The Korean peninsula is crucial to China's political, economic and security interests because of a combination of geographic, historical, and political circumstances. China’s economic reforms and the end of the Cold War both provided new challenges and opportunities for Northeast Asian politics. This thesis will trace the shift in the policy of the People's Republic of China toward the Korean peninsula, and the resulting shift of primacy from North Korea to South Korea, as well as from political-military security to economic development. Yet this shift was not complete. The thesis will show how China has successfully maintained relations with both North and South Korea in what can be called a "double strategy" of ideological relations with the North and economic relations with the South. The two hypotheses of my research are: 1) China's economic reform policy was the most decisive factor which made China change from a "One Korea" policy to a "Two Koreas" policy, and 2) to maximize its national interest China has deftly used the "double strategy" to keep its traditional geo-strategic and military ties with North Korea, even as it has vigorously furthered new geo-political and economic ties with South Korea. The diplomatic history of Sino-Korean relations from 1978 to 2000 will be explored through an analysis of the empirical data of primary and secondary sources taken from documents, newspapers and academic texts.

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1 TITLE: Sino-Korean Lexicon in Modern Korean AUTHOR: Vladislava Mazana DEPARTMENT: Institute of East Asian Studies SUPERVISOR: Mgr. Tomáš Horák, Ph.D. ABSTRACT: This diploma paper is focused on morphological aspects of the Sino-Korean lexicon in modern Korean, the main topics are Sino-Korean word-formation and Sino-Korean classification of parts of speech. Hereby considered are the typological differences between Korean, an agglutinative language and Chinese, an isolative-polysyntetic language. The problem with Sino-Korean words is their ambiguity and vagueness, they appear in various grammatical and syntactical functions with their form unchanged. One morpheme can simultaneously function as an affix and root. This paper analyzes forms of function units, it deals with ways of word-formation (composition and derivation). The ways of prefixation and suffixation are researched. Based on the results of this analysis an adequate classification of Sino-Korean parts of speech is aimed to be established. Both the original Korean and the Chinese systems of parts of speech are taken into account but neither of them corresponds with the characterics and functions of the Sino-Korean words. Considering the multifunctional character of Sino-Korean morphemes it is extremely difficult to classify the words into parts of...

依據1957年韓文學會的《韓國語大辭典》 的分類，在韓國語詞彙中漢字詞占總詞彙的53%，與之相比，非漢字詞彙占47%。由此可見，由於韓國屬於漢字文化圈，所以韓國人在學習華語的時候，與非漢字文化圈的人相比，存在著許多優勢。不過實際上韓國學生在學習華語時經常遇到很多困難，而且有時候並不能精確地使用詞彙。我們發現韓語中部分的漢字詞與相對應的華語詞彙存在著同形同義和同形異義的現象，雖然同形同義詞只是在語法上有些微的差異，但這些差異會成為韓國學習者學習華語的困擾。不僅在學習華語時會產生誤解和誤用，甚而會影響華語交際。由於韓國學習者的漢字基礎常常會誤導他們，所以他們在學習與運用華語時，已有的韓語漢字基礎會對學習產生負遷移。 在第二語言學習中甘瑞瑗(2002) 指出，詞彙習得和詞彙教學是很重要的一環。對韓國學生來說，掌握華韓語之間漢字詞的關連性是能否有效運用華語的關鍵之一。因此，筆者認為，比較和分析「台灣華語8000詞」和與之相應的韓語漢字詞，具有學習上的幫助。 本文旨在以「台灣華語8000詞」 為中心，對照《韓國漢字語辭典》找出兩者之間的同形漢字詞，並把這些同形漢字詞分為同形同義詞、同形部分異義詞與同形完全異義詞三類，具體地分析台灣華語詞和韓語漢字詞的異同。接著以個案研究的方式，探討韓語漢字詞在韓國學生學習華語詞彙時是否帶來正遷移的現象；並以問卷調查的方式來檢驗韓國學生已認識的韓語漢字詞，是否也對華語詞彙學習造成負遷移的影響。 最後，根據個案調查及問卷研究結果，分別對華韓同形同義詞、同形部分異義詞與同形完全異義詞等三類，提出華語詞彙教學建議。 / According to the research of the Chinese Character Society which get published 1957 in the Korean Dictionary, 53% of the Korean vocabulary is based on the Chinese language. This high percentage demonstrates the great impact of the Chinese culture on the Korean language over a long time. Today, Korean learners of the Chinese language may take advantage of this historical and linguistic fact when compared to learners from Western countries. However, in practice, Korean learners still have great difficulties in acquiring the correct usage of a variety of Chinese words in spite of lexical similarities with their mother tongue. Interferences from the Korean language usage on the learners’ target language are an obvious fact. In a first approach, compared with the homographic vocabulary of the Chinese language, Chinese loan words in the Korean language can be classified into three main categories according to their semantic congruency: 1. homosemantic words: homographic words in both languages share principally the same lexical meaning (同形同義詞); 2. semantic congruent words: homographic words in both languages share a congruent basic meaning but lexical meaning differs in certain properties (同形部分異義詞); 3. semantic incongruent words: homographic words in both languages principally do not share a common lexical meaning (同形完全異義詞). The reason may be due to historical meaning changes in both languages. Semantic differences in basically semantic congruent words and semantic incongruency of homographic words both handicap correct vocabulary acquisition of the Chinese language by Korean learners and complicate their correct comprehension and correct usage of the Chinese language. The relevance of correct vocabulary acquisition was already pointed out by the research of Gan Ruiyuan (甘瑞瑗,2002). The present study wants to do a fresh approach in the study of the basic homographic vocabulary of Chinese and Korean languages in its significance for Chinese language teaching to Korean students. To do this, it compares the semantic features of the Chinese basic vocabulary listed in the Taiwanese dictionary 8000 Words in Chinese with their Korean homographics listed in the Dictionary of the Sino-Korean language and classifies the results according to the three categories of semantic congruency mentioned above. Semantic incongruent features are discussed regarding their difficulty both in acquisition and in the correct usage for Korean learners of the Chinese language. In addition, a short learner’s enquiry wants to give further insights into phenomena of language interference which appear in the usage of Chinese homographic vocabulary by Korean students. Finally, the study wants to give some practical suggestions for teaching Chinese homographic vocabulary to Korean students.

本論文總共從三個方向研究中韓同形詞彙：其一為從歷史研究找出中韓文化社會與中韓同形詞之間關係及其起源歷史淵源。中韓同形詞產生之重要原因是借詞，而且此借詞產生與當時社會文化情況有緊密之關係。於是從第二章到第四章，從社會變動文化擴散的角度切入研究中韓同形詞。透過此研究，總共找出三大中韓同形詞產生之路徑，如：中國古典文獻、佛教傳播、日本漢字詞擴散。 其二為從共時研究找出中韓同形詞後，加以進行同形詞詞義比較及中韓兩國詞頻百分比比較分析。台灣教育部出版《八十七年口語語料調查報告書》蒐集的口語詞彙總共達到22,444個詞，其中雙音節詞有14,470個詞。透過分析結果，總共找出3,303個同形同素同義詞、599個同形同素部分異義詞、171個同形同素異義詞、131中韓相關異形同義詞。本論文以此研究資料，進一步分析比較中韓同形詞頻百分比，了解同一個詞彙在於不同社會中不同的使用情況。而且透過同形同義詞、同形部分異義詞及同形異義詞之間的中韓詞頻百分比比較，亦可知由於中韓之社會、文化及生活之共同點，產生了中韓同形同義詞使用之共同趨勢。 其三為找出歷史研究與共時研究之相關性。 本研究先從歷史研究切入中韓同形詞產生的淵源及原因，然後從台灣口語詞彙找出目前所使用之中韓同形詞。透過這兩方面之研究，找出以下相關幾點： 　　一、透過目前使用之中韓同形詞詞義比較，找出詞義演變之歷史因素及對詞義演變產生影響之中韓社會特殊情況。 　　二、透過中韓同形詞起源的查找，追溯它們的根源及詞彙歷史。 　　三、透過日本起源同形同義詞在同形同義詞詞頻排行裡的分散程度，找出詞彙起源與現代實際使用之間的相關處。 　　四、透過起源於中國之詞彙的詳細分類，進一步探討目前使用之佛教詞彙與白話詞彙之使用情況及使用原因。 　　 結果可了得知關於中韓同形詞的歷史研究與共時研究之相關性。此點都在第五章詳細論述。 / A language is an essential tool for human communication and often it is the finest product of a particular society.　The lexicon of a certain language, especially loan words, has a close relationship with social changes or cultural exchanges, reflecting political and socio-cultural situations. Throughout ancient and modern history, as neighboring nations, China, Korea and Japan have had close relationships through social and cultural exchanges. Korea and Japan imported advanced ideas and technology through China before the late 19th century, and among many other elements the Chinese language had had an absolute influence on the Korean and Japanese language systems. 　　 However, from the late 19th century, while the influence from China dramatically decreased, Japan, which transformed itself to a modern nation-state through Westernization and industrialization, began to exercise power over Korea and China. The lexicon of Chinese, Korean and Japanese languages provide remarkable evidence to prove those dynamic socio-cultural exchanges among the tree countries. Particularly the Chinese homonyms existing in the lexicon of those three distinctive languages are apparent evidence. This paper is divided into three main parts. Firstly, the birth of loan words resulting from the cultural exchanges between China and Korea is analyzed diachronically. Chinese-originated homonyms are analyzed in terms of their different origins found in Chinese classical literature, Buddhist scriptures and colloquial Chinese. Especially loan words originating from Buddhist scriptures have unique characteristics in contrast to other common loan words. Later in the paper, the origin of the Japanese vocabulary, which influenced Chinese and Korean homonyms, will be looked at. Secondly, 4,202 words are selected from the total of 14,470 two-syllable words in Report on Taiwanese Spoken Words Frequency, which was published from a synchronic perspective by Taiwanese Ministry of Education. Those selected words are analyzed and classified into three groups: homonymous synonyms, homonymous words with partial difference in meaning and homographs. Thirdly, the words frequency of homonyms, commonly used both in Taiwan and Korea, is analyzed based on A Report on Korean Words Frequency published by Korea University in 2000 as well as A Report on Taiwanese Spoken Words Frequency. Through studies on origins, distribution and relationships between languages in terms of word frequency, historical origins of the vocabulary overlapping in both Chinese and Korean are analyzed in an attempt to combine synchronic and diachronic perspectives.

近年來，韓國積極發展「中等強權」外交政策，在G20主持多場重要會議，參與發展政策、維和部隊與區域安全議題，韓國並邀請同屬中等強權國家的墨西哥、印尼、土耳其、澳洲，共同成立「MITKA」五國諮商會議。本研究主張：韓國對於自身國家角色概念的認知影響了其外交決策的產出過程，而國家決策者首先對於國家定位有所認識與定義，從而對應其國家角色而制定相關的施政規劃與外交方針。 　　本研究以角色理論作為分析途徑，研究重心聚焦於內部國家特性的成長，以及外部環境如何影響韓國國家角色概念的成形與轉變。本論文特別著重分析韓國與中國的關係，主張韓中雙邊互動逐漸影響韓國對自身角色的認知，並增強了韓國對於提升對中經貿交流與合作的認同，進一步影響了「中等強權」外交政策出台，令這項政策成為身處安全困境並遭受強權環伺的韓國的外交主軸，並促使韓國推廣新興外交政策與成立「MITKA」。 / South Korea has recently focused on developing the middle power diplomacy. It has hosted the G20 global conferences, contributed development assistance, and joined peacekeeping operations. It also promoted “MITKA” with Mexico, Indonesia, Turkey, and Australia. The key factor shaping South Korea’s middle power diplomacy is the identity of national role conceptions. The leaders know the self conceptualization of a country’s role in international politics, then make decision under the influence of national role conceptions. Viewing role theory as analytical tool, this study explores how international and domestic factors affect the course and outcome of ROK decision-making process. The development of Sino-Korean relations shapes the values and identity, makes economic interests continue to effect ROK leaders’s national role conception. Koreans historically consider their country as a victim of great powers , middle power diplomacy may be the key to solving ROK foreign policy dilemmas.