In 2001, the Texas State Senate passed Senate Bill 5 to reduce ozone levels by encouraging the reduction of emissions of NOx that were not regulated by the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, including point sources (power plants), area sources (such as residential emissions), road mobile sources, and non-road mobile sources. For the building energy section, the Texas State Legislature adopted the 2000/2001 International Energy Conservation Code, as modified by the 2001 Supplement, as the state's building energy code. The 2000/2001 IECC is a comprehensive energy conservation code that establishes a standard for the insulation levels, glazing and cooling and heating system efficiencies through the use of prescriptive and performance-based provisions. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to improve the accuracy of a 2000/2001 IECCcompliant performance simulation using the DOE-2.1e simulation program to investigate the energy performance of a typical single-family house. To achieve this purpose, several objectives had to be accomplished, including: 1) the development of an IECC-compliant simulation model, 2) the development and testing of specific improvements to the existing code-traceable model, 3) the calibration and installation of sensors in a case-study house, 4) the validation of the improved simulation model with measured data from the case-study house, and 5) use the validated model to simulate the energy-conserving features of single-family residences that cannot be simulated with existing versions of the DOE-2.1e program. In order to create the code-traceable IECC-compliant simulation model, a base-case house simulation was created and the results calibrated with measured energy and environmental data from the case-study house. This was done in order to obtain an improved simulation model that would more accurately represent the case-study building. The calibrated model was then used to verify the accuracy of the improved simulation methods against previous models and measured data. After validation of the new simulation methodologies, the IECC simulation model was used to simulate different energy-conserving features for a single-family residence that could not be simulated with the previous version of the DOE-2 input file. Finally, areas for future work were identified in an effort to continue to improve the model.

Gear drives are widely applied in mechanical transmission systems and very accurate transmission systems are needed. In the robot industry, the planetary gear train (PGT) is commonly used to promote the torque transmission. One of the advantages of an ideal PGT is that the incoming torque is divided equally among the planet gear wheels. However, different manufacturing and assembling deviations may cause uneven load distributions. This is a serious problem that affects the load capacity and the stability of the torque transmission.SwePart has designed and patented a planetary gear blazing for very high-accuracy robots and zero gaps in the gear maintained during its operating time [25]. The purpose of this project is to determine how deviations such as pitch deviation and stiffness affect the magnitude of the contact forces acting on gear teeth from the ideal geometry.In order to model the ideal geometry, an inspection of the SwePart’s gears was needed. By using SOLIDWORKS, the common normal line which is perpendicular to the teeth profiles can be defined. This means that the base circle which is tangential to that common normal line can also be found.The gear profiles of the PGTs in this study were created using the software MATLAB based on the parametric equation of involute of the base circle. The data generated by MATLAB were then used to create 3D models of the PGTs in SOLIDWORKS. The gears were split into 2N+1 parts if the number of teeth is N, since different magnitude of the pitch deviations needs to be studied. It is more informative to compare the magnitude of contact forces acting on each half tooth.When the gears which are similar to the SwePart’s gears were finished, the x_t document was exported from SOLIDWORKS and imported into MSC_ADAMS to make the simulations. After that the materials were defined in the model and contact forces were added between teeth of the planetary gear and the ring gear. The magnitude of the contact forces acting on the rigid and flexible gear teeth were then compared. So, MSC_ADAMS needs to be used to mesh the rigid bodies to the flexible ones automatically by calling MSC_Nastran.MATLAB was used to compare the results and graphs from different ADAMS models.

No description available.

Doctor of Philosophy(PhD) / This thesis describes the exploration and the development of computational means to investigate the behaviour of design objects before they are available for investigation in the physical world. The motivation is to inform the design process about the design object’s performance in order to achieve better – more performance-oriented – design outcomes in the sense of energy efficiency and comfort performance than can be achieved by conventional design techniques. The research is structured into five successive parts. - Concept Development – A review of the objective domains comfort assessment and energy efficiency assessment is conducted and the design process, human design activity and the application of simulation in the architectural domain is discussed in order to identify requirements for the development of computational means for design analysis. Requirements regarding model content, model features and model integration are developed. The main requirements are that a highly integrated, three-dimensional and dynamic representation of physical processes is needed and that a universal and integrated representation is required. - Concept Formulation – Based on the identified requirements, the concept for a model is formulated. In order to achieve a universal and integrated representation of physical processes the concept uses the approach of a constructive language. Space is represented with autonomous spatial elements, called congeneric cells. Interaction between the cells is represented by near- and remote-conjunctions. Physical and geometric self-contained formulations of the model reduce the model input requirements, so that geometric information and simple property specification (material, activity) is sufficient to describe the design object in the model. - Model Development – The concept is formulated in mathematical physical terms based on well known physical laws and building physical models (first-principle approach). Heat and moisture conduction, diffusion of various components and a flow model is formulated as near-conjunction processes. Heat radiation, light and sound are modelled with a radiosity approach as remote-conjunctions. The simulation algorithm, which governs the interaction between the cells in order to represent the behaviour of space, is explained. - Computational Implementation – The concept and the model is tested by implementation of a prototype using C++ and OpenGL on a conventional Pentium 4 notebook. The prototype consists of three parts: user-interface, model translator and simulation engine. The user interface functions as model-input and result-output device. The implementation of the concept and of further model parts is described in detail. - Assessment and Testing – The developed concept and the model, as implemented in the prototype, are tested and assessed against the initially developed requirements. The physical model is assessed in regard to plausibility and accuracy of the representation of the physical phenomena. At the end of the thesis the project is summarized, the achievements of the project’s objectives are discussed critically and issues for future research are suggested. Possible applications of the developed model are listed, and the contributions to the application of computational simulation in the architectural domain, developed in this research, are named. At the current stage the required processing time and high memory requirements prevent implementation of a design assessment system, following the suggested concept, at a useful scale. Also the developed physical models require further refinement and testing. Although the general feasibility of the concept and the model was successfully demonstrated, its implementation in a fully applicable design assessment system based on the universal and integrated representation of physical processes was not achieved at this stage. While detailed description and analysis is given in the body of the thesis, detailed formulations of the work and the developed model are given in the appendix. The body and the appendix together provide a complete picture of the research presented.

Doctor of Philosophy(PhD) / This thesis describes the exploration and the development of computational means to investigate the behaviour of design objects before they are available for investigation in the physical world. The motivation is to inform the design process about the design object’s performance in order to achieve better – more performance-oriented – design outcomes in the sense of energy efficiency and comfort performance than can be achieved by conventional design techniques. The research is structured into five successive parts. - Concept Development – A review of the objective domains comfort assessment and energy efficiency assessment is conducted and the design process, human design activity and the application of simulation in the architectural domain is discussed in order to identify requirements for the development of computational means for design analysis. Requirements regarding model content, model features and model integration are developed. The main requirements are that a highly integrated, three-dimensional and dynamic representation of physical processes is needed and that a universal and integrated representation is required. - Concept Formulation – Based on the identified requirements, the concept for a model is formulated. In order to achieve a universal and integrated representation of physical processes the concept uses the approach of a constructive language. Space is represented with autonomous spatial elements, called congeneric cells. Interaction between the cells is represented by near- and remote-conjunctions. Physical and geometric self-contained formulations of the model reduce the model input requirements, so that geometric information and simple property specification (material, activity) is sufficient to describe the design object in the model. - Model Development – The concept is formulated in mathematical physical terms based on well known physical laws and building physical models (first-principle approach). Heat and moisture conduction, diffusion of various components and a flow model is formulated as near-conjunction processes. Heat radiation, light and sound are modelled with a radiosity approach as remote-conjunctions. The simulation algorithm, which governs the interaction between the cells in order to represent the behaviour of space, is explained. - Computational Implementation – The concept and the model is tested by implementation of a prototype using C++ and OpenGL on a conventional Pentium 4 notebook. The prototype consists of three parts: user-interface, model translator and simulation engine. The user interface functions as model-input and result-output device. The implementation of the concept and of further model parts is described in detail. - Assessment and Testing – The developed concept and the model, as implemented in the prototype, are tested and assessed against the initially developed requirements. The physical model is assessed in regard to plausibility and accuracy of the representation of the physical phenomena. At the end of the thesis the project is summarized, the achievements of the project’s objectives are discussed critically and issues for future research are suggested. Possible applications of the developed model are listed, and the contributions to the application of computational simulation in the architectural domain, developed in this research, are named. At the current stage the required processing time and high memory requirements prevent implementation of a design assessment system, following the suggested concept, at a useful scale. Also the developed physical models require further refinement and testing. Although the general feasibility of the concept and the model was successfully demonstrated, its implementation in a fully applicable design assessment system based on the universal and integrated representation of physical processes was not achieved at this stage. While detailed description and analysis is given in the body of the thesis, detailed formulations of the work and the developed model are given in the appendix. The body and the appendix together provide a complete picture of the research presented.

Le secteur des logements présente un potentiel non négligeable d'économies d'énergie surtout au niveau du chauffage qui constitue une part importante des factures énergétiques en France. Notre travail s'inscrit dans l'optique de réduction des consommations énergétiques des logements en étudiant le transfert thermique dans les parois opaques du bâti ancien et en étudiant différentes configurations et différents types d'isolants thermiques. Après une analyse du contexte et des enjeux de la problématique énergétique des bâtiments anciens, nous avons abordé une analyse typologique des maisons anciennes lilloises en identifiant les quatre familles principales de typologies : la maison de courée, la maison ouvrière, la maison de ville et la maison bourgeoise ; en identifiant ainsi leurs ressemblances et leur variantes. Ensuite, nous avons étudié en détails le transfert thermique dans un mur en brique caractéristique de la région Nord-Pas-de-Calais; une étude expérimentale a été comparée à diverses approches théoriques en divers régimes (régime permanent, régime harmonique et régime quelconque). Après l'étude du mur dans son état initial (avant isolation), nous avons caractérisé expérimentalement cinq matériaux isolants (polystyrène, laine de bois, laine de mouton, lin et métisse) pour étudier ensuite leur apport en termes de réduction de déperditions thermiques pour le mur étudié. Nous avons appliqué expérimentalement 3 cm de polystyrène pour l'isolation du mur afin de valider la méthode théorique. Une fois cette dernière validée, une comparaison de différents matériaux isolants et différentes configurations (isolation par l'intérieur et isolation par l'extérieur) a été établie afin d'identifier la configuration et le(s) matériau(x) le(s) plus intéressant(s). Enfin, des simulations thermiques dynamiques à l'échelle du bâtiment ont été réalisées pour les différentes typologies dans le but de valider les résultats obtenus à l'échelle du mur, de comparer les performances énergétiques des différentes typologies et de quantifier les économies d'énergie possibles pour différents bouquets de travaux d'isolation. / The housing sector has a significant energy saving potential especially in terms of heating which constitutes an important part of energy bills in France. Our work joins the optics of reducing energy consumption of housing by studying heat transfer in the opaque walls of old buildings and studying different configurations and types of thermal insulation materials. After an analysis of the context and the energy’s problematic of old buildings, we discussed a typological analysis of Lille’s old houses by identifying four main families of typologies: the “courée” house, the worker’s house, the town house and the mansion, thereby identifying their similarities and variations. Then, we thoroughly studied the heat transfer in a brick wall characteristic of the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region; an experimental study was compared to various theoretical approaches in various regimes (steady state, harmonic, and random regime). After the study of the wall in its initial state (before insulation), we experimentally characterized five insulating materials (polystyrene, wood wool, sheep wool, linen and recycled textile) in order to study then their contribution in terms of heat losses’ reduction through the studied wall. We experimentally applied 3 cm of polystyrene wall insulation to validate the theoretical method. Once it was validated, a comparison of different insulating materials and configurations (interior insulation and external insulation) was established to identify the most interesting configuration and insulation material(s). Finally, dynamic thermal simulations on the building scale were carried out for the different buildings typologies in order to validate the results obtained on the wall scale, to compare the energy performance of the different building typologies, and quantify the energy savings potential for thermal insulation scenarios.

Proposer une offre en logements adaptée aux différents besoins et préférences des ménages représente un enjeu important pour les acteurs publics de l’aménagement. Ces besoins et préférences dépendent des caractéristiques des ménages et des changements qu’ils peuvent connaître dans leur cycle de vie (mise en couple, naissance, séparation…). Les facteurs participant aux choix résidentiels sont nombreux (attributs du logement, caractéristiques de l’environnement résidentiel) et interviennent différemment selon les types de ménages. Les dynamiques résidentielles impliquent ainsi une grande variété d’éléments, en interaction les uns avec les autres, et les relations de cause à effet sont difficiles à identifier. Par conséquent, il n’est pas possible de prévoir le comportement résidentiel des ménages pas plus que leurs évolutions possibles sans outil adapté.Pour étudier les dynamiques résidentielles intra-urbaines, nous utilisons dans cette thèse un modèle de simulation des mobilités résidentielles (Mobisim-MR) intégré dans une plateforme de simulation LUTI individu-centrée : Mobisim. Mobisim-MR permet de déterminer, pour chaque année de simulation, les ménages qui déménagent et leur nouvelle localisation résidentielle. En amont de Mobisim-MR, un modèle de simulation des évolutions démographiques (Mobisim-Démo) a été créé au sein de la plateforme Mobisim. Il permet de reproduire de manière dynamique et individu-centrée l’évolution des ménages dans leur cycle de vie. Une partie de la thèse est dédiée au paramétrage ces deux modèles, étape préalable nécessaire à la simulation de scénarios. Un autre volet de la thèse concerne l’exploration du comportement du modèle Mobisim-MR pour évaluer la stabilité des résultats de simulation et leur cohérence (analyse de sensibilité). L’utilisation de modèles individu-centrés est relativement récente en géographie, d’où l’absence de protocole standard pour l’exploration de tels modèles. Un protocole spécifique a été conçu pour explorer le comportement de Mobisim-MR. Ce protocole tient compte de la nature des paramètres du modèle, des contraintes techniques de simulation et de l’objectif pour lequel le modèle a été conçu.Le dernier volet de la thèse consiste en des analyses thématiques visant à étudier l’impact de deux scénarios de politiques de construction de logements sur l’agglomération du Grand Besançon. Ces analyses montrent la capacité de Mobisim-MR à répondre à des questions concrètes d’aménagement et à apporter des éléments de discussion aux acteurs publics en charge des politiques de logement. / To ensure that housing supply is suitable to households’ needs and preferences represents a major planning concern. These needs and preferences depend on the households’ characteristics and on their lifecycle changes (union, birth, divorce…). Residential choice factors are numerous (housing and residential environment characteristics) and their role is often different according to the types of households. Residential dynamics involve a great variety of elements, in interaction with each other, and the causal relationships are difficult to identify. Thus, it is not possible to predict the households’ residential behaviour, nor their possible evolutions, without a suitable tool. To study intra-urban residential dynamics, we use a residential mobility simulation model (Mobisim-MR), integrated in an agent-based LUTI simulation platform: Mobisim. For each simulated year, Mobisim-MR allows for determination of households which move and their new residential location. Prior to Mobisim-MR, we created a demographic microsimulation model (Mobisim-Démo) within the Mobisim platform. It allows reproducing households lifecycle evolutions in a dynamic and agent-based way. A part of the thesis is dedicated to the calibration of both models, a required stage preliminary to scenarios simulation. Another part of the thesis concerns the exploration of Mobisim-MR model behaviour, in order to assess the simulation results’ stability and their consistency (sensitivity analysis). Agent-based models use is quite recent in geography, explaining the lack of standard protocol to explore such models. A specific protocol has been designed to explore the behaviour of Mobisim-MR. This protocol takes into consideration the parameters characteristics, simulation technical constraints, and the initial design for which the model has been built.The last part of the thesis consists of thematic analyses aimed at studying the impact of two housing construction planning scenarios in the urban region of Besançon (named le Grand Besançon). These analyses highlight the ability of Mobisim-MR to answer concrete planning questions and to initiate discussion among urban planners.

Orientador: Sergio Tonini Button / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T13:27:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_MarioLuizNunesda_D.pdf: 5214131 bytes, checksum: d3b65bf8a08ad05e43b1a4cb009f56b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O processo Laminação Transversal com Cunha (conhecido em inglês como cross wedge rolling ou CWR) consiste na conformação plástica de produtos por meio de ferramentas em forma de cunhas fixadas em placas planas, côncavas ou convexas ou ainda em rolos de equipamentos de laminação. Apesar das vantagens desse processo associadas à elevada produtividade e minimização das perdas de matéria-prima, o surgimento do defeito interno denominado Mannesmann exige uma inspeção cuidadosa das peças produzidas. Esse defeito tem sua origem no centro das peças laminadas e suas causas ainda não estão totalmente identificadas. Baseando-se no método de elementos finitos, simulações numéricas em três dimensões do processo CWR foram estudadas utilizando-se o programa de simulação MSC Superform para analisar-se a influência das variáveis geométricas (ângulos de conformação e de estiramento e redução relativa) e de processo (temperatura de pré-aquecimento e velocidade de laminação) no aparecimento desse que é considerado o principal defeito do processo. Ensaios experimentais em equipamento existente no Laboratório de Conformação Mecânica da Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica também foram realizados abrangendo as mesmas variáveis citadas para a simulação. Os dados obtidos nestes ensaios foram confrontados com os das simulações para se estudar as possíveis causas do defeito e também para se avaliar o grau de representatividade do processo pelo programa de simulação. Concluiu-se que sob o critério de análise da deformação máxima equivalente, à medida que se aumenta a redução relativa e diminuem-se o ângulo de conformação e a velocidade de processo aumenta-se a probabilidade de ocorrência dos defeitos internos. Tanto nas simulações como nos ensaios práticos, não se notou uma tendência definida para a variável temperatura com relação à sua influência na formação dos defeitos internos / Abstract: Cross-wedge rolling (CWR) is a metal forming process in which wedge shaped tools are assembled to rollers, and concave or convex plates. Despite the advantages of this process associated with high productivity and reduction of raw materials, the formation of an internal defect, called Mannesmann, requires a careful inspection of the rolled parts. This defect has its origin in the center of the rolled pieces and its causes are not yet fully identified. Based on the finite element method, numerical simulations of the CWR process in three dimensions were studied using the simulation software MSC Superform, in order to analyze the influence of some geometric (forming and stretching angles and relative reduction) and process (initial temperature and speed process) variables on the formation of this that is considered the main defect of the process. Tests were also performed in an experimental equipment available in the Mechanical Forming Laboratory of the School of Mechanical Engineering covering the same variables cited for the simulation. The data from these tests were confronted with simulation results to determine the possible causes of the defect and also to evaluate the agreement of these results. From the analysis of the maximum equivalent strain, the higher relative reduction and smaller forming angle and process speed values the higher probability that the internal defects occur. It was not noticed a good trend about the influence of the initial temperature on the formation of the internal defects / Doutorado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

Résumé :Introduction: Les recherches sur l’Education Thérapeutique du Patient (ETP) montrent qu’elle peut encore gagner à développer l’ensemble des compétences des patients en utilisant des méthodes pédagogiques interactives. La simulation est rarement utilisée pour aider les personnes atteintes de maladies chroniques à développer ces compétences. L’objectif du travail de thèse était de promouvoir l'utilisation de la simulation dans l'éducation thérapeutique des patients (S-ETP) par : i) la réalisation d’une conférence de consensus sur le sujet et ii) la réalisation d’une étude pilote de la S-ETP.Méthode: Un consensus d'experts a été obtenu avec la participation des patients et des proches aidants experts; des professionnels de la santé spécialisés experts en (ETP) et des experts en simulation. Chaque recommandation a été soumise à un examen exhaustif de la littérature. La qualité des éléments de preuve et la solidité des recommandations ont été évaluées au moyen de critères d'évaluation [GRADE]. L’étude pilote est réalisée sur un échantillon de 24 patients diabètiques dans le but de tester sa faisabilité.Résultats: A la fin du consensus, les experts ont identifié 26 recommandations spécifiques à l'utilisation de la S-ETP. Ils ont proposé des exemples de compétences dans différentes maladies et ont insisté sur l'importance d'adapter les conditions d'utilisation (emplacement, équipement, temps des soins) aux circonstances de l'apprenant et des compétences du patient à développer. Les experts doivent faire preuve d'une grande prudence car cette technique présente des conditions éthiques. L’essai de faisabilité a permis d’étudier la faisabilité de la S-ETP auprés des patients et des soignants.Conclusion: Ces recommandations soulignent le fait que la simulation pourrait apporter une valeur ajoutée en ETP. Elles fournissent le premier cadre pour l'utilisation de la simulation en ETP. La recherche sur la faisabilité et l'acceptabilité de l’utilisation de cette méthode auprès des patients, s’est basé sur le consensus d’expert. Cette étape était nécessaire avant d’évaluer l’efficience et d’établir une taxonomie de la S-ETP. / Abstract :Abstract :Introduction: Research in TPE shows that it can still benefit from developing the full range of patient skills through the use of interactive teaching methods. Simulation is rarely used to help individuals with chronic diseases to develop these skills. The objective of the thesis work was to promote the use of simulation in patient therapeutic education by: (i) conducting a consensus conference on the subject and (ii) conducting a pilot study of S-ETP.(S-TPE).Methods: Expert consensus was achieved with the participation of expert patients and caregivers; health professionals specialized in TPE; and simulation experts. Each recommendation was subject to an extensive literature review. The quality of the evidence and the strength of the recommendations were assessed through the evaluation, development and evaluation criteria categories [GRADE criteria].The pilot study is being conducted on a sample of 24 diabetic patients in order to test its feasibility.Results: At the end of the consensus, the experts identified 26 recommendations specific to the use of S-TPE. They proposed examples of skills in different diseases and stressed the importance of adapting the conditions of use (location, equipment, time of the care) to the circumstances of the patient learner and skills to be developed. Experts should exercise great caution as this technique presents ethical requirements.Conclusion: These recommendations underline the fact that simulation could bring added value to TPE. They provide the first framework of the use of simulation in TPE. Research on the feasibility and acceptability of using this method with patients was based on expert consensus. This step was necessary before assessing efficiency and establishing a taxonomy of the S-TPE.