Le travail de recherche de cette thèse se concentre sur le développement de nanoparticules de silice organo-hybrides pour des applications en nanomédecine et agroalimentaire. Ces nanoconteneurs de silice, comportant des liens disulfures, sont capables de se briser en petits fragments en présence du milieu réductif intracellulaire. Des nanoparticules présentant de larges pores ont été synthétisées pour la livraison d’un siRNA PLK1 pour le traitement du carcinome hépatocellulaire et ont démontré des résultats prometteurs in vitro et in vivo. Ces particules ont été également utilisées pour charger un peptide cytotoxique, souvent utilisé comme pesticide dans l’industrie agroalimentaire. Les nanoparticules cassables ont ensuite été miniaturisées pour le relargage d’agents thérapeutiques dans des glioblastomes humains. Le système présentait un relargage plus rapide comparé à la forme liposomale actuellement sur le marché. Enfin, des nanoparticules contenant des liens répondant aux réactifs dérivés de l’oxygène ont été développées et ont démontré une fragmentation importante en présence d’oxygène singulet. / The research work presented throughout this thesis focuses on the development of organo-hybrid mesoporous silica nanoparticles for their applications in nanomedicine and crop industry. Disulfide doped silica nanocarriers, able to break down in small pieces in presence of the intracellular reductive environment have been tailored. A large pore stimuli-responsive system was developed to deliver a PLK1 siRNA within hepatocellular carcinoma cells demonstrating promising results both in vitro and in vivo. The particles were further used to deliver a venom peptide, often utilized as esticide in the crop industry. The breakable nanocarriers were further miniaturized for the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents within human glioblastoma cells. The system presented a faster delivery compared to the commercially available liposomal form. Finally, Reactive-Oxygen-Species-responsive mesoporous silica nanoparticles were developed and demonstrated fast breakability upon incubation with singlet oxygen.

No description available.

This thesis presents the characterization of the optical and mechanical properties of silica nanoparticle films fabricated by ionic self-assembly, also known as layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition. Utilizing electrostatic attraction of oppositely-charged materials permits uniform and rapid growth of the constituents onto planar and curved surfaces. In this work, silica nanoparticles are adsorbed onto glass and polycarbonate substrates, as well as micron-scale glass fibers, with the purpose of improving the optical quality of the respective media. Several methods are presented to improve the adhesion and cohesion of silica nanoparticle films on glass substrates. In the first method, the substrate and nanoparticle surfaces are coated with materials containing sulfonate end groups. Next, a photo-reactive polycation known as diazo-resin (DAR) is used in ISAM deposition with the modified silica nanoparticles. Subsequent exposure to UV converts the ionic bonds between the DAR and sulfonate groups into covalent ones. The second method to improve the mechanical strength is to heat the ISAM silica nanoparticle film at a high enough temperature (500 °C) to remove the polymer and partially fuse the nanoparticles. This technique is known as calcination and is shown to significantly improve the mechanical robustness of the film without compromising the optical properties. The final method involves the deposition of precursor and capping polymer layers around bulk silica nanoparticle films with both bilayer and quadlayer designs. The addition of these polymer layers improves the surface contact between adjacent nanoparticles but reduces the film porosity and consequently the optical transparency. Currently the calcination technique is the only one that significantly improves the film adhesion and cohesion, but suggestions are offered to potentially improve the performance of films made by the other two methods. An alternative way to functionalize polycarbonate substrates for silica nanoparticle ISAM deposition is also presented. The molecular structure of polycarbonate at the surface can be modified by exposing it to deep UV (λ = 185, 254 nm). By doing so, the surface becomes populated with carboxylate species, and thus permits ISAM deposition of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and silica nanoparticles. A variety of spectroscopic methods show that the molecular structure is changed by this procedure, and SEM shows that UV treatment improves the uniformity of ISAM films on polycarbonate. Finally, PAH/silica nanoparticle ISAM films are deposited onto glass fibers. The fibers are used for mechanical reinforcement of polymer composite optical media. The role of the nanoparticle film on the fibers is to reduce light scattering at the interfaces of materials with different thermo-optic coefficients, in other words, transmittance losses associated with changes in temperature. Fiber bundles coated with silica nanoparticles suffer from unacceptable levels of aggregation, and hence do not currently improve the transmittance over the temperature spectrum. Some evidence is presented, however, to suggest that the transparency can be improved if fiber aggregation during ISAM deposition can be avoided. / Ph. D.

Yes / This study examines the feasibility of using colloidal silica nanoparticles as active agents in high concentration waterborne polymer latex formulations. We showed that distributing the silica throughout the waterborne emulsion formed a composite coating material with a hydrophilic surface that consequently reduced exterior dirt pickup. Two grades of silica nanoparticles were studied, one using sodium stabilisation and another using epoxysilane modification to introduce glycidox-ypropyltrimethoxysilane surface functionality. Rheological study of the waterborne latex on mixing showed that there was an immediate pH responsive interaction between the silica sols and the polymer latex. Once loading of sodium charge stabilised silica NPs exceeded the volume required for heteroflocculation to occur the mixture demonstrated the potential to gel on standing – a process which took weeks, or months, to occur depending on the pH and relative concentrations used. At least fifty percent silane modification to the NP surface was found to be necessary to maintain a stable colloidal dispersion for long term storage of the waterborne latex. Despite this both grades of silica were found to imbue reductions in dirt pickup when applied to exterior masonry concrete studies over a 3-month weathering test / This work was supported by the Royal Society of Chemistry [E21-8346952505].

Tesis por compendio / [ES] La presente tesis doctoral titulada "Nanomateriales con puertas moleculares como plataforma de liberación controlada de fármacos para el tratamiento de desórdenes inflamatorios" se centra la preparación y evaluación de nanomateriales híbridos orgánico-inorgánicos, basados en nanopartículas mesoporosas de sílice, para la liberación controlada de fármacos en aplicaciones biomédicas, en concreto en el campo de la inflamación. En primer lugar se describe un nanomaterial para la liberación controlada del inhibidor de caspasa-1, VX-765, aprovechando la acumulación preferencial de las nanopartículas en las zonas inflamadas. En concreto, se han preparado nanopartículas mesoporosas de sílice, cargadas con el fármaco VX-765 y funcionalizadas covalentemente con ¿-poli-L-lisina que actúa como puerta molecular. La actividad anti-inflamatoria del material se ha comprobado tanto in vitro, en el modelo celular de monocitos THP-1, como in vivo en ratones en un modelo de inflamación de bolsa de aire. Los resultados muestran la acumulación preferente de las nanopartículas en las zonas inflamadas así como un aumento del efecto terapéutico del fármaco que se atribuye a las ventajas que ofrece la encapsulación. Se concluye que las nanopartículas mesoporosos de sílice con puertas moleculares podrían ser una herramienta importante para el desarrollo de nuevas estrategias terapéuticas en el campo de la inflamación. Basándonos en los resultados obtenidos, en el capítulo cuatro se describe un sistema de liberación controlada para el tratamiento de la inflamación pulmonar aguda como terapia alternativa que permita la administración directa de fármacos a los pulmones. Se ha preparado un nanosistema basado en nanopartículas mesoporosas de sílice cargadas con el glucocorticoide dexametasona y funcionalizadas covalentemente con una puerta molecular peptídica que reconoce el receptor del factor de necrosis tumoral 1 (TNFR1), que a su vez actúa como agente diana para la acumulación preferente en macrófagos pro-inflamatorios. La actividad terapéutica del sistema se ha corroborado en ensayos in vitro en macrófagos pro-inflamatorios, e in vivo en un modelo de ratón de inflamación pulmonar aguda. Se ha comprobado la acumulación preferente de las nanopartículas en los pulmones inflamados, así como la mejora del efecto terapéutico de la dexametasona en la reducción del daño pulmonar, minimizando los efectos adversos asociados a la administración del fármaco libre. Con todo ello se concluye que las nanopartículas mesoporosas de sílice pueden ser utilizadas para el tratamiento de la inflamación pulmonar aguda pudiendo ser una herramienta útil para superar las limitaciones de los tratamientos actuales. Finalmente, se describe otro sistema de liberación controlada de fármacos para inflamación pulmonar aguda. En este caso, se aborda el uso de un nuevo inhibidor del inflamasoma, QM-378, como terapia farmacológica alternativa. Con el objetivo de potenciar la administración directa en los pulmones inflamados, el QM-378 se encapsula en nanopartículas mesoporosas de sílice funcionalizadas con la puerta molecular peptídica que reconoce TNFR1. La acumulación preferente de las nanopartículas en los pulmones inflamados queda demostrada a través de los ensayos de biodistribución, así como la mejora del efecto terapéutico del QM-378 en la reducción del daño pulmonar, debido a las ventajas de la encapsulación en un nanosistema dirigido. Con todo ello se concluye que el QM-378 es un buen candidato para el tratamiento de la inflamación pulmonar aguda, y que su encapsulación en las nanopartículas ofrece una administración pulmonar directa y controlada, consiguiéndose así una mejora en el perfil terapéutico del fármaco. La conclusión principal de la presente tesis doctoral es que el desarrollo de nanomateriales mesoporosos de sílice para la liberación controlada de fármacos se presenta como un / [CA] La present tesi doctoral titulada "Nanomaterials amb portes moleculars com a plataforma d'alliberament controlat de fàrmacs per al tractament de desordres inflamatoris" se centra en la preparació i avaluació de nanomaterials híbrids orgànic-inorgànics, basats en nanopartícules mesoporoses de sílice, per a l'alliberament controlat de fàrmacs en aplicacions biomèdiques, en concret en el camp de la inflamació. En primer lloc, es presenta un nanomaterial per a l'alliberament controlat de l'inhibidor de caspasa-1, VX-765, aprofitant que les nanopartícules s'acumulen preferencialment en les zones inflamades. S'han preparat nanopartícules mesoporoses de sílice, carregades amb VX-765 i funcionalitzades covalentment amb ¿-poli-L-lisina com a porta molecular. L'activitat anti-inflamatòria del material s'ha comprovat tant in vitro, en el model cel·lular de THP-1, com in vivo en ratolins en un model d'inflamació de bossa d'aire. Els resultats mostren la acumulació preferent de les nanopartícules en les zones inflamades així com un augment de l'efecte terapèutic del fàrmac, atribuÏt als avantatges que ofereix l'encapsulació. Es conclou que les nanopartícules mesoporoses de sílice amb porta molecular podrien ser una eina important per al desenvolupament de noves estratègies terapèutiques en el camp de la inflamació. Basant-nos en els resultats obtinguts, en el capítol quatre es presenta un sistema d'alliberament controlat per al tractament de la inflamació pulmonar aguda com a teràpia alternativa que permet l'administració directa de fàrmacs als pulmons. S'ha preparat un nanosistema basat en nanopartícules mesoporoses de sílice carregades amb el glucocorticoide dexametasona i funcionalitzades amb la unió covalent de una porta molecular peptídica que reconeix el receptor del factor de necrosi tumoral 1 (TNFR1), que al seu torn actua com a agent diana per a la acumulació preferent en macròfags pro-inflamatoris. L'activitat terapèutica del sistema dissenyat s'ha corroborat en assajos in vitro en macròfags pro-inflamatoris, i in vivo en un model de ratolí d'inflamació pulmonar aguda. S'ha comprovat la acumulació preferent de les nanopartícules en els pulmons inflamats a través d'assajos de biodistribució, així com la millora de l'efecte terapèutic de la dexametasona en la reducció de la lesió pulmonar minimitzant els efectes adversos associats a l'administració del fàrmac lliure. Amb tot això es conclou que les nanopartícules mesoporoses de sílice poden ser utilitzades per al tractament de la inflamació pulmonar aguda ja que poden ajudar a superar les limitacions dels tractaments actuals. Finalment es mostra també un sistema d'alliberament controlat de fàrmacs per a inflamació pulmonar aguda. En aquest cas, es descriu l'ús d'un nou inhibidor de l'inflamasoma, QM-378, com a teràpia farmacològica alternativa al tractament de la inflamació descontrolada en la inflamació pulmonar aguda. Amb l'objectiu de potenciar l'administració directa en els pulmons inflamats, el QM-378 s'encapsula en les nanopartícules mesoporoses de sílice funcionalitzades amb la porta molecular péptidica que reconeix TNFR1. La acumulació preferent de les nanopartícules en els pulmons inflamats queda demostrada a través dels assajos de biodistribució, així com la millora de l'efecte terapèutic del QM-378 en la reducció de la inflamació pulmonar, atribuït als avantatges de l'encapsulació en un nanosistema dirigit. Amb tot això es conclou que el QM-378 és un bon candidat per al tractament de la inflamació pulmonar aguda, i que la seua encapsulació en les nanopartícules ofereix una administració pulmonar directa i controlada aconseguint-se així una millora en el perfil terapèutic del fàrmac. La conclusió principal és que el desenvolupament de nanomaterials mesoporosos de sílice per a l'alliberament controlat de fàrmacs es presenta com una estratègia amb molt potencial en el camp de les / [EN] This PhD thesis entitled "Gated nanomaterials as delivery platform to manage inflammatory disorders" is focused on the design, synthesis and evaluation of hybrid organic-inorganic nanomaterials using mesoporous silica nanoparticles, for controlled drug release in biomedical applications, specifically in the field of inflammation. In a fist step, we present a new nanodevice for the controlled delivery of VX-765, a caspase 1 inhibitor, which takes advantage of the intrinsic passive targeting effect of the nanoparticles to inflamed tissues. In particular, mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with the drug VX-765 and functionalized with ¿-poly-L-lysine (acting as gatekeeper) have been prepared. The anti-inflammatory activity of the prepared nanodevice has been evaluated both in vitro, in the cellular model of monocytes THP-1, and in vivo using air pouch mouse as model of inflammation. The results showed the preferential accumulation of the nanoparticles in the inflamed tissue, as well as an increase in the therapeutic effect of the entrapped drug. As conclusion, gated mesoporous silica nanoparticles constitute an important tool for the development of new therapeutic strategies in the inflammatory field. Based on the previous results presented, a drug delivery system for the treatment of acute lung injury is described in chapter four as alternative therapy that allow the direct delivery of drugs into the lungs. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles has been prepared, loaded with the glucocorticoid dexamethasone and capped with a peptide gatekeeper that recognizes the receptor of tumour necrosis factor 1 (TNFR1), which also targets the pro-inflammatory macrophages. The therapeutic activity of the designed nanoparticles has been studied in vitro in pro-inflammatory macrophages, and in vivo in an acute lung injury mouse model. The preferential accumulation of the nanoparticles in the inflamed lungs has been corroborated through biodistribution assays, as well as the ability to enhance the dexamethasone therapeutic effect by the reduction of lung injury and minimizing the undesired side effects associated of the free drug administration. As conclusion, gated mesoporous silica nanoparticles can be used for the treatment of acute lung injury and represent a potential tool to overcome the limitations of current treatments. Finally, a drug delivery system for acute lung injury is also presented. In this case, we use the novel inflammasome inhibitor QM-378 as pharmacological alternative therapy to the treatment of uncontrolled inflammation in acute lung injury. With the aim of enhancing the direct drug delivery in lungs, QM-378 is encapsulated in mesoporous silica nanoparticles capped with a peptidic gate that recognizes TNFR1. The preferential accumulation of nanoparticles to inflamed lungs has been also corroborated through biodistribution assays. An enhancement of the therapeutic effect of QM-378 by reducing lung inflammation is demonstrated, due to the advantages of drug encapsulation in a targeted-lung nanosystem. As conclusion, the QM-378 is a suitable candidate for acute lung injury treatment, and its encapsulation in mesoporous silica nanoparticles offers a direct lung drug delivery thus improving the therapeutic profile of the drug. The principal conclusion from this PhD thesis is that the preparation of mesoporous silica nanoaprticles for drug delivery is presented as potential strategy in the field of inflammatory disorders. / García Fernández, A. (2019). Gated nanomaterials as delivery platform for the treatment of inflammatory disorders [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/132694 / Compendio

The use of graphene and conductive polyaniline nanomaterials in the field of electrochemistry is increasing due to their excellent conductivity, rapid electron transfer and high specific surface area. However, these properties are strongly dependent on the preparation processes. To accelerate the development of advanced electrochemical sensors for the simultaneous detection of trace amounts of heavy metal ions, two facile and green methods are proposed to improve their performance in this thesis. The first one was dedicated to make graphene-carbon nanotube hybrid nanocomposites. The introduction of carbon nanotubes not only greatly enhances the conductivity of graphene but also suppresses, to some degree, the aggregation between graphene nanosheets. Another method proposed in this thesis work was to synthesize a phytic acid doped polyaniline nanofiber based nanocomposite. The synergistic contribution from polyaniline nanofibers and phytic acid enhances the accumulation efficiency and the charge transfer rate of metal ions during the differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry analysis. The above-mentioned nanocomposite modified electrodes were all successfully applied to real samples for the simultaneous detection of Cd2+ and Pb2+ with good recovery rates. Meanwhile, corrosion protection is another important branch in the field of electrochemistry. In this direction, an active alkyd-polyaniline composite coating with self-healing functionality was prepared. The polyaniline used in this thesis was doped with p-toluene sulfonic acid, which was employed to increase the conductivity of polyaniline, and 1 wt.% of as-prepared polyaniline nanoparticles were found to offer an effective conductive network for anticorrosion. Finally, the reasons that such low loading levels of nanomaterials can result in significantly reinforced properties in nanocomposites were studied with combined atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. The results demonstrated that the interphase for a 40-nm-sized silica particle could extend to 55–70 nm in poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) and poly(isobutyl methacrylate) (PiBMA) polymer matrix, and the interphase exhibited a gradient distribution in surface nanomechanical properties. / <p>QC 20170315</p>

[pt] Atualmente a crescente demanda do uso de repelentes de insetos tem promovido a pesquisa de produtos mais eficazes e com uma maior durabilidade da ação repelente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a obtenção de novas nanopartículas com propriedades interfaciais modificadas superficialmente com grupos funcionais catiônicos e polímeros aniônicos, com o intuito de melhorar a estabilidade de emulsões Pickering contendo um princípio ativo, N,N -dimetil-m-toluamida (DEET), comumente utilizado nos repelentes comerciais. A obtenção das nanopartículas incluiu a funcionalização inicial da superfície de nanopartículas de sílica comerciais com grupos amino secundários (R-NH2), seguido da introdução de grupos catiônicos de amônio quaternário (R-NR4 positivo) e posterior complexação eletrostática com polímeros aniônicos (poli(ácido acrílico), PAA, e poli(4-estireno sulfonato de sódio), PSS). As nanopartículas modificadas mostraram boa dispersabilidade em meio aquoso, favorecendo a estabilização de emulsões de tipo óleo em água (O/A). Os melhores resultados dos estudos de estabilidade no tempo das emulsões foram obtidos usando as nanopartículas catiônicas (SiNP-A,G) recobertas com PAA e com a mistura de polímeros (PAA mais PSS). As emulsões Pickering obtidas com as nanopartículas de sílica recobertas com PAA mostraram os melhores resultados na retardação da evaporação do DEET, com potencial uso para liberação lenta deste composto. / [en] Currently the increasing demand for insect repellent use has promoted research into more effective products and a longer repellent action. The objective of this work was to obtain new nanoparticles by surface modification with cationic functional groups and anionic polymers, with the aim of improving the stability of Pickering emulsions containing an active ingredient, N,N -diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) commonly used in commercial repellents. The preparation of the nanoparticles included initial surface functionalization of commercial silica nanoparticles with secondary amino groups (R-NH2), followed by the introduction of cationic quaternary ammonium groups (R-NR4 positive) and subsequent electrostatic complexation with anionic polymers (poly (acrylic acid), PAA, and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate), PSS). The modified nanoparticles showed good dispersibility in aqueous medium, favoring the stabilization of emulsions oil-in-water (O/W). The best results of the emulsion time stability studies were obtained using cationic silica nanoparticles (SiNP-A,G) covered with PAA and with the polymer mixture (PA plus PSS). The Pickering emulsions obtained with the cationic silica nanoparticles coated with PAA showed the best results in retarding DEET evaporation, with potential use for slow release of this compound.

Il est difficile de réaliser une forte adhésion entre deux hydrogels par un procédé simple. Récemment, un nouveau concept a été proposé par Leibler et ses collaborateurs pour coller des hydrogels ou des tissus biologiques. Il consiste à utiliser des nanoparticules sur lesquels s'adsorbent les chaînes de polymère et qui jouent ainsi le rôle de connecteurs. L'objectif principal de la thèse est d'identifier et de contrôler les mécanismes à l'origine de l'adhésion de deux hydrogels par des nanoparticules. De nombreuses questions sont abordées : la nature des nanoparticules de silice (taille, charge, concentration, état de dispersion), l'influence de la structure de l'hydrogel et son état de gonflement, la répartition des nanoparticules sur les interfaces. Les expériences sont menées avec plusieurs catégories d'hydrogels: le Poly(N,N diméthyl-acrylamide) (PDMA), le Polyacrylamide (PAAm), des gels nanocomposites (PDMA renforcé par des nanoparticules de silice), ou encore des gels à double-réseaux. Nous mesurons les propriétés adhésives à l'aide de tests de joints de recouvrement, de pelage à 90°, et de pelage en Y, que nous avons mis au point. Nous avons utilisé des expériences d'ATR-FTIR, de microcopie confocale à fluorescence et de microscopie électronique à balayage pour mettre en évidence l'adsorption des chaînes polymères à la surface des hydrogels, évaluer la quantité de particules de silice à la surface du gel, et caractériser leur distribution. Les résultats nous permettent de proposer un mécanisme d'adhésion et de définir les conditions qui permettent de réaliser une adhésion optimale. / It is very challenging to achieve strong adhesion between two soft and wet materials like hydrogels. Recently Leibler and his collaborators invented a new concept to assemble hydrogels or biological tissues using nanoparticles. The principle relies on the adsorption of gel chains at the surface of nanoparticles, which act as connectors, and on the ability of the adsorbed gel chains to reorganize under stress. The main objective of this work is to identify and control the physical mechanisms fundamental to gel adhesion by silica nanoparticles. Many questions are investigated: the nature of the nanoparticles (size, surface chemistry, concentration, state of dispersion), the gel structure and its state of swelling, the distribution of the nanoparticles at the gel surface. Experiments are conducted using several types of gels: Poly(N,N dimethylacrylamide) (PDMA), Poly(acrylamide) (PAAm), nanocomposite gels (PDMA reinforces with silica nanoparticles), or double-network (DN) gels. We quantify the adhesive properties using lap-shear experiments, peeling tests at 90°, and Y-peeling tests that we developed. We use ATR-FTIR experiments, confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to demonstrate the adsorption of polymers onto the silica nanoparticles and characterize their spatial repartition. The results allow us to propose a mechanism explaining the adhesion and to define conditions for optimal adhesion.

Les nanoparticules de silice sont très largement étudiées pour les applications biomédicales. Elles permettent une facilité et une flexibilité de la synthèse des particules et une bio-toxicité limitée. Cette thèse a mené une grande diversité de résultats impliquant des nanomatériaux de silice. Premièrement, les propriétés physicochimiques et les propriétés de biodégradation de trois types de nanoparticules de silice structurées ont été étudiées dans un tampon, un milieu de culture et au contact de fibroblastes cutanés humains suggérant que les nanoparticules de silice doivent être principalement considérées comme dégradées par hydrolyse, et non biodégradé. Ensuite, des nanoparticules de silice multifonctionnelles constituées de nanoparticules de silice creuses et de nanoparticules de MnO2 ont été synthétisées. Ainsi le contrôle de la libération du médicament et la performance de l’imagerie de ces nanoplates ont été étudiées à partir de modèles 2D à 3D. Cette approche pourrait être utilisée pour une évaluation rapide de la bio-fonctionnalité des nanoparticules avant de mettre en place des expériences in vivo. En outre, un nouveau nanocomposite 3D à base de collagène utilisant des tiges de silice a été étudié et les relations entre la composition composite, la structure et les propriétés mécaniques, mettant en évidence le rôle clé des interactions collagène-silice. L'influence de ces paramètres sur l'adhésion et la prolifération des cellules fibroblastiques a également été étudiée. De plus, nous avons préparé et utilisé des nanobatonnêts de silice magnétiques pour contrôler l’orientation des particules dans le réseau de collagène grâce à un champ magnétique externe. Tous les résultats apportent de nouvelles connaissances sur la préparation et les propriétés des bionanocomposites et ouvrent la voie à des hydrogels multifonctionnels. / Silica nanoparticles, thanks to the great easy and adaptability of particle synthesis and limited biotoxicity, is very widely studied for biomedical applications. This thesis conducted a large diversity of investigations involving silica nanomaterials. Firstly, the physicochemical properties and biodegradation properties of three types of structured silica nanoparticles were studied in a buffer, a culture medium and in contact with human dermal fibroblasts that suggest that, under these conditions, the silica nanoparticles must be mainly considered as degraded by hydrolysis and not biodegraded. Then, multifunctional silica nanoparticles which are consist of hollow silica nanoparticles and MnO2 nanosheets were synthesized. And the control drug release and imaging performance of this nanoplatforms were studied from 2D to 3D models. This approach could be used for a rapid assessment of the biofunctionality of nanoparticles before setting up in vivo experiments. Furthermore, a new 3D collagen-based nanocomposites using silica rods were studied and the relationships between the composite composition, structure and mechanical properties, emphasizing the key role of collagen-silica interactions. The influence of these parameters on the adhesion and proliferation of fibroblast cells was also investigated. In addition, we prepared and used magnetic silica nanorods to control particle orientation within the collagen network thanks to an external magnetic field. All the results bring new insights on the preparation and properties of bionanocomposites and open the route to multifunctional hydrogels.

Les matériaux nanocomposites obtenus par la dispersion de charges nanométriques dans un polymère ont de nombreuses applications industrielles à cause de l’amélioration des propriétés des matrices. La dispersion des charges pendant le procès de préparation des nanocomposites est déterminée par les interactions entre charges et avec le polymère. L’état final de dispersion impacte les propriétés structurales, dynamiques et mécaniques du matériau.Dans ce travail de thèse, nous proposons l’étude de nanocomposites produits par dispersion de billes de silice hydrophiles dans une matrice de polymère hydrophobe, i.e., styrene-butadiene (SB), couramment utilisé dans les pneumatiques. Nous avons notamment étudié l’impact des agents de recouvrement - des silanes réagissant avec la surface des charges – qui sont utilisés afin de promouvoir la compatibilité entre la silice et le SB.Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié des matériaux composites industriels simplifiés obtenus par l’incorporation de silice hautement dispersible dans le SB. En couplant des expériences de diffusion des rayons-X aux petits angles (DXPA) avec de la microscopie, nous avons montré que : i) la présence d’un catalyseur (DPG) amplifie l’effet de l’agent de recouvrement; ii) l'augmentation de la quantité de silane favorise la réduction de la taille des agrégats de silice. De plus, un système modèle équivalent au système industriel simplifié a été développé, mais avec une silice colloïdale. Nous avons mis au point une nouvelle méthode pour modifier la surface des billes de silice en suspensions dans en mélange eau/éthanol. Ces nanoparticules sont ensuite stabilisées dans le même solvant utilisé pour la dissolution du SB, le MEK. Enfin, le composite modèle est obtenu par évaporation du solvant. La dispersion des billes de silice greffées a été étudiée en suspension (i.e., dans le mélange eau/éthanol et MEK) et dans le nanocomposite, en couplant DXPA avec des simulations de Monte-Carlo inverse. Nous avons montré que la qualité de la dispersion dépend du type de silane utilisé et qu’elle est transférée du solvant (MEK) au composite. De plus, l’impact des agents de recouvrement sur les propriétés dynamiques (relaxation α) du système modèle a été étudié par spectroscopie diélectrique, BDS. Nous avons découvert que les agents de recouvrement peuvent plastifier le SB pur, en induisant une baisse significative de la température de transition vitreuse. Dans les composites, la modification de l’état de surface des billes par l’agent de recouvrement n’altère pas la relaxation α. Cependant, la présence de molécules de silane libres dans la matrice polymère du nanocomposite peut également induire un effet de plastification. / Nanocomposite materials made by dispersion of nano-scale fillers in a soft polymer matrix attract industrial interest because of their enhanced properties. During their formulation, filler-filler and filler-polymer interactions affect the dispersion of the particles, and thus the final nanocomposite structure. The filler dispersion as well as dynamical properties control many material properties and in particular the mechanical response of these materials.In this PhD work, we propose the study of nanocomposites made by dispersion of nano-metric hydrophilic silica particles in a soft hydrophobic polymer matrix of styrene/butadiene (SB), which is commonly used in car tire manufacturing. Since coating agents can react with the filler surface tuning the silica-silica and the silica-polymer interactions, they have been used to promote the compatibility between silica and SB. Firstly, we investigate “simplified industrial nanocomposites” obtained by solid mixing of SB and millimetric silica pellets. By a multiscale approach (microscopy and X-ray scattering, SAXS) we show that: i) the presence of a catalyzer (DPG) unambiguously amplifies the action of the coating agent; ii) the increase of silane content induces the progressive decrease of silica aggregate size. The study of the simplified industrial nanocomposites has been extended to a silica/SB model system. We developed an efficient method to surface-modify colloidal silica NPs in ethanol/water, to stabilize them in the same solvent (MEK) used to dissolve the polymer, and to obtain the final model nanocomposite by solvent casting. For the structural characterization of this multi-step system, we propose a combined SAXS-reverse Monte Carlo approach which allows to investigate the dispersion state of surface-modified silica NPs in precursor solvents (i.e., ethanol/water and MEK) and in the polymer matrix. The filler dispersion is influenced by the characteristics of the grafted silane molecule (varying hydrophobicity, grafting function, and density) and it is shown the quality of the dispersion state is maintained from the precursor suspension to the nanocomposite. Moreover, Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy (BDS) has been used to investigate the role of silane coating agents in the segmental dynamics of model nanocomposites. We show that the silane molecules can act as plasticizers in pure styrene-butadiene matrices, inducing a significant decrease of the glass transition temperature. We also prove that the chemical surface-modification of the fillers does not affect the segmental dynamics (α-relaxation) in nanocomposites, whereas the presence of “free” silane molecules in the polymer bulk can induce a detectable plasticization effect.