Tomträtt är en form av nyttjanderätt till en fastighet. Det innebär att fastighetens ägare, vanligtvis en kommun eller staten, låter tomträttshavaren nyttja fastigheten mot att en årlig tomträttsavgäld erläggs. Tomträttsavgälden fastställs genom ett tomträttsavtal mellan fastighetsägaren och tomträttshavaren. Den fastställda tomträttsavgälden gäller för en avgäldsperiod om 10 eller 20 år. Långa avgäldsperioder i kombination med en fastighetsmarknad med stigande priser gör att avgälden vid en ny avgäldsperiod sannolikt kan komma att höjas avsevärt. En tomträttshavare kan likväl välja att friköpa sin tomträtt. Ett friköp av en tomträtt innebär att tomträttshavaren förvärvar fastigheten av fastighetsägaren och bildar en småhusfastighet.      Syftet med studien är att ge en ökad förståelse och kunskap till de tomträttshavare som står inför beslutet av att behålla tomträtten eller friköpa den. Målet med arbetet är att ge kunskap om när den ekonomiska lönsamheten av att friköpa en tomträtt kan anses vara uppnådd. Ett andra mål till studien är att utifrån tomträttshavarens perspektiv belysa de bakomliggande motiven till varför en småhustomträtt friköps.   Studien avgränsas till att beröra friliggande småhustomträtter inom tre geografiska områden i Gävle kommun. Den ekonomiska lönsamheten med att friköpa en småhustomträtt undersöks utifrån en innehavssituation respektive överlåtelsesituation. För att närmare undersöka varför en tomträttshavare väljer att friköpa en tomträtt genomförs kvalitativa telefonintervjuer.   Utifrån studiens resultat kan det konstateras att det sannolikt är ekonomiskt motiverat att friköpa en småhustomträtt om priset för att förvärva tomten är lika med eller lägre än det belopp som symboliserar brytpunkten för ekonomisk lönsamhet. Av de för studien tillfrågade respondenterna var det enskilt största motivet till varför en tomträttshavare väljer att friköpa sin tomträtt på grund av den osäkerhet som följer av utvecklingen kring tomträttsavgälden. / Site-leasehold right is a form of access to a property. This means that the owner of the property, usually a municipality or the state, let a site-leaseholder use the property against an annual ground rent. A ground rent is determined by a site-leasehold agreement between the owner of the property and the site-leaseholder. The fixed ground rents are for a period of 10 or 20 years. Long periods of rents combined with a real estate market with rising prices means that the ground rent at a new period of ground rent can be increased considerably. The site-leaseholder may well choose to redeem their long lease. To buy the freehold of a site-leasehold means that the site-leaseholder acquires the property of the property owner and form a new single-family real estate.  The purpose of the study is to provide a better understanding and knowledge of the site lessee facing the decision to retain the site-leasehold or redeem it. The goal of the project is to provide knowledge about when the economic viability of redeeming a siteleasehold may be deemed attained. Another goal is based on the site-leaseholders perspectives consider to highlighting the underlying reasons why a single-family siteleasehold redeemed.   The study is limited to detached single-family site-leaseholds in three geographical areas in the municipality of Gävle. The economic viability of redeeming single-family site-leasehold examined from the site-leasehold executiver's decision to sell or retain the site-leasehold. To examine more closely why a site lessee chooses to redeem the siteleasehold conducted qualitative telephone interviews.  From the results based on the study, it can be concluded that it is likely to be economically justified to redeem a single-family site-leasehold on the price of acquiring the plot is equal to or less than the amount that symbolizes the breaking point of economic viability. Of the respondents surveyed for the study the single biggest reason for why a site lessee chooses to redeem his site-leasehold was because of the uncertainty arising from the developments around the ground rent.

La horizontalidad en la conformación de esta casa busca acentuar su relación con el paisaje de la cordillera de Los Andes. Se organiza en dos volúmenes horizontales paralelos, desfasados y semitransparentes, que se clavan a la pendiente. Al interior, la vivienda se caracteriza por poder integrar sus espacios a través de mamparas corredizas. En el primer cuerpo se encuentran los espacios comunes, la cocina y dormitorios, mientras que en el segundo volumen se sitúan un estar familiar y los dormitorios de huéspedes. / The horizontality in the form of this house seeks to accentuate its relationship with the Andean landscape. The house is organized in two parallel, semi-transparent, horizontal volumes that are pinned to the slope. On the interior, the house is characterized by integrating its spaces with sliding screens. In the first body the common spaces, kitchen and bedrooms are found, while the second volume contains a family room and guestrooms.

In Sweden, there are about 0.5 million single-family houses that are heated by electricity alone, and rising electricity costs force the conversion to other heating sources such as heat pumps and wood pellet heating systems. Pellet heating systems for single-family houses are currently a strongly growing market. Future lack of wood fuels is possible even in Sweden, and combining wood pellet heating with solar heating will help to save the bio-fuel resources. The objectives of this thesis are to investigate how the electrically heated single-family houses can be converted to pellet and solar heating systems, and how the annual efficiency and solar gains can be increased in such systems. The possible reduction of CO-emissions by combining pellet heating with solar heating has also been investigated. Systems with pellet stoves (both with and without a water jacket), pellet boilers and solar heating have been simulated. Different system concepts have been compared in order to investigate the most promising solutions. Modifications in system design and control strategies have been carried out in order to increase the system efficiency and the solar gains. Possibilities for increasing the solar gains have been limited to investigation of DHW-units for hot water production and the use of hot water for heating of dishwashers and washing machines via a heat exchanger instead of electricity (heat-fed appliances). Computer models of pellet stoves, boilers, DHW-units and heat-fed appliances have been developed and the parameters for the models have been identified from measurements on real components. The conformity between the models and the measurements has been checked. The systems with wood pellet stoves have been simulated in three different multi-zone buildings, simulated in detail with heat distribution through door openings between the zones. For the other simulations, either a single-zone house model or a load file has been used. Simulations were carried out for Stockholm, Sweden, but for the simulations with heat-fed machines also for Miami, USA. The foremost result of this thesis is the increased understanding of the dynamic operation of combined pellet and solar heating systems for single-family houses. The results show that electricity savings and annual system efficiency is strongly affected by the system design and the control strategy. Large reductions in pellet consumption are possible by combining pellet boilers with solar heating (a reduction larger than the solar gains if the system is properly designed). In addition, large reductions in carbon monoxide emissions are possible. To achieve these reductions it is required that the hot water production and the connection of the radiator circuit is moved to a well insulated, solar heated buffer store so that the boiler can be turned off during the periods when the solar collectors cover the heating demand. The amount of electricity replaced using systems with pellet stoves is very dependant on the house plan, the system design, if internal doors are open or closed and the comfort requirements. Proper system design and control strategies are crucial to obtain high electricity savings and high comfort with pellet stove systems. The investigated technologies for increasing the solar gains (DHW-units and heat-fed appliances) significantly increase the solar gains, but for the heat-fed appliances the market introduction is difficult due to the limited financial savings and the need for a new heat distribution system. The applications closest to market introduction could be for communal laundries and for use in sunny climates where the dominating part of the heat can be covered by solar heating. The DHW-unit is economical but competes with the internal finned-tube heat exchanger which is the totally dominating technology for hot water preparation in solar combisystems for single-family houses. / <p>QC 20100916</p>

Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo da arquitetura contemporânea em Curitiba, realizado a partir da análise de oito projetos residenciais. Para este trabalho, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia de análise arquitetônica, apresentada juntamente com os pressupostos teóricos da pesquisa. A dissertação tem como objetivo avaliar o panorama atual da arquitetura da cidade em busca de tendências predominantes. A pesquisa foi dividida em três etapas: uma teórica, uma histórica, e uma analítica. A primeira corresponde ao capítulo dois e estabelece os marcos teóricos essenciais à elaboração da pesquisa, assim como o roteiro metodológico a ser utilizado nas análises das obras construídas. A segunda, desenvolvida nos capítulos três e quatro, tem como objetivo delinear um breve histórico da arquitetura de Curitiba e apresentar as principais tendências da arquitetura contemporânea internacional. Por fim, a terceira etapa deste estudo compreende a analise de oito residências construídas na capital paranaense após os anos 2000. A partir deste estudo, procurou-se evidenciar as permanências e continuidades da nova arquitetura de Curitiba, buscando identificar as tendências predominantes - estéticas, ambientais, tecnológicas - com o objetivo de compreender o cenário arquitetônico atual da cidade e sua relação com a produção brasileira e internacional. Por fim, esse trabalho busca identificar obras criativas e relevantes no panorama da cidade e revelar a essência desta arquitetura, com objetivo de ampliar as discussões acerca da arquitetura de Curitiba e sua pertinência. / This research presents a study on Curitiba\'s contemporary architecture based on the analysis of eight residential projects. It develops an architectural analysis methodology presented with the theoretical basis of the research. It tries to evaluate a current perspective about the city\'s architecture, searching for its main trends. This study was divided in three distinct parts: a theoretical, a historical, and an analytical. The first one corresponds to chapter two of this volume and looks for establish the basic theoretical landmarks for the elaboration of the research, as well as the methodological script used in the analysis of the buildings. Part two, developed in chapter three, presents a brief historical review from Curitiba\'s architecture. Finally, the third part of this research comprehends the analysis of eight houses built in Curitiba after the year 2000. This study identifies the permanent aspects of Curitiba\'s new architecture, searching for main trends - aesthetic, environmental, technological - trying to understand the contemporary architectural scenery from Curitiba and its ballast in the Brazilian an international architectural culture. In conclusion, this research tries to identify creative and relevant constructions in Curitiba\'s overview, searching for permanent aspects in its architecture, in order to promote the debate about the city\'s architecture and its relevance

Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo da arquitetura contemporânea em Curitiba, realizado a partir da análise de oito projetos residenciais. Para este trabalho, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia de análise arquitetônica, apresentada juntamente com os pressupostos teóricos da pesquisa. A dissertação tem como objetivo avaliar o panorama atual da arquitetura da cidade em busca de tendências predominantes. A pesquisa foi dividida em três etapas: uma teórica, uma histórica, e uma analítica. A primeira corresponde ao capítulo dois e estabelece os marcos teóricos essenciais à elaboração da pesquisa, assim como o roteiro metodológico a ser utilizado nas análises das obras construídas. A segunda, desenvolvida nos capítulos três e quatro, tem como objetivo delinear um breve histórico da arquitetura de Curitiba e apresentar as principais tendências da arquitetura contemporânea internacional. Por fim, a terceira etapa deste estudo compreende a analise de oito residências construídas na capital paranaense após os anos 2000. A partir deste estudo, procurou-se evidenciar as permanências e continuidades da nova arquitetura de Curitiba, buscando identificar as tendências predominantes - estéticas, ambientais, tecnológicas - com o objetivo de compreender o cenário arquitetônico atual da cidade e sua relação com a produção brasileira e internacional. Por fim, esse trabalho busca identificar obras criativas e relevantes no panorama da cidade e revelar a essência desta arquitetura, com objetivo de ampliar as discussões acerca da arquitetura de Curitiba e sua pertinência. / This research presents a study on Curitiba\'s contemporary architecture based on the analysis of eight residential projects. It develops an architectural analysis methodology presented with the theoretical basis of the research. It tries to evaluate a current perspective about the city\'s architecture, searching for its main trends. This study was divided in three distinct parts: a theoretical, a historical, and an analytical. The first one corresponds to chapter two of this volume and looks for establish the basic theoretical landmarks for the elaboration of the research, as well as the methodological script used in the analysis of the buildings. Part two, developed in chapter three, presents a brief historical review from Curitiba\'s architecture. Finally, the third part of this research comprehends the analysis of eight houses built in Curitiba after the year 2000. This study identifies the permanent aspects of Curitiba\'s new architecture, searching for main trends - aesthetic, environmental, technological - trying to understand the contemporary architectural scenery from Curitiba and its ballast in the Brazilian an international architectural culture. In conclusion, this research tries to identify creative and relevant constructions in Curitiba\'s overview, searching for permanent aspects in its architecture, in order to promote the debate about the city\'s architecture and its relevance

The United States' suburban landscape has historically been characterized by low-density residential development. This pattern was shaped by the abundance of developable land in nineteenth century America, and by the emergence of a suburban ideal which romanticized the concept of a spacious home set in a private, garden setting. For many homebuyers, the realization of the suburban ideal was made possible by continual improvements in intraurban transportation. The commuter rail, the electric streetcar, and ultimately the automobile increased the commuting range of inner-city workers, and contributed to the continual expansion of development on the periphery of cities. In recent years, economic and population pressures have contributed to accelerated housing costs in many metropolitan areas, necessitating a redefining of the traditional suburban ideal. Rising land costs have prompted developers to build single-family homes at increasingly higher densities. Developers now face the challenge of designing and implementing development strategies which maximize land use efficiency, and yet still retain some of the "garden setting" ambiance of the traditional suburban ideal. This study traces the historical evolution of residential densities in Washington County, through review of 2235 Washington County plat maps dating from 1870 to 1992. The data reveals a slow growth, low-density development prior to World War II, and a high-growth and increasingly higher-density pattern of development in the post-World War II period. Since 1980, high-density suburban developments have become an increasingly common feature of the Washington County landscape. Examination of the spatial distribution of these subdivisions suggests a strong correlation between high-density development and land scarcity. Comparison of the different types of high-density subdivisions found in Washington County reveals how common-space developments allow for more effective integration with the natural environment. The future of subdivision development in Washington County, hinges upon the results of Metro's Region 2040 study. The Region 2040 study will ultimately recommend the extent that the urban growth boundary should be expanded, and thus will directly affect the availability of developable land The amount, type, ownership, and zoning of these "urban reserves" will be important considerations for future subdivision development in Washington County.

Syftet med studien är att ta fram ett grundläggande material för vidare undersökning avseende högre kvalitet vid taxeringsförfarandet i samband med justering av taxeringsvärden när väg fram till småhusfastigheter saknas. Detta då det idag inte finns några riktlinjer kring denna justering. Målet med studien är att undersöka vilken värdeinverkan avsaknad av väg till småhusfastigheter kan anses ha på marknadsvärdet, och vad som gör denna värdeinverkan svår- eller lättbedömd. Metoderna som tillämpats i studien avser en kvantitativ- samt kvalitativ undersökning. Den kvantitativa undersökningen har genomförts i form av telefonintervjuer med mäklare och fastighetsvärderare. Detta för att få en generell bild av hur marknaden anses uppfatta förhållandet avsaknad av väg. Denna undersökning kompletterades med en kvalitativ intervjuundersökning för att erhålla en djupare förståelse för hur marknadsvärdet påverkas av detta förhållande, samt hur denna värdebedömning går till. Resultatet av undersökningen pekar på att en marknadsvärdeinverkan går att påvisa i de fall då småhusfastigheter saknar tillgång till väg. Inverkan på marknadsvärdet är svårbedömt då den varierar efter olika fastighetsförhållanden, marknadsvärdenivåer och anläggningskostnader. Resultatet visar även att, redan vid ett avstånd på över 100 meter från fastigheten till närmsta körbara väg, kan inverkan på marknadsvärdet anses ligga över 20 procent. Slutsatserna utifrån resultatet är att en avsaknad av väg i de flesta fall är en värdesänkande faktor. Vidare skulle tydligare riktlinjer kring värdebedömningen av detta förhållande underlätta värderingsförfarandet. / The purpose of the study is to serve as a material for further investigation concerning higher quality of tax procedures related to the adjustment of assessed values when there is no road to single- family houses. This is because there are currently no guidelines for this type of adjustment. The aim of the study is to investigate the value of the impact an absence of a road to single-family houses may have on its market value, and what makes this value of the impact difficult or easy to assess. The methods applied in the study concerns a quantitative- and qualitative research. The quantitative survey was conducted in the form of telephone interviews with brokers and property appraisers. This was done to obtain a general picture of how the market considers the condition of an absence of road. This survey was supplemented with qualitative interviews to obtain a deeper understanding of how the market value is influenced by this condition, and how this value assessment is done. The results of the survey indicate that an impact of the market value can be demonstrated for those single- family houses which have an absence of road. The impact of the market value is difficult to assess because it varies by different property conditions, market values and facility costs. The result also shows that, even at a distance of over 100 meters from the property to the nearest drivable road, the impact on the market value is considered to be above 20 percent. The conclusions from the results are that an absence of road, in the most cases, is a value lowering factor. Furthermore would clearer guidelines, for value assessment, facilitate the process of the valuation.

The Metropolitan Vancouver Region is expected to have a population of over 3.3 million within the next 25 years. As a designated growth concentration area, the City of Vancouver is expected to absorb 160,000 people by 2021. While existing plans will allow for future high density developments, 70% of the City's residential areas remain zoned explicitly for single-family use. The intensification of these single-family neighbourhoods is viewed as a way of using the existing housing stock and the existing residential land more efficiently. The intensification techniques that are appropriate for single-family neighbourhoods include: conversion, infill and redevelopment. Planners think that intensification efforts will not only alleviate some of the detrimental impacts of sprawl, but will also provide a more diversified housing stock that will be more appropriate for the needs of an increasingly complex society. Unfortunately, some existing residents have been extremely vocal in opposition to any intensification efforts in their neighbourhoods. The residents claim that any intensification will disrupt the character of their existing single-family neighbourhoods. While the arguments for retaining exclusive single-family neighbourhoods are specious at best, the NIMBY mentality of residents has often proved to be an effective form of opposition to intensification efforts. An approach for overcoming the NIMBY syndrome is a successful program of community outreach. Community outreach attempts to minimize community opposition and to rally support for the development within the community. Attention is focused on the residents who have not already become opponents of the development. A successful community outreach program will limit residents' factual misunderstandings and their exaggerated fears about the project's potential impacts. Negotiations should be undertaken with residents who are willing to compromise; residents who refuse to talk cooperatively should not be brought into the problem-solving process. Future plans for intensification must establish a sense of certainty in the way a neighbourhood will change. The exaggerated sense of fear that residents have about the potential changes in their neighbourhood is the biggest obstacle to overcome if the Metropolitan Vancouver Region is to successfully implement an intensification program into existing single-family neighbourhoods.

Baigiamojo darbo tikslas – apžvelgti individualių gyvenamųjų namų statybos technologijas, koncepcijas bei saulės energijos panaudojimą pastatuose, išanalizuoti keleto pastatytų ar projektuojamų namų rodiklius, investicijas į atskirus pastato elementus bei sukurti optimizacinį modelį, kurį naudojant būtų galima prognozuoti pastato gyvavimo ciklo išlaidas. Darbą sudaro: įvadas, kuriame trumpai aprašoma problematika, darbo tikslas ir keliami uždaviniai šiam tikslui pasiekti; analitinė dalis – individualių namų technologijos, pagrindiniai privalumai, trūkumai ir skirtumai, naujausios pastatų koncepcijos, istorija, reikalavimai, pagrindiniai aspektai, pasyvios ir aktyvios saulės energijos panaudojimo galimybės; metodinė - tiriamoji dalis – analizuojami individualūs gyvenamieji pastatai, investicijos į konstrukcijas ir šildymo, vėdinimo ir oro kondicionavimo sistemas bei pastato eksploatacijos išlaidos, kuriamas optimizacijos modelis naudojant regresinės analizės metodą; išvados ir pasiūlymai; literatūros sąrašas. Darbo apimtis: 76 p. teksto be priedų, 25 iliustr., 11 lent., 71 bibliografiniai šaltiniai. / The objective of this master thesis is to review different single family house building technologies, conceptions and opportunities of using solar power, analyze few different detached houses, investments to different building parts and create optimization model which would allow to forecast lifecycle cost of a project. Thesis contains: introduction, where issues of the topic , purpose and tasks are discussed; analytic part – building technologies of single family houses, main advantages, disadvantages and differences, building conceptions, history, requirements and aspects of different conceptions are presented, opportunities of passive and active solar power usage in detached houses; methodical - research part – evaluation of few different single family houses, analysis of investments to building envelope constructions, heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems and building operation cost, creation of optimization model by using regresion analysis method; conclusions and suggestions; references. Final thesis consists of: 76 p. of text without appendixes, 25 pictures, 11 tables, 71 references.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:53:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 4041538 bytes, checksum: 728410878250239ee3b06a2310602806 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In Brazil, especially in Northeastern region, the wood used in civil construction, is almost all from Amazonian forest. The reduction of its consumption will be an environmental benefit. The utilization of waste plastics that are randomly thrown everywhere, would also be beneficial to the environment. In this work, we tried to verify the technical viability of a product made from waste plastic as frechal for housing, replacing the wooden parts commonly used for such. A literature review on single-family construction, plastic material and new product development was initially made. Material properties such as density, compressive strength, flexural strength, resistance to concentrated loads were studied. The results showed that the tested product, although flexible, it applies well in frechal function because there it works continuously against the wall top. / A redução no campo da construção civil do consumo de madeira, que no Brasil, e sobretudo no Nordeste brasileiro, é quase toda originária do que resta da floresta amazônica, seria um benefício ambiental considerável para o país. O aproveitamento de resíduos plásticos que são lançados aleatoriamente por toda parte, também seria de muito valor para o meio ambiente. Neste trabalho, procurou-se verificar a viabilidade técnica do emprego de um produto feito com resíduos de plástico, desempenhando o papel de Frechal, para emprego em habitações, em substituição às peças de madeira comumente usadas para tal. Foi inicialmente feita uma revisão bibliográfica sobre construções unifamiliares, material plástico e desenvolvimento de novos produtos. Foram estudadas as propriedades do material tais como densidade, resistência à compressão, resistência à flexão, resistência a cargas concentradas. Os resultados mostraram que o produto testado, apesar de ser flexível, aplica-se bem na função de frechal, porque ali trabalha apoiado continuamente na parede.