Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T15:50:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGMS11DA003.pdf: 2953340 bytes, checksum: bbaae7a8b0e4fdd162058cd82f79cea9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Under conservation soil tillage, the effectiveness of crop residues in reducing water erosion decrease if the mulch is transported by runoff and/or if the runoff furrows the soil. This phenomenon is called mulch failure, characterizing the critical slope length, i.e., the distance on the ground from which the flood gains sufficient shear stress to overcome the resistance to transport the mulch and/or the resistance of the soil to furrow. The objectives of this study were to define critical slope lengths and critical shear stress in two sowing directions under different types and doses of crop residues, in no-till. The field work was conducted from May 2009 to May 2011, on a Nitosol (Alfisol) in Santa Catarina, Brazil, in experimental units with dimensions of 3.5 x 11 m, and mean slope of 0.144 m m-1. Sowing directions transverse (contour) and parallel (up-and-down) to the slope were tested using maize (Zea mays), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and soybean (Glycine max) mulches at doses of 50 and 100% of the total residue produced. During the research, simulated rainfall tests were performed using a rotating-boom rainfall simulator, with rain intensity of 65 mm h-1 and 90 min of duration, which was time required to achieve the constant runoff rate. At the end of 90 min of rain, without disconnecting the rainfall simulator were applied increasing levels of extra flow of clean water at the upper part of the plots, simulating additional runoff from longer slopes. The mulch failure was evaluated based on the theory of erosion, using the relationship between erosion rate (Dp) x runoff rate (qm), sediment concentration in runoff (C) x runoff rate (qm) and runoff velocity (V) x runoff rate (qm). Moreover, the mulch failure was observed visually when it occurred. In all treatments were found the critical slope lengths, and, in general, contour sowing and higher dose of crop residues increased the critical slope length and critical shear stress in relation to the up-and-down sowing and the lowest crop residue dose, respectively. Such lengths and critical stress ranged from 35 to 155 m and 1.9 to 7.4 N m-2, respectively. The theory of erosion, the point of failure was identified jointly analyzing the relationships Dp x qm and C x qm. The relationship V x qm was not a good indicator of failure. The visual failure could be identified for maize and soybean residues, while for wheat it was not clearly distinct / Nos preparos conservacionistas de solo, a eficácia dos resíduos culturais na redução da erosão hídrica diminui se os resíduos forem transportados pela enxurrada e/ou se a enxurrada sulcar o solo. A esse fenômeno se denomina falha dos resíduos, caracterizando a existência de comprimento crítico de declive, ou seja, a distância no terreno a partir da qual a enxurrada adquire tensão cisalhante suficiente para superar a resistência do resíduo ao transporte e/ou a resistência do solo ao sulcamento. Os objetivos do trabalho foram definir comprimentos críticos de declive e a tensão crítica de cisalhamento em duas direções de semeadura direta, sob diferentes tipos e doses de resíduos culturais. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em campo, entre maio de 2009 e maio de 2011, sobre um Nitossolo Bruno aluminoférrico húmico, em São José do Cerrito (SC), usando unidades experimentais com dimensões de 3,5 x 11 m, com declividade média de 0,144 m m-1. Foram testadas as formas de execução de semeadura direta no sentido transversal (em contorno) e paralelo ao declive (na pendente), sobre os resíduos culturais de milho (Zea mays), trigo (Triticum aestivum) e soja (Glycine max), nas doses de 50% e 100% do total produzido para cada um deles. Foram realizados testes de chuva simulada com o uso de simulador de chuva de braços rotativos, na intensidade de chuva planejada de 65 mm h-1 e, com duração de 90 min cada um, tempo este necessário para se obter a taxa constante de enxurrada. Ao final dos 90 min de chuva, sem desligar o aparelho simulador de chuva, foram aplicados níveis crescentes de fluxo extra de água limpa na cabeceira das parcelas, simulando a enxurrada provinda de declives mais longos. Para identificação da falha dos resíduos, usou-se teoria de erosão, efetuando as relações entre taxa de erosão (Dp) x taxa de enxurrada (qm), concentração de sedimentos na enxurrada (C) x taxa de enxurrada (qm) e velocidade da enxurrada (V) x taxa de enxurrada (qm). Em adição, a falha dos resíduos foi avaliada visualmente. Detectou-se comprimento crítico de declive em todos os tratamentos, sendo que, de modo geral, a semeadura direta em contorno e a dose maior dos resíduos de milho, trigo e soja aumentaram o comprimento crítico e a tensão crítica de cisalhamento, em relação à semeadura direta na direção da pendente e à menor dose de resíduos, respectivamente. Tais comprimentos e tensões críticas variaram de 35 a 155 m e 1,9 a 7,4 N m-2, respectivamente. Da teoria de erosão, o ponto de falha foi melhor identificado analisando conjuntamente as relações Dp x qm e C x qm. A relação V x qm não foi um bom indicador da falha. A observação visual em campo indicou falha real dos resíduos de milho e soja, enquanto que para o de trigo, não houve clareza

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The climatic factors, especially water deficit, cause changes in biochemical and morphophysiological aspects in soybean plants, which consequently affect the performance of fungicide applications on leaves and pathogenicity of fungi. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of fungicide in soybean under different water regimes and times of application. For this purpose two experiments were conducted, one in the greenhouse and one on the field, both in Itaara RS, Brazil. The experimental design in greenhouse was composed by completely randomized design with four replications in a factorial (2x6x5), which factors were composed, factor 01: two water regimes (50-60% of the field capacity and 90-100% of the field capacity); factor 02: five times of application (04:00 a.m., 09:00 a.m., 14:00 p.m., 18:00 p.m., 23:00 p.m.) and a control without fungicide applying; factor 03: four time periods between the fungicide application and simulated rain (0, 30, 60 and 120 ) plus a control with no rain. Fungicide comprising the active ingredients Trifloxystrobin + Prothioconazole (70.0 + 60.0 g ha-1 a.i.) was used with the addition of Aureo® at a dose of 0.375 l ha-1 c.p. The parameters evaluated were the number of days until the first pustule preview of asian rust, the severity of Phakopsora pachyrhizi and Cercospora kikuchii in leaves, incidence of C. kikuchii in grain, relative chlorophyll content, stomatal density, trichome density, concentration of hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation, yield and grain weight. The experimental design in the field was composed by randomized blocks with split plots. The experiment consisted of two factors (6x5). The first factor was composed of the application time (04:00 a.m., 09:00 a.m., 14:00 p.m., 18:00 p.m., 23:00 p.m.) and a control without fungicide applying. The second factor was composed of the time periods between the fungicide application and simulated rain (0, 30, 60 and 120 ) plus a control with no rain. The parameters evaluated were the severity of the asian rust, the relative chlorophyll content stratified in three thirds of the canopy, area under the disease progress curve, yield and hundred grain weight. The results indicate that the penetration of fungicide is faster in leaflets in sunlight. It finds that the application of fungicides in plants under water deficit provides the greatest number of days until the first pustule preview. The simulated rainfall has a greater effect on the removal of fungicide applications made at night. The fungicide application in leaflets made at 09:00 am provides the greatest number of days until the first pustule preview. Soybean plants in water deficit develop strategies to reduce the loss of water, which affects the pathogenicity of Phakopsora pachyrhizi and Cercospora kikuchii. / Os fatores climáticos, em especial o déficit hídrico, provocam alterações nos aspectos morfofisiológicos e bioquímicos nas plantas de soja, que consequentemente, afetam o comportamento de aplicações fungicidas foliares e a patogenicidade de fungos. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o comportamento de fungicida em plantas de soja submetidas a diferentes regimes hídricos e horários de aplicação. Para isso foram conduzidos dois experimentos, sendo um em casa de vegetação e outro à campo, ambos no município de Itaara RS. Em casa de vegetação foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições, em arranjo trifatorial (2x6x5), cujos fatores foram, fator 01: dois regimes hídricos (50-60% da capacidade de campo e 90-100% da capacidade de campo); fator 02: cinco horários de aplicação (04:00, 09:00, 14:00, 18:00, 23:00 horas), além de um testemunha sem aplicação; fator 03: quatro intervalos de tempo entre a aplicação de fungicida e a aplicação de chuva simulada (0, 30, 60 e 120 min) mais uma testemunha sem chuva. Foi utilizado o fungicida composto pelos ingredientes ativos Trifloxistrobina + Protioconazol (70,0 + 60,0 g i.a.ha-1) com adição de Aureo® na dose de 0,375 L p.c ha-1. Os parâmetros avaliados foram o tempo decorrido entre a aplicação e o surgimento da primeira pústula de ferrugem asiática, a severidade de Phakopsora pachyrhizi e Cercospora kikuchii em folhas, incidência de C. kikuchii em grãos, teor relativo de clorofila, densidade estomática, densidade de tricomas, concentração de peróxido de hidrogênio e peroxidação lipídica, produtividade e a massa de grão. À campo foi utilizado o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas. O experimento constituiu-se de dois fatores (6x5). O primeiro fator foi composto pelos horários de aplicação (04:00, 09:00, 14:00, 18:00, 23:00 horas), e uma testemunha sem aplicação de fungicida. O segundo fator foi composto pelos intervalos de tempo entre a aplicação de fungicidas e a simulação de chuva (2, 30, 60 e 120 min), mais uma testemunha sem chuva. Os parâmetros avaliados foram a severidade de ferrugem asiática e o teor relativo de clorofila estratificados nos três terço do dossel, área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença, produtividade e massa de 100 grãos. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a penetração de fungicida é mais rápida em trifólios sob luz solar. Verifica-se que a aplicação de fungicida em plantas sob déficit hídrico proporciona o maior número de dias para o aparecimento da primeira pústula. A simulação de chuva tem maior efeito na remoção de fungicidas em aplicações realizadas à noite. A aplicação de fungicida em trifólios realizada às 09:00 horas proporciona o maior número de dias para o aparecimento da primeira pústula. As plantas de soja em déficit hídrico desenvolvem estratégias para reduzir a perda de água, o que afeta a patogenicidade de Phakopsora pachyrhizi e Cercospora kikuchii.

Construction sites are among the most common areas to experience soil erosion and sediment transport due to the mandatory foundation tasks such as excavation and land grubbing. Thus, temporary sediment barriers are installed along the perimeter to prevent sediment transport from the site. Erosion and sediment transport control measures may include, but not limited to, physical and chemical processes such as the use of a silt fence and polyacrylamide product. Runoff from construction sites and other impervious surfaces are routinely discharged into ponds for treatment before being released into a receiving water body. Stormwater harvesting from a pond for irrigation of adjacent lands is promoted as one approach to reducing pond discharge while supplementing valuable potable water used for irrigation. The reduction of pond discharge reduces the mass of pollutants in the discharge. In the dissertation, presented is the investigation of the effectiveness of temporary sediment barriers and then, development of a modeling approach to a stormwater harvesting pond to provide a comprehensive stormwater management pollution reduction assessment tool. The first part of the research presents the investigation of the performance efficiencies of silt fence fabrics in turbidity and sediment concentration removal, and the determination of flowthrough-rate on simulated construction sites in real time. Two silt fence fabrics, (1) woven and the other (2) nonwoven were subjected to material index property tests and a series of field-scale tests with different rainfall intensities and events for different embankment slopes on a tilting test-bed. Collected influent and effluent samples were analyzed for sediment concentration and turbidity, and the flow-through-rate for each fabric was evaluated. Test results revealed that the woven and nonwoven silt fence achieved 11 and 56 percent average turbidity reduction iv efficiency, respectively. Each fabric also achieved 20 and 56 percent average sediment concentration removal efficiency, respectively. Fabric flow-through-rates were functions of the rainfall intensity and embankment slope. The nonwoven fabric exhibited higher flow-throughrates than the woven fabric in both field-scale and laboratory tests. In the second part of the study, a Stormwater Harvesting and Assessment for Reduction of Pollution (SHARP) model was developed to predict operation of wet pond used for stormwater harvesting. The model integrates the interaction of surface water and groundwater in a catchment area. The SHARP model was calibrated and validated with actual pond water elevation data from a stormwater pond at Miramar Lakes, Miramar, Florida. Model evaluation showed adequate prediction of pond water elevation with root mean square error between 0.07 and 0.12 m; mean absolute error was between 0.018 and 0.07 m; and relative index of agreement was between 0.74 and 0.98 for both calibration and validation periods. The SHARP model is capable of assessing harvesting safe-yield and discharge from a pond, including the prediction of the percentage of runoff into a harvesting pond that is not discharged. The combination of silt fence and/or polyacrylamide PAM before stormwater harvesting pond in a treatment train for the reduction of pollutants from construction sites has the potential of significantly exceeding a performance standard of 85 percent reduction typically required by local authorities. In fact, the stringent requirement of equaling pre- and post-development pollutant loading is highly achievable by the treatment train approach. The significant contribution from the integration of the SHARP model to the treatment train is that real-time assessment of pollutant loading reduction by volume can be planned and controlled to achieve target performance standards.

From the Proceedings of the 1971 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 22-23, 1971, Tempe, Arizona / Previous studies have indicated that blue-green algae may affect runoff, infiltration and erosion at soil surfaces. Using soil plots upon which blue-green algae were grown under an artificial wetting regime, studies were made using simulated rainfall. A 30% clay content Pima soil and a contrasting 8% clay content river-bottom anthony soil were used. Scytonema hoffmanii and Microcoleus vaginatus grew on the pima soil while Schizothrix calcicola developed on the Anthony soil. The results showed that blue-green algal growths significantly reduced the amount of suspended soil material in runoff water as compared with bare soils. Differences in runoff suspended sediments were also related to differences in soil type and simulated rainfall intensity. An analysis of variance of the effects of these 3 factors and their interactions showed that the smaller differences in suspended sediment production on the Anthony soil due to the microvegetation treatment was verified by a highly significant soils-microvegetation interaction, probably because the finer pima soils wash away more easily without stabilizing microvegetation. Also, less vegetation seems to grow on the Anthony soil. Differences in runoff and infiltration volumes and in settleable sediment amounts were not detected.

From the Proceedings of the 1977 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 15-16, 1977, Las Vegas, Nevada / Thunderstorms produce most of the annual rainfall and almost all runoff from arid and semiarid rangelands in the southwest U.S. A model was developed to be used for predicting runoff in river basins, flood plane zonings, estimating flood damage, erosion, and sediment transport, and estimating precipitation available for forage growth. This rainfall occurrence model has three parameters: elevation, latitude and longitude, and takes into account rainfall occurrence in 22 stations located in Arizona and New Mexico. From these variables, mathematical equations were developed in an effort to predict point rainfall occurrence. Estimates of the number of seasonal occurrences were used as a check of the equations within the model.

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