Thesis advisor: Andrea Heberlein / Dehumanization of outgroup members in situations of intergroup competition has been widely reported (Haslam, 2006), but the effects of individual competition on dehumanization have not yet been extensively explored. A previous study in our lab examined this effect and found an unexpected gender difference, with women showing greater implicit dehumanization than men. The present study aimed to explore a possible mechanism for that gender difference: gendered expectations of maintaining positive interpersonal relations, and subsequent discomfort in competitive situations, may motivate the implicit dehumanization of competitors. Participants interacted briefly with a confederate and were then given instructions for a competitive or non-competitive game. Participants then completed two Single-Category Implicit Association Tests measuring dehumanization of their game partner. Participants also completed the Mind Perception Questionnaire, which measures explicit dehumanization of participants’ game partners. We predicted that in the Competition condition, female participants would implicitly dehumanize their game partners more than men would. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2018. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Departmental Honors. / Discipline: Psychology.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-09-19T12:42:00Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação - Mestrado - Débora Amorim.pdf: 986227 bytes, checksum: a4f238673ae9d80c4001e05ec7c83040 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-19T12:42:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação - Mestrado - Débora Amorim.pdf: 986227 bytes, checksum: a4f238673ae9d80c4001e05ec7c83040 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-24 / CNPq / As tradicionais formas de mensuração dos valores humanos fazem uso de medidas explícitas, tais como os questionários de autorrelato. Estas medidas são suscetíveis à influência da desejabilidade social e podem inibir e/ou enviesar os resultados. Como alternativa, buscando controlar a tendência para respostas subjacentes, outras formas de mensuração veem sendo utilizadas. A presente dissertação teve como objetivo construir e buscar evidências de validade de um Teste de Associação Implícita, baseado em Categoria Única (SC-TAI-Valores-Schwartz), para avaliação de valores, fundamentado na Teoria dos Valores de Schwartz. Participaram da pesquisa 61 voluntários com idade acima de 18 anos. Foi utilizado o software Inquisitpara apresentação dos estímulos e mensuração do tempo de reação manual. A Análise Multidimensional (PROXSCAL) para o SC-TAI-Valores-Schwartz revelou, em comparação com as proposições teóricas, diferenças entre o obtido e o esperado. Foram encontradas polaridades, no entanto, a estrutura não retrata o modelo circumplexo proposto pelo teórico. A obtenção de uma disposição dos valores distinta da apresentada na teoria pode ser justificada pelo contexto cultural. Procedimentos de análise semelhantes foram utilizados para a versão do SC-TAI-Valores baseado na teoria de Gouveia (1998), sendo observada, nos resultados, a reprodução do modelo teórico, confirmando as proposições, tendo em vista a clara divisão de polos, considerando, principalmente, o modelo hexágono sugerido pelo autor. Houve, no entanto, uma inversão inesperada entre experimentação e realização. No que diz respeito ao estudo de validade convergente foram verificadas diversas correlações positivas entre as medidas explícitas, Questionário de Valores de Schwartz (QVS) e Questionário de Valores Básicos de Gouveia (QVB). Com relação às medidas implícitas computadorizadas (SC-IAT-Valores-Schwartz e SC-IAT-Valores-Gouveira) e sua validade convergente com as medidas explícitas (QVS e QVB), não foram observadas correlações substanciais. O mesmo foi observado no estudo de validade convergente entre as medidas implícitas SC-IAT-Valores-Schwartz e SC-IAT-Valores-Gouveira, sugerindo baixas correlações. Na investigação da validade discriminante, foi observada discriminância entre ambos os instrumentos (SC-IAT-Valores-Schwartz e SC-IAT-Valores-Gouveira) e a Escala de Desejabilidade Social, no entanto com uma análise inconsistente. Considera-se que esta dissertação cumpriu com seus objetivos, construindo a medida implícita de Valores Humanos baseada na Teoria de Schwartz, demonstrando sua aplicabilidade e representando um novo processo de avaliação para investigação de outros construtos. / Traditional ways of measuring human values use explicit measures, such as self-report questionnaires. These measures are susceptible to the influence of social desirability and can inhibit and / or skew the results. Alternatively, seeking to control the tendency to underlying responses, other forms of measurement has being used. This study aimed to develop and search for evidence of validity of the Implicit Association Test, based on Single Category (SC-TAI-values Schwartz) for values’ evaluation,which is based on the theory of Schwartz values. The participants were 61 volunteers aged above 18 years. The Inquisit software was used for stimuli’s presentation and to measure the manual reaction time. Multidimensional analysis (PROXSCAL) of Tai-SC-Schwartz values found differences between the obtained and expected, in comparison with the theoretical statements. Polarities was found, nevertheless, it does not portray the circumplex structure proposed by the theoretical model. The cultural context can explain an array of distinct values presented in theoryand obtained on this research. Similar analysis procedures were used on the version of SC-TAI-values based on Gouveia's theory (1998), in which results showed the reproduction of the theoretical model, confirming the proposals, given the clear Poles’ division of Poles, mainly considering the hexagon model suggested by the author. Notwithstanding, there was an unexpected inversion of testing and implementation. On the convergent validity’s study, there were found several positive correlations between explicit measures, Schwartz Values Survey (QVS) and Values Questionnaire Gouveia Basic (QVB). Regarding computerized implicit measures (SC-IAT-values Schwartz and SC-IAT-values Gouveira), and its convergent validity with explicit measures (QVS and QVB), significant correlations were observed.The same was observed in the study of convergent validity between implicit measures SC-IAT-values Schwartz and SC-IAT-values Gouveira, suggesting low correlations. In the discriminant validity investigation, a differentiation between both instruments (SC-IAT-values Schwartz and SC-IAT-values Gouveira) and the Social Desirability Scale was observed, however, with an inconsistent analysis. It is considered that this dissertation achieved its objectives, developing the implicit measure of human values based on Schwartz's theory, showing its applicability and representing a new evaluation process for investigation of other constructs.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-09-19T13:06:41Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação - Mestrado - Débora Amorim.pdf: 986227 bytes, checksum: a4f238673ae9d80c4001e05ec7c83040 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-19T13:06:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação - Mestrado - Débora Amorim.pdf: 986227 bytes, checksum: a4f238673ae9d80c4001e05ec7c83040 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-24 / CNPq / As tradicionais formas de mensuração dos valores humanos fazem uso de medidas explícitas, tais como os questionários de autorrelato. Estas medidas são suscetíveis à influência da desejabilidade social e podem inibir e/ou enviesar os resultados. Como alternativa, buscando controlar a tendência para respostas subjacentes, outras formas de mensuração veem sendo utilizadas. A presente dissertação teve como objetivo construir e buscar evidências de validade de um Teste de Associação Implícita, baseado em Categoria Única (SC-TAI-Valores-Schwartz), para avaliação de valores, fundamentado na Teoria dos Valores de Schwartz. Participaram da pesquisa 61 voluntários com idade acima de 18 anos. Foi utilizado o software Inquisitpara apresentação dos estímulos e mensuração do tempo de reação manual. A Análise Multidimensional (PROXSCAL) para o SC-TAI-Valores-Schwartz revelou, em comparação com as proposições teóricas, diferenças entre o obtido e o esperado. Foram encontradas polaridades, no entanto, a estrutura não retrata o modelo circumplexo proposto pelo teórico. A obtenção de uma disposição dos valores distinta da apresentada na teoria pode ser justificada pelo contexto cultural. Procedimentos de análise semelhantes foram utilizados para a versão do SC-TAI-Valores baseado na teoria de Gouveia (1998), sendo observada, nos resultados, a reprodução do modelo teórico, confirmando as proposições, tendo em vista a clara divisão de polos, considerando, principalmente, o modelo hexágono sugerido pelo autor. Houve, no entanto, uma inversão inesperada entre experimentação e realização. No que diz respeito ao estudo de validade convergente foram verificadas diversas correlações positivas entre as medidas explícitas, Questionário de Valores de Schwartz (QVS) e Questionário de Valores Básicos de Gouveia (QVB). Com relação às medidas implícitas computadorizadas (SC-IAT-Valores-Schwartz e SC-IAT-Valores-Gouveira) e sua validade convergente com as medidas explícitas (QVS e QVB), não foram observadas correlações substanciais. O mesmo foi observado no estudo de validade convergente entre as medidas implícitas SC-IAT-Valores-Schwartz e SC-IAT-Valores-Gouveira, sugerindo baixas correlações. Na investigação da validade discriminante, foi observada discriminância entre ambos os instrumentos (SC-IAT-Valores-Schwartz e SC-IAT-Valores-Gouveira) e a Escala de Desejabilidade Social, no entanto com uma análise inconsistente. Considera-se que esta dissertação cumpriu com seus objetivos, construindo a medida implícita de Valores Humanos baseada na Teoria de Schwartz, demonstrando sua aplicabilidade e representando um novo processo de avaliação para investigação de outros construtos. / Traditional ways of measuring human values use explicit measures, such as self-report questionnaires. These measures are susceptible to the influence of social desirability and can inhibit and / or skew the results. Alternatively, seeking to control the tendency to underlying responses, other forms of measurement has being used. This study aimed to develop and search for evidence of validity of the Implicit Association Test, based on Single Category (SC-TAI-values Schwartz) for values’ evaluation,which is based on the theory of Schwartz values. The participants were 61 volunteers aged above 18 years. The Inquisit software was used for stimuli’s presentation and to measure the manual reaction time. Multidimensional analysis (PROXSCAL) of Tai-SC-Schwartz values found differences between the obtained and expected, in comparison with the theoretical statements. Polarities was found, nevertheless, it does not portray the circumplex structure proposed by the theoretical model. The cultural context can explain an array of distinct values presented in theoryand obtained on this research. Similar analysis procedures were used on the version of SC-TAI-values based on Gouveia's theory (1998), in which results showed the reproduction of the theoretical model, confirming the proposals, given the clear Poles’ division of Poles, mainly considering the hexagon model suggested by the author. Notwithstanding, there was an unexpected inversion of testing and implementation. On the convergent validity’s study, there were found several positive correlations between explicit measures, Schwartz Values Survey (QVS) and Values Questionnaire Gouveia Basic (QVB). Regarding computerized implicit measures (SC-IAT-values Schwartz and SC-IAT-values Gouveira), and its convergent validity with explicit measures (QVS and QVB), significant correlations were observed.The same was observed in the study of convergent validity between implicit measures SC-IAT-values Schwartz and SC-IAT-values Gouveira, suggesting low correlations. In the discriminant validity investigation, a differentiation between both instruments (SC-IAT-values Schwartz and SC-IAT-values Gouveira) and the Social Desirability Scale was observed, however, with an inconsistent analysis. It is considered that this dissertation achieved its objectives, developing the implicit measure of human values based on Schwartz's theory, showing its applicability and representing a new evaluation process for investigation of other constructs.

Information systems researchers typically use self-report measures, such as questionnaires to study consumers’ online risk perception. The self-report approach captures the conscious perception of online risk but not the unconscious perception that precedes and dominates human being’s decision-making. A theoretical model in which implicit risk perception precedes explicit risk evaluation is proposed. The research model proposes that implicit risk affects both explicit risk and the attitude towards online purchase. In a direct path, the implicit risk affects attitude towards purchase. In an indirect path, the implicit risk affects explicit risk, which in turn affects attitude towards purchase. The stimulus used was a questionable web site offering pre-paid credit card services. Data was collected from 150 undergraduate students enrolled in a university. Implicit risk was measured using methods developed in social psychology, namely, single category-implicit association test. Explicit risk and attitude towards purchase were measured using a well-known instrument in the e-commerce risk literature. Preliminary, unconditioned analysis suggested that (a) implicit risk does not affect explicit risk, (b) explicit risk does not affect attitude to purchase, and (c) implicit risk does not affect attitude towards purchase.

Die Dissertation besteht aus einem Einleitungsteil und drei empirischen Beiträgen. Die Einleitung gibt eine Einführung in das Themengebiet der Selbstwertschätzung und deren Erfassung mit indirekten Verfahren. Vor allem aber dient sie dazu, die empirischen Befunde der Beiträge zu integrieren. Die ersten beiden Artikel widmen sich der Überprüfung der psychometrischen Qualität indirekter Verfahren. Das Augenmerk des ersten Beitrags liegt auf der Prüfung, ob verschiedene indirekte Verfahren konvergieren und ob explizite und implizite Selbstwertschätzung korrespondieren, wenn implizite Selbstwertschätzung reliabel erfasst wird. Außerdem werden strukturelle Ähnlichkeiten der indirekten Verfahren in die Betrachtungen mit einbezogen. Der zweite Beitrag komplettiert die Untersuchungen zur Güte der Verfahren. Der Fokus dieses Beitrags liegt im Nachweis der prädiktiven Validität verschiedener indirekter Verfahren. Dabei werden Kriterien herangezogen, die nicht im Selbstbericht erhoben werden. Im Detail wird eine doppelte Dissoziation zwischen expliziter und impliziter Selbstwertschätzung geprüft. Der dritte Beitrag rundet diese Arbeit ab, da er sich auch einem anwendungsbezogenen Aspekt der Persönlichkeitspsychologie widmet. Untersucht wird der Zusammenhang zwischen defensiven Verhaltensweisen und Selbstwertdiskrepanzen, also der Kombination expliziter und impliziter Selbstwertschätzung. / The dissertation consists of an introduction and three empirical journal articles. The introduction gives the theoretical background about self-esteem and its assessment with indirect measures, and primarily, integrates the three journal articles. The first article investigates the reliability and convergent and discriminant validity of indirect measures of self-esteem. The second article complements the examination of the psychometric properties. It contributes evidence to the predictive validity of indirect self-esteem measures. With using non-self-reported criteria, a double dissociation between explicit and implicit self-esteem is tested. The third article brings into focus an applied aspect of personality psychology. It is analyzed how defensive reactions are related to self-esteem discrepancies, that are different combinations of explicit and implicit self-esteem.

Existing research suggests that when consumers encounter hybrid products or boundary-spanning products with attributes belonging to multiple categories, consumers tend to generate inferences based on only a single product category. Reliance on a single category for inferencing is termed as the “single category belief problem” which has been regarded as a vital marketing challenge because it leads consumers to underestimate the true utility of a hybrid product as certain product attributes are ignored. Our objective was to explore whether single category beliefs manifest in consumer choice for a hybrid product when strategically placed within varying contexts. The research used discrete choice experiment (DCE) to test hypotheses. Our research confirms that the single category belief is evident in consumer choice. We also found that the context the hybrid product is placed within has a major influence on what consumers preferred the most. Depending on the context a hybrid product was seen in had significant influence on how consumers evaluated product attributes and made purchase decisions. The findings for this research may be very beneficial for marketers.

Die Dissertation besteht aus einem Einleitungsteil und drei empirischen Beiträgen. Die Einleitung gibt eine Einführung in das Themengebiet der Selbstwertschätzung und deren Erfassung mit indirekten Verfahren. Vor allem aber dient sie dazu, die empirischen Befunde der Beiträge zu integrieren. Die ersten beiden Artikel widmen sich der Überprüfung der psychometrischen Qualität indirekter Verfahren. Das Augenmerk des ersten Beitrags liegt auf der Prüfung, ob verschiedene indirekte Verfahren konvergieren und ob explizite und implizite Selbstwertschätzung korrespondieren, wenn implizite Selbstwertschätzung reliabel erfasst wird. Außerdem werden strukturelle Ähnlichkeiten der indirekten Verfahren in die Betrachtungen mit einbezogen. Der zweite Beitrag komplettiert die Untersuchungen zur Güte der Verfahren. Der Fokus dieses Beitrags liegt im Nachweis der prädiktiven Validität verschiedener indirekter Verfahren. Dabei werden Kriterien herangezogen, die nicht im Selbstbericht erhoben werden. Im Detail wird eine doppelte Dissoziation zwischen expliziter und impliziter Selbstwertschätzung geprüft. Der dritte Beitrag rundet diese Arbeit ab, da er sich auch einem anwendungsbezogenen Aspekt der Persönlichkeitspsychologie widmet. Untersucht wird der Zusammenhang zwischen defensiven Verhaltensweisen und Selbstwertdiskrepanzen, also der Kombination expliziter und impliziter Selbstwertschätzung. / The dissertation consists of an introduction and three empirical journal articles. The introduction gives the theoretical background about self-esteem and its assessment with indirect measures, and primarily, integrates the three journal articles. The first article investigates the reliability and convergent and discriminant validity of indirect measures of self-esteem. The second article complements the examination of the psychometric properties. It contributes evidence to the predictive validity of indirect self-esteem measures. With using non-self-reported criteria, a double dissociation between explicit and implicit self-esteem is tested. The third article brings into focus an applied aspect of personality psychology. It is analyzed how defensive reactions are related to self-esteem discrepancies, that are different combinations of explicit and implicit self-esteem.