenen Polymere und Kohlehydrate deutlich besser als im restlichen Profil umge-setzt werden. Das außerdem unter anaeroben Versuchsbedingungen diese Substrate deutlich schlechter umgesetzt wurden, kann so interpretiert werden, dass die konstant anaeroben Bedingungen in den unteren Horizonten ein Auftreten der Arten, die diese Substrate umset-zen, erschweren.<br><br> Die in den oberen, aeroben Bodenabschnitten wesentlich höheren Zellzahlen und Aktivitäten und die dadurch schnellere C-Umsetzung führen auch zu einer besseren Substratversorgung der methanogenen Archaea in den makroskopisch aeroben Horizonten. Die erhöhte Substratverfügbarkeit erklärt die Tatsache, dass im Bereich von 0-5 cm die meisten methanogenen Archaea gefunden wurden, obwohl sich dieser Bereich zum Zeitpunkt der Probennahme oberhalb des wassergesättigten Bodenbereichs befand. Trotz der aeroben Bedingungen in, liegt im Bereich von 5 10 cm die für die methanogenen Archaea am besten geeignete Kombination aus Substratangebot und anaeroben Nischen vor. Hinzu kommt, dass in diesen Tiefen die Sommertemperaturen etwas höher liegen als in den tieferen Horizonten, was wiederum die Aktivität positiv beeinflusst. Bei zusammenfassender Betrachtung der Untersuchungsergebnisse von Anzahl, Aktivität, Zusammensetzung und Leistung der gesamten, aber im besonderen auch der methanogenen Mikroorganismenpopulation wird deutlich, dass in dem untersuchten Bodenprofil unter ökologischen Gesichtspunkten die oberen 15-20 cm den für den C-Umsatz relevantesten Bereich darstellen. Das Zusammenspiel wichtiger Bodenparameter wie Bodentemperatur, Wasserstand, Nährstoffversorgung und Durchwurzelung führt dazu, dass in dem untersuchten Tundraboden in den oberen 15-20 cm eine wesentlich größere und diversere Anzahl an Mikroorganismen existiert, die für einen schnelleren und umfassenderen Kohlenstoffumsatz in diesem Bereich des active layers sorgt. / The soil characteristics and the bacterial community of the active layer (0-45 cm) of a permafrost affected tundra soil were analysed. The composition of the bacterial community was investigated by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) while BIOLOG Ecoplates were used to characterize microbial communities by determining the ability of the communities to oxidize various carbon sources.<br><br> Arctic tundra soils contain large amounts of organic carbon, accumulated in thick soil layers and are known as a major sink of atmospheric CO2. These soils are totally frozen throughout the year and only a thin active layer is unfrozen and shows biological activity during the short summer. To improve the understanding of how the carbon fluxes in the active layer are controlled, detailed analysis of composition, functionality and interaction of soil microorganisms was done. The FISH analyses of the active layer showed large variations in absolute cell numbers and in the composition of the active microbial community between the different horizons, which is caused by the different environmental conditions (e.g. soil temperature, amount of organic matter, aeration) in this vertically structured ecosystem. Results obtained by universal protein stain 5-(4,6-dichlorotriazin-2-yl)aminofluorescein (DTAF) showed an exponential decrease of total cell counts from the top to the bottom of the active layer (2.3 × 109 to 1.2 × 108 cells per g dry soil). By using FISH, up to 59% of the DTAF-detected cells could be detected in the surface horizon, and up to 84% of these FISH-detected cells could be affiliated to a known phylogenetic group. With increasing depth the amount of FISH-detectable cells decreased as well as the diversity of ascertained phylogenetic groups. <br><br> The turnover of substrates offered on the BIOLOG Ecoplates was slower and less complete in the deeper soil horizons. Especially in the upper 5 cm the turnover of some of the polymeric substances and some carbohydrates was much better than in deeper parts of the soil.<br><br> The interaction of important soil parameters (water table, nutrient availability, roots) leads to a larger and more diverse community in the upper 20 cm of the soil, which again cause a faster and more complete turnover in this part of the active layer.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Arizona, 1995. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print.

Les débitages de lamelles obtenues par pression apparaissent il y a environ 20 000 ans en Asie du nord-est et leur diffusion est attestée aussi bien vers l’Asie centrale que vers l’Alaska et la Colombie-Britannique en passant par la Sibérie. Cette recherche analyse ainsi la progression de ces industries depuis l’Extrême-Orient vers l’Amérique du Nord : de nombreuses séries en provenance du Primorye, de la Sibérie et du nord-ouest de l’Amérique du Nord font l’objet d’une étude typo-technologique rigoureuse. La facile reconnaissance des industries à composante lamellaire permet d’étudier l’évolution, à une large échelle géographique et chronologique, du système techno-économique du peuplement initial du Nouveau Monde, tout en restant sur des contextes technologiquement comparables. La singularité de ce travail repose non seulement dans le choix du sujet mais aussi dans la méthodologie employée, c’est-à-dire l’application de la technologie lithique développée par l’école française à l’étude des industries paléolithiques à composante lamellaire et à certaines problématiques concernant le premier peuplement du Nouveau Monde. De nombreuses questions seront abordées : quelle est l’origine géographique et chronologique des premiers débitages lamellaires par pression ? Pouvons-nous mettre en évidence certains facteurs déclencheurs ? Comment sont employées les lamelles ? Quels éléments expliquent la variabilité des méthodes de débitages ? Sommes-nous face à un phénomène de diffusion d’une idée ou de migration de population ? Observe-t-on certaines voies migratoires préférentielles ? L’outillage associé est-il constant ou très variable ? Comment la technologie lithique permet-elle de mettre en évidence certaines zones d’interaction ? L’approche inédite développée ici permet d’aborder ces thématiques sous un angle parti culier et d’abouti r à des résultats, à des visions et à des propositions sensiblement différents de ce qui a été avancé à ce jour. / Débitage of pressure microblades appeared in the archaeological record about 20,000 years ago in Northeast Asia, followed by their diffusion toward Central Asia as well as toward Siberia, Alaska, and British Columbia. This research analyzes the spread of these microblade industries from the Asian Far East to North America, utilizing many archaeological collections from Primorye, Siberia, and northwest North America as the basis of a meticulous typo-technological study. The easy recognition of microblade-bearing sites allows studying the evolution, on a wide geographical and chronological scale, of the technoeconomic system during the initial peopling of the New World, while retaining technologically comparable backgrounds. The singularity of this work lies not only in the chosen subject but also in the chosen methodology, i.e., the application of lithic technology as developed by the French school to the study of Palaeolithic industries with microblade components, as well as to some issues concerning the first peopling of the New World. Many questions will be discussed, including: What is the geographical and chronological origin of the first pressure microblade industries? Can we highlight some factors that stimulated such an invention? How were microblades used? What elements can explain the variability of the débitage-producing methods? Is the progression of microblade industries the result of a technological diffusion or a human migration? Can any preferential migratory routes be identified? Is the associated toolkit highly variable or is it relatively constant? How does the analysis of lithic technology allow the assessment of interactions between groups? The new approach developed here addresses the issues from a different angle and leads to new visions, proposals, and results that are noticeably different from those that have been suggested to date.

This thesis examines the experiences of the overseas Chinese in the Russian Far East during the revolutionary and Civil War period from 1917 to 1920, as well as their responses to the upheaval. Bucking the current trend towards transcultural history, the thesis argues that Chinese identity and nationalist language were of prime importance to this community. By concentrating on Chinese-language sources, the thesis re-privileges the community's internal discourses and highlights the prevalence of nationalist rhetoric across the Sino-Russian border. It also sites the Chinese community's use of nationalist language within the context of the global diaspora, for which questions of national weakness and revival were also pressing. Going further, the thesis postulates the presence of "Chinese nationalism with Russian characteristics", in which the issues surrounding Chinese nationalism as a whole were heightened. It shows that the rhetoric of 'national humiliation' and victimhood were particularly immediate to the community in the Russian Far East, since it was located at one of the epicentres of imperial contestation. In practice, this led to a modus vivendi with the Reds and a decisive turn against the Whites. Furthermore, the chaos of the revolutions and Civil War imbued this nationalism with an opportunistic quality. The collapse of Russian state power became the 'opportunity of a thousand years' for China to redress past wrongs. This allowed the overseas community to work closely with local authorities and the Beijing government to achieve shared goals. New civil society organisations with community-wide aims were formed. Beijing extended its diplomatic reach in the form of new Far Eastern consulates. Finally, common nationalist rhetoric underpinned China's successful attempt to re-establish its civilian and military presence on the Amur River. "Chinese nationalism with Russian characteristics" could be effectively harnessed to secure multi-level and cross-border cooperation.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Adult and Continuing Education / Jacqueline D. Spears / This study focused on the professional development experiences of teachers in the Altai Republic, Russian Federation. Russia is a country in flux, transitioning from a totalitarian state into a democracy reflective of its unique ethnic composition, geographic context, and history. The Russian educational system is currently undergoing computerization and teachers are learning to integrate educational technology into classroom practice. In this setting, teachers are beginning to learn how to integrate educational technologies into their classroom practices. This qualitative study explored the potential for transformative learning associated with this type of learning and experience. Transformative learning theory (TLT) was used to explore if and how the world views and perspectives of teachers is changing with respect to their educational philosophies and classroom practice. The study utilized multiple sources of evidence (interviews with program and school administrators, school teachers, observation) and multiple units of analysis (federal/republic levels of training and support, school level training and support, informal experiences, teachers, administrators). Findings indicated that the methods used to train teachers have a high likelihood of being facilitative of transformative learning. It also found that teachers are beginning to think and act in new ways based on their experiences with educational technology. Teachers are also collaborating in this learning process, which provides an important support for continued learning and growth. Findings also indicate that TLT is a useful framework for exploring transformative learning in this setting and helped to uncover the elements of transformative learning which are culturally determined. Further research is needed to further our understanding of how transformation occurs and is experienced in this setting. Collaboration with local experts and researchers is necessary to uncover the cultural differences related to perspective change. Many future pathways are available for continuing to explore transformative learning in this context. They include continued work with teachers, a general exploration of transformative learning, and work with university students.

L'évolution naturelle du climat, perturbée depuis les révolutions industrielles, est fortement marquée dans les hautes latitudes en particulier en Sibérie où une anomalie de température de +0.8°C est constatée depuis les années 2000 contre une anomalie moyenne de +0.4°C pour les moyennes latitudes. La Sibérie est couverte par des pergélisols lui conférant ainsi des particularités, notamment pour les régimes hydrologiques des rivières. Les projections climatiques prédisant jusqu'à un réchauffement de l'ordre de +5°C d'ici 2100, il est primordial d'en évaluer les impacts. La modélisation numérique à bases physiques s'avère être un outil intéressant pour répondre à ces questions. Ainsi, afin d'évaluer la réponse hydrologique au changement climatique en Sibérie nous avons travaillé sur l'évaluation multi-échelles des bilans d'énergie et d'eau avec le modèle ORCHIDEE. Ce modèle a été adapté aux caractéristiques des milieux froids, avec une amélioration de la représentation de la neige, une prise en compte du gel de l'eau du sol et une carte de végétation plus représentative de la végétation sibérienne. Une évaluation en mode forcé i.e. sans couplage avec l'atmosphère a été menée dans un premier temps. Ainsi, nous avons évalué ORCHIDEE au temps présent (1979-2009) à l'échelle du site en nous concentrant sur les données d'humidité et de température du sol dont nous disposions. Une analyse de sensibilité du modèle nous a permis d'identifier les paramètres les plus influents sur les bilans d'énergie et d'eau dans le sol. Leur étalonnage sur sites nous a permis de montrer que le modèle ORCHIDEE est capable de simuler correctement les transferts verticaux de chaleur et d'eau et les contenus en eau et températures du sol résultants. Par la suite nous avons étendu l'évaluation à la région de la Sibérie en confrontant nos résultats de simulation à des produits satellitaires, permettant une évaluation sur une série temporelle conséquente et sur une grande zone. Nous avons rassemblé un grand nombre d'observations telles que des données d'albédo, d'équivalent en eau pour la neige..., auxquelles nous avons comparé nos résultats de simulation. Ce travail nous a permis de montrer que le modèle simule de façon satisfaisante les bilans d'énergie et d'eau en Sibérie, mais aussi de mettre en avant l'importance du choix du forçage climatique. Ainsi, l'utilisation d'un second forçage climatique nous a permis de montrer l'importance du partitionnement pluie/neige ainsi que la sous-estimation possible des précipitations dans les forçages. Le modèle validé a été utilisé ensuite pour mener des études d'impacts, en utilisant 2 forçages climatiques sur le temps futur (2005 à 2099) sous scénario d'émission des gaz à effet de serre RCP8.5. Ainsi nous avons pu évaluer la variabilité liée au forçage et l'impact de l'évolution du climat sur les variables des bilans d'énergie et d'eau. Une limite autour de la latitude 60°N a été définie lors de l'analyse des précipitations futures et choisie pour orienter notre analyse selon deux zones de part et d'autre de la limite. Nous avons analysé les cycles saisonniers des variables de surface nous permettant de mettre en évidence les impacts du réchauffement climatique en lien avec l'augmentation de la température de l'air et leurs différences spatiales. Nous avons montré que la fonte du manteau neigeux est plus précoce au Sud et engendre une avance temporelle du pic de crue de printemps pour la Lena et l'Amour. Sur l'Ob et le Ienisseï, des changements ont été aussi montrés (une diminution du débit au cours du temps pour l'Ob et une augmentation pour le Ienisseï, sans changement de phasage temporel), qui pourraient conduire à des impacts socio-économiques importants pour les populations locales. Cette étude nous a également permis de montrer que les nouvelles conditions climatiques sont plus favorables à la végétation. Nous avons montré aussi la cohérence des deux projections climatiques étudiées. / The natural evolution of the climate, disturbed since the industrial revolutions, is strongly marked in the high latitudes especially in Siberia where a temperature anomaly of +0.8°C has been observed since the 2000s against an average anomaly of + 0.4°C for The mid-latitudes. Siberia is covered by permafrost, giving it particularities, especially for the hydrological regimes of rivers. Climatic projections predicting up to +5°C warming by 2100, it is essential to evaluate their impacts. Physical-based numerical modeling is an interesting tool to answer these questions. Thus, in order to evaluate the hydrological response to climate change in Siberia we worked on the multi-scale evaluation of energy and water balances with the ORCHIDEE model. This model was adapted to the characteristics of cold environments, with an improvement of the representation of the snow, a consideration of the freezing of the soil water and a map of vegetation more representative of the Siberian vegetation. An evaluation in forced mode i.e. without coupling with the atmosphere was carried out initially. Thus, we evaluated ORCHIDEE at the present time (1979-2009) at the site scale, concentrating on the soil moisture and soil temperature data available. A sensitivity analysis of the model allowed to identify the most influential parameters on the balance of energy and water in the soil. Their on-site calibration allowed to show that the ORCHIDEE model is able to correctly simulate the vertical transfers of heat and water and the resulting water and soil temperature contents. We then extended the evaluation to the Siberian region by comparing simulation results with remote sensing data, allowing an evaluation over a substantial time series and over a large area. We collected a large number of observations such as albedo data, water equivalent for snow ..., on which we compared the simulation results. This work allowed to show that the model simulates satisfactorily the energy and water balance in Siberia, but also to highlight the importance of the choice of climatic forcing. Thus, the use of a second climatic forcing enabled to show the importance of rain/snow partitioning and the possible underestimation of precipitation in forcing. The validated model was then used to carry out impact studies, using 2 climatic forcings on the future time (2005 to 2099) under scenario of emission of greenhouse gases RCP8.5. Thus, we were able to evaluate the variability related to forcing and the impact of climate change on the variables of energy and water balance. A boundary around latitude 60°N has been defined in the analysis of future precipitation and chosen to orient our analysis in two zones on either side of the boundary. We analyzed the seasonal cycles of the surface variables allowing us to highlight the impacts of global warming in relation to the increase in the air temperature and their spatial differences. We have shown that the melting of the snowpack is earlier in the South and generates a temporal advance of the spring flood peak for the Lena and the Amur. On the Ob and Yenisei, changes have also been shown (a decrease in flow over time for the Ob and an increase for the Yenisei, without any change in temporal phasing), which could lead to socio-economic impacts Important for local populations. This study also allowed us to show that the new climatic conditions are more favorable to vegetation. We also showed the coherence of the two climate projections studied.

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No description available.