Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2007. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

The thesis in the first part deals with the characteristics of major equipment as a source of coarse fodder for preservation. Given the difficult preservability is more prominent characteristic of legumes and their importance in the cultivation of coarse fodder. It describes the significance of clover-grass mixtures in the production of coarse fodder. Methods of harvesting and conservation of grassland biomass. It is also described silage corn, the preservability, harvest methods and importance in animal nutrition. Quality coarse fodder and the factors affecting it. Influence the quality of the biomass input on preservation processes. Furthermore, also deals with the procedures and principles of the production of silage, hay and silage, preservatives and finally summarizes the deterioration of the quality of silage and forage and impact deteriorated for receiving fodder and animal performance.The second part is focused on the monitoring of sensory properties and quality assessment laboratory conserved forage preservation in different ways - loose hay, hay bales, silage pits in silage, clover silage bales and silage in silage pits on lands selected agricultural cooperative. In conclusion, the most important measures designed to improve the quality of canned food.

The main goal of this thesis was to evaluate the influence of additives on the qualitative indicators of grass silage. The evaluation concentrated in particular on lactic acid, pH and the degree of proteolysis. The selected qualitative indicators were monitored in 36 samples of grass silage from the region of South Bohemia. Silage samples were divided into three groups. The first group was a guide sample without any additives. The second group was treated with bacterial additives and the third group with bacteria-enzyme additives. Classification of silage samples was done according to "Norma 2004". Each sample was evaluated in terms of quality of fermentation and the content of nutrients. Statistically significant differences (p <0.05) were found in the content of lactic acid, pH and the degree of proteolysis between the group of silages without additives and the group treated with silage additives.

Das Ziel der Untersuchungen war die Ermittlung der Grenzbedingungen von Lagerungsdichte und äußerer Luftabschlußgüte (Gasdurchlässigkeit des Zudeckmaterials), unter denen Schimmelpilzwachstum während der Silagelagerung eingeschränkt wird. Den Schwerpunkt bildeten 10 Praxis- und Laborsilierversuche mit extensiv erzeugtem Grünfutter, das aufgrund relativ hoher Rohfasergehalte allgemein schwer verdichtbar ist. In den Silagen wurde die Pilzkeimzahl sowie der Gehalt an Ergosterin und Roquefortin C bestimmt. Für die Analyse des Ergosteringehaltes wurde eine neue Methode entwickelt. Die Gasdurchlässigkeit von 1 - 8 Folienlagen der verwendeten Silierstretchfolie wurde radiometrisch gemessen. Im Versuchszeitraum (1995 - 1997) wurde Grünfutter von jahreszeitlich verschiedenen Aufwüchsen unter landwirtschaftlichen Praxisbedingungen einsiliert. Mit Hilfe drei verschiedener Ballenpressen wurden insgesamt 165 Silageballen mit unterschiedlichen Lagerungsdichten erzeugt. Die Folienlagenzahl und die Lagerdauer bei den Silageballen wurde gestaffelt. Hierdurch sollte der Einfluß des Luftabschlusses auf Gärqualität, Pilzbefall und Mykotoxingehalt in den Silagen untersucht werden. Im Labor wurden Einflußfaktoren wie der Trockenmassegehalt (T-Gehalt) des Siliergutes geprüft. In den Praxisversuchen trat bei einem T-Gehalt < 400 g/kg unabhängig von Lagerungsdichte und äußerem Luftabschluß eine relativ starke Buttersäurebildung in den Silagen auf. Dagegen wurden bei einem T-Gehalt > 450 g/kg bei ausreichendem Luftabschluß buttersäurefreie (£ 0,3 % T) Silagen erzielt. Hier lag offenbar ein ausreichender T-Gehalt zur Sicherung einer guten Gärqualität vor. In allen Versuchen stellte die Erhöhung der Lagerungsdichte die primäre Grundlage zur Erzeugung eines ausreichenden Luftabschlusses in den Silagen dar. Die äußere Luftabschlußgüte besaß im Vergleich dazu sekundären Charakter. Als notwendige Grenzbedingungen des Luftabschlusses zur Erzeugung einer guten Gärqualität sowie zur Einschränkung von Pilzbefall in den Silagen erwiesen sich: (1) eine Lagerungsdichte von mindestens 200-210 kg T/m³ und (2) eine maximale Gasdurchlässigkeit des Zudeckmaterials von 1,7 l/m² in 24 Stunden (6 Folienlagen der verwendeten Silierstretchfolie). Ein ausreichender Luftabschluß war die Voraussetzung für die Wirksamkeit von Silierzusätzen hinsichtlich der Einschränkung von Pilzbefall und der Verbesserung der Gärqualität in den Silagen. Die Mykotoxinbildung in den Silagen, die am Beispiel des Vorkommens von Roquefortin C (ROF) untersucht worden ist, wurde ungeachtet von Lagerungsdichte und äußerem Luftabschluß vor allem durch den T-Gehalt des Siliergutes beeinflußt. Bei einem T-Gehalt < 450 g/kg enthielten etwa 88 % der in diesem T-Bereich vorliegenden Silagen Roquefortin C. Bei einem T-Gehalt zwischen 450 und 550 g/kg enthielten noch etwa 10 % der hier vorliegenden Silagen Roquefortin C, überwiegend aber im Bereich der Nachweisgrenze von ³ 0,05 mg ROF/kg T. Bei einem T-Gehalt > 550 g/kg wurde in den Silagen Roquefortin C nicht nachgewiesen. Die insgesamt in den Silagen gemessenen Gehalte an Roquefortin C waren mit < 1,0 mg ROF/kg T relativ niedrig. Sie sind bei Verfütterung der Silagen an Wiederkäuer nach dem gegenwärtigen Erkenntnisstand toxikologisch als nicht kritisch einschätzbar. / The goal of the investigation was to determine the boundary conditions of compactness and hermetic level of covering material (permeability of the covering material) to inhibit mould growth during silage storage. The emphasis was based on 10 practical and lab ensiling experiments with green forage having a relatively high content of raw fiber, which in general is difficult to compress. The silages were investigated for their mould count, as well as for their content of ergosterol and roquefortine C. A new method was developed to analyse the ergosterol content. The permeability of 1 - 8 numbers of wraps of the used ensiling stretch film was measured by radiometric methods. During the experimental time (1995 - 1997), green forage from seasonally different bites were ensiled under practical agricultural conditions. Using three different balers, a total of 165 bales were wrapped at various compactness levels. The numbers of wraps and the storage period of the bales were staggered. Hereby the influence of air exclusion on fermentation quality, mould growth and mycotoxin content in the silage should be tested. In the lab, factors such as the dry matter content (d-content) of the green forage were tested. In the practical experiments, the results showed that at a d-content of < 400 g/kg, a relatively high amount of butyric acid formed in the silages, independent of the compactness and hermetic level of the covering material. Whereas, at a d-content of > 450 g/kg, no butyric acid (£ 0,3 % dry matter) was found in the silages with sufficient air exclusion. Here, the d-content to ensure a good fermentation quality was sufficient. In all experiments, the primary way to generate sufficient air exclusion in the silages was to increase the compactness. Compared with this, the hermetic level of covering material had secondary character. To get a sufficient fermentation quality, as well as an inhibition of mould growth in the silages, necessary boundary conditions of air exclusion were: (1) a compactness of at least 200-210 kg T/m³ and (2) a maximum permeability of the covering material of 1,7 l /m² in 24 hours (6 numbers of wraps of the used ensiling stretch film). Sufficient air exclusion was necessary for the effectiveness of the silage additives in inhibiting mould growth and improving the fermentation quality in the silages. The mycotoxin formation in the silages, investigated by measuring the occurrence of roquefortine C (ROF), was influenced mainly by the dry matter content of the ensiled material, regardless of the compactness and hermetic level of covering material. At a dry matter content of < 450 g/kg, about 88 % of the silages contained roquefortine C. Between 450 to 550 g/kg dry matter about 10 % of the silages containing roquefortine C, however, at low levels in the range of the detectable content of ³ 0,05 mg ROF/kg dry matter. At a dry matter content of > 550 g/kg, no roquefortine C was found in the silages. Summarised, the measured amounts of < 1,0 mg ROF/kg roquefortine C in the silages is considered to be relatively low. Within the actual state of knowledge of toxicology, it is not considered dangerous to feed ruminant animals with silages containing these low amounts of roquefortine C.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:55:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 562262 bytes, checksum: 3877ee62b4d2fbbf059feb8b198e8118 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-24 / This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different forages on intake, digestibility and performance of dairy heifers. Sixteen dairy heifers were used, and they had initial body weight of 150 ± 19 kg and 8 mo. The animals were divided into a randomized block design with four replications, where each animal was used as experimental unit and blocks formed in accordance with the initial body weight of the animals. They were fed for 70 days. Four sources of roughage were used: corn silage (CS), sorghum silage (SS), sugar cane in nature (SC) sugar cane silage (SCS). The amounts of concentrate were fixed at 0.5% of body weight (BW) for CS and SS, 0.7% BW for SC, and 1.0% BW for SSC. The animals fed diets based on CS and SS had higher average daily gain than those fed with diets containing SC and SCS. Intake and digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and metabolizable energy (ME) were higher for heifers fed CS and SS. There were differences in intake and digestibility of crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) for heifers fed SS. For non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC), there were greater intake and digestibility in heifers fed on CS. There were no diet effect for withers height and body length. There was an effect of CS and SS for chest girth. It is concluded that diets based on corn silage and sorghum silage offer higher performance than diets based on sugar cane in nature or sugar cane silage for dairy heifers. / Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de diferentes volumosos sobre o consumo, digestibilidade e desempenho de novilhas leiteiras. Foram utilizadas dezesseis novilhas leiteiras da raça Holandesa, com peso médio inicial 150 ± 19 kg e idade media 8 meses, distribuídas em delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, sendo cada animal considerado uma unidade experimental e os blocos formados com base ao peso inicial dos animais, durante 70 dias. Os tratamentos constituíram de quatro volumosos: silagem de milho (SM), silagem de sorgo (SS), cana-de-açúcar in natura (CN) e silagem de cana-de-açúcar (SC). As dietas foram formuladas fixando a quantidade de concentrado em 0,5% do peso corporal para silagens de milho e sorgo, 0,7% para cana-de-açúcar in natura e 1,0% para silagem de cana-de-açúcar. Os animais alimentados com dietas à base de silagens de milho e sorgo apresentaram maior ganho médio diário em relação aos alimentados com dietas contendo cana-de-açúcar in natura e silagem de cana-de-açúcar. O consumo e a digestibilidade de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO) e energia digestível (ED) foram maiores para as novilhas alimentadas com dietas à base de silagens de milho e de sorgo. Houve maior consumo e digestibilidade de proteína bruta (PB) e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) para as novilhas alimentadas à base de silagem de sorgo. Para carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF), verificou-se maior consumo e digestibilidade nas novilhas alimentadas à base de silagem de milho. Não foi observado efeito sobre os parâmetros de altura de cernelha e comprimento corporal. Houve maior ganho de perímetro torácico para as novilhas alimentadas com dietas a base de silagens de milho e de sorgo. Conclui-se que dietas à base de silagens de milho ou sorgo proporcionam maiores desempenhos do que dietas à base de cana-de-açúcar in natura ou ensilada para as novilhas leiteiras.

Thesis (M. Tech.) -- Central University of Technology, Free State, 2010 / This study evaluated the effects of two bacterial inoculants on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability of ensiled potato hash (PH) and on digestibility, growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing pigs fed the ensiled PH. In the first experiment, 700 grams of PH, was mixed with 300g wheat bran (as is basis) and ensiled in 1.5 litre anaerobic jars. The mixture had a dry matter (DM) of 41.3 g/kg, 78.05 g/kg DM of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and a pH of 6.87 at day 0 and was treated with Bonsilage forte, BF, a heterofermentative LAB, Lalsil Fresh lactobacillus bachneri, LFLB, a homofermentative LAB or without LAB inoculant (control). Triplicate samples per treatment were collected on days 0, 3, 10, 21 and 45 post-ensiling and analysed for DM, WSC, pH, lactic acid (LA), acetic acid (AA), butyric acid (BA), propionic acid (PA) and ammonia-N. On day 45, the silage was subjected to aerobic exposure for 5 days and CO2 production was measured. In the second and third experiments, potato hash-wheat bran mixtures of 7:3 ratio were produced and ensiled in 210 litre drums that were kept at a 250C environment. The second experiment involved an apparent nutrients digestibility study using 30 female (Large White x Landrace crossbred) pigs (30 2 kg live weight), which were selected and housed individually. A cross-over design was applied with two periods and 30 animals fed 10 diets. Three pigs were given one diet per period. The diets were: commercial feed (control); 20, 40, and 60% dietary inclusion of potato hash silage (untreated potato hash silage, UPHS; Lalsil Fresh treated potato hash silage, LFLBPHS, and Bonsilage forte treated potato hash silage, BFPHS). Each experimental period lasted for eleven days with seven days being for adaptation to each diet and four days for collection of faeces before crossing over to the next treatment. Pigs were fed twice per day at 8:00 and 15:00, with the daily allowance equally divided between the two meals. Faecal samples were weighed and 10% of the total collection was taken and kept in a freezer at -180C. Prior to chemical analysis, individual samples of faeces were thawed and pooled for pigs within periods. Water was made available at all times through drinking nipples. The third experiment was a pig growth study using sixty-four crossbred pigs (Large White x Landrace) consisting of 32 males and 32 females (30.4±2.3kg live weight). The pigs were randomly allocated to four diets in a 4 x 2 (treatment x sex) factorial experiment in a completely randomised design. The diets contained up to 40% potato hash silage (PHS) and were: control (commercial diet - no silage), UPHS, BFPHS and LFLBPHS. Each experimental unit consisted of two pigs and each treatment was replicated 8 times. Pigs were fed on one of the four diets until they reached a slaughtering weight of 60 kg. Warm carcass weights were determined immediately after slaughter. After an overnight chill storage at 4.30C, cold carcass weights were determined. Carcass length was taken on hanging carcasses by measuring from the pelvic bone to the first thoracic vertebra, using a measuring tape. Backfat thickness was also taken on cold carcass at P2 (45 mm from midsection) between the 3rd and 4th rib on the left side of the pigs. Drip loss was also calculated for hanging carcasses by determining the weight loss after the overnight chill. Results from experiment 1 showed that both inoculants (LFLB and BF) reduced (P<0.05) the silage pH while increasing the LA content of silage compared to the control. The concentrations of propionic acid, butyric acid and ammonia-N were not affected by inoculation. When exposed to air, BF and LFLB reduced (P<0.05) CO2 production compared to the control. Results of the second experiment showed that daily intakes of organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), acid detergent fibre (ADF), neutral detergent fibre(NDF), and gross energy (GE) were different (P<0.05) between diets. There were no differences (P<0.05) in digestibility of DM, EE, and DE among the treatments. However, diets containing 60% PHS had lower (P<0.05) NDF and ADF digestibility compared to diets containing less PHS. Furthermore, pigs on the control diet had higher (P<0.05) final body weight, average daily gain (ADG) and better feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to those fed on other diets. Results of the third experiment showed that, pigs that were fed the control diet had higher (P<0.05) slaughter weight than pigs that were fed on diets containing PHS. There were no differences (P>0.05) on warm and carcass weight between diets containing PHS. Control had higher (P<0.05) dressing percentage than the other treatments. Drip loss percentage, backfat thickness, gastrointestinal tract (GIT), lungs and heart did not differ (P<0.05) between treatments. The effects of gender was not significant within treatments on slaughter weight, warm and cold carcass weights, dressing percentage, carcass length, backfat thickness, drip loss, GIT, lungs and heart. There were no gender by diet interactions (P>0.05) on warm carcass weights, cold carcass weights, drip loss percentage, carcass length, backfat, intergastral, lungs and heart. However, gender by diet interaction (P<0.05) occured on slaughter weight and dressing percentage. It was concluded that, inoculation improved both the fermentation and aerobic stability of PHS. Furthermore, there was no advantage in using LAB inoculants in ensiling potato hash on the growth performance or meat characteristics of growing pigs. However, further work is needed to evaluate the effects of higher dietary inclusion levels (> 60 %) of PHS on pig growth and reproductive performance.

Thesis (MScAgric (Animal Sciences))--Stellenbosch University, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa is well-known for periodic dry periods and uncertain rainfall. Ensiling of crops is a method of preserving forage and ensures feed availability during periods when the supply of good quality forage is low. Cereal-based silages, especially in the Western Cape, South Africa, represent a significant proportion of feed consumed by ruminant animals, particularly high-producyion dairy cattle. However, farmers are still concerned about the technical challenges of ensiling cereal crops. Previous research done on lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants used on cereal based silage has indicated a potential for improving silage fermentation, stability and degradability, thus enhancing feed conversion and production by ruminants. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of inoculating whole-crop oat silage with Lalsil® Cereal Lactobacilli (Lactobacillus buchneri (NCIMB 40788) and Pediococcus acidilactici (CNCM MA 18/5M)) LAB on (1) silage fermentation, (2) aerobic stability and (3) nutritional value of silage ensiled under a. micro-silos conditions and b. in a bunker under outdoor conditions of a Mediterranean summer. Oats (Avena sativa, cv SSH 405) were planted on 60 ha under dryland conditions at Elsenburg in the Western Cape province, South Africa. Whole-crop oats were harvested at the soft dough stage and length of the chopped material was 9 mm (Day of ensiling – Day 0). Chopped whole-crop oats were sampled, mixed thoroughly and divided into two portions. The Inoculant (Lalsil® Cereal) was applied to one portion to provide 5.79 x 109 colony forming units (CFU) of LAB per gram of fresh material. In the first experiment twenty - four glass silos (1.5 L glass jars) (WECK, GmbH u.Co., Wehr-Ofligen, W. Germany) were filled for each of the control and inoculant treatments. The glass silos were stored in a dark room in the laboratory at ambient temperature. Three glass silos were opened for each treatment on days 1, 2, 4, 8, 15, 30, 60 and 102 post-ensiling to determine fermentation dynamics. A parallel study was done with the same chopped whole-crop oats using the buried bag technique in a bunker silo. Whole-crop oats were ensiled in six net bags per treatment buried in a bunker filled with the same untreated whole crop oats. Bags, attached with nylon lines (3 m lengths) for easy retrieval were buried at 1m and 2 m depths in the same bunker. The net bags in the bunker were retrieved after 186 days of ensiling. Dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), crude protein (CP), lactic acid levels, pH, water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and in vitro organic matter degradability (IVOMD) for both studies were determined. Silage of both experiments was exposed to aerobic conditions for ten days to determine aerobic stability. It is concluded that the inoculant Lalsil® Cereal had the effect of reducing the rate of consumption of WSC during the anaerobic phase and aerobic exposure for both experiments. Silage spoilage due to yeasts and moulds was however more evident with the inoculated silage due the presence of sugars in the micro-silos experiment. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika is bekend vir droë periodes en wisselvallige reënval. Die inkuiling van gewasse is ‘n goeie manier om ruvoer te voorsien in tye van droogtes of tekorte. Kleingraan kuilvoer is veral bekend in die Wes-Kaap, Suid-Afrika en maak ‘n groot deel uit van die melkkoei se rantsoen. Landbouers is nog steeds bekommerd oor die tegniese aspekte wanneer dit kom by die inkuil van gewasse. Vorige navorsing het getoon dat die gebruik van ‘n melksuurbakteriese inokulant saam met die inkuiling van gewasse moontlik die potensiaal het om fermentasie, stabiliteit en degradering te verbeter en sodoende voeromset te verbeter. Twee eksperimente is uitgevoer om die effek van die inkuiling van hawerkuilvoer met Lalsil® Cereal Lactobacilli (Lactobacillus buchneri (NCIMB 40788) en Pediococcus acidilactici (CNCM MA 18/5M)) LAB te bepaal op (1) kuilvoer fermentasie, (2) aërobiese stabiliteit en (3) nutriëntwaarde van die kuilvoer ingekuil in a. mikrosilo’s en b. in ‘n bunker in die buitelug. Hawer (Avena sativa, cv SSH 405) is op 60 ha droë land geplant op Elsenburg in die Wes-Kaap, Suid-Afrika. Die hawer is ingekuil tydens die sagte deeg stadium en die gekapte materiaal was ongeveer 9 mm lank. Gekapte material was deeglik gemeng en in twee gedeel. Die inokulant (Lalsil® Cereal) is op die een gedeelte gesproei om 5.79 x 109 kolonie-vormende eenhede (KVE) melksuurbakterieë per gram vars materiaal te voorsien. Tydens die eerste eksperiment is 24 mikrosilo’s (1.5 L glas silo) (WECK, GmbH u.Co., Wehr-Ofligen, W. Duitsland) vir elke behandeling vol kuilvoer gemaak. Hierdie mikrosilo’s is gestoor in ‘n donker kamer teen kamertemperatuur. Drie mikrosilo’s is per behandeling oopgemaak op dag 1, 4, 8, 15, 30, 60 en 102 na inkuiling om die fermentasie-dinamika te bepaal. ‘n Parallelle studie is gedoen met dieselfde materiaal ingekuil in netsakke binne die bunker. Die materiaal was ingekuil in ses netsakke vir elke behandeling. Nylon toue (3 m) is aan die sakke vasgemaak om die uithaal daarvan op latere stadium te vergemaklik. Hierdie sakke is ingekuil op verskillende dieptes, 1 m en 2 m in dieselfde bunker. Die sakke is na 186 dae weer uitgehaal. Droë materiaal (DM), organiese materiaal (OM), neutraal bestande vesel (NBV), ruproteïen (RP), melksuurvlakke, pH, water oplosbare koolhidrate (WOK) en in vitro organiese materiaal verteerbaarheid (IVOMV) vir beide studies is bepaal. Kuilvoer van beide eksperimente is ook blootgestel aan aërobiese toestande vir 10 dae aan aërobiese toestande blootgestel om aërobiese stabiliteit te bepaal. Daar is bepaal dat die inokulant Lalsil® Cereal het die tempo van WOK verbruik verminder gedurende die anaërobies fase sowel as die aërobiese fase vir beide eksperimente. Kuilvoer wat bederf het as gevolg van giste en swamme was meer sigbaar by die inokulant behandelde kuilvoer as gevolg van die teenwoordigheid van suikers in die mikrosilo’s. (Sleutelwoorde: hawerkuilvoer, inokulant, mikrosilo’s, water oplosbare koolhidrate (WOK), in vitro organiese materiaal verteerbaarheid (IVOMV))

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2007. / Härtill 3 uppsatser.

MSCAGR / Department of Animal Science