At the present there is no software for Lithuanian language that could form the Lithuanian language structure necessary for translation of words from one language to another. The aim of this paper was to create a program that could form a graph of syntactic structure of Lithuanian sentence. For this purpose the algorithm that could make a graphical presentation of syntactic sentence structure of Lithuanian words sequence in sentence and syntactic structure of each word should be formed.

Lithuanian language is quite in an early stage of language processing. And therefore has a high demand on automated tools like taggers, parsers, word sense disambiguators etc. During the last 10 years only a few researchers were attempting to create a parser for Lithuanian language. However none of them are used in practices nowadays. The process of designing and implementing rule based parser for Lithuanian language is presented in this paper. Rules and constraints of the formal grammar follow the principles of Dependency Grammar. Necessary language recourses were made up at the Computational Centre of Linguistics. Research area analysis and overview of the most popular methodologies is presented here as well. Syntax parser of the Lithuanian language was evaluated against the Gold Standard and gave 80,2 % of accuracy of in recognizing parts of the sentence.

In communication, a language user is naturally disposed to proceed from what is known to, or shared by, both the speaker/writer and hearer/reader and end with the information that is the most important. Such a disposition complies with the requirements of Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP), but it also makes a language user “transform” the basic word order. The present work took a functional approach to language study to explore the syntactic potential of English to produce various sentence patterns by carrying out a communicative (functional) analysis of Carson McCullers’ short stories. The analysis showed that one of the main causes of noncanonical ordering of sentence elements is thematization by means of Preposing. The preposed elements were semantically diverse, though the frequency of occurrence of different process type sentences varied. The results of the analysis led to the conclusion that syntactic movement is determined by the semantic, syntactic and contextual restrictions. Syntactically, the peripheral elements of the sentence exhibited a higher flexibility than the core sentence elements. Semantic and syntactic unity of the sentence elements were interfered when the preposed sentence elements expressed information recoverable from a very short retrievability span, which revealed the significant role of the context in syntactical movements. Preposing and the resulting sentence patterns seem to be used for particular discourse functions: to enhance the... [to full text] / Pagal sakinio aktualiosios skaidos (AS) teoriją konkrečiame kontekste vieni sakinio elementai komunikaciniu požiūriu yra svarbesni negu kiti. Kalbos vartotojas yra natūraliai linkęs sakinį pradėti nuo to, kas žinoma jam kaip kalbėtojui ar rašytojui ir jo klausytojui ar skaitytojui ir baigti sakinį informacija, kuri yra svarbiausia. Tokia nuostata verčia kalbos vartotoją transformuoti vadinamą gramatinį sakinio modelį Veiksnys+Tarinys+Papildinys. Kitaip tariant, komunikacijos procese sintaksinio lygmens uždavinys yra „rasti“ tinkamą sakinio modelį ir jį aktualizuoti. Šiame darbe yra tiriamos anglų kalbos sintaksinės galios sudaryti įvairias sintaksines struktūras, kurios geriausiai gali atspindėti sakinio turinį ir komunikacinį tikslą. Tiriamajai medžiagai pasirinkti amerikiečių rašytojos Carson McCaullers apsakymai. Tyrimas parodė, kad tiriamų sakinių žodžių tvarką dažniausiai lėmė teminami semantiniai elementai, iškeliant juos į sakinio pradžią, arba kitaip tariant, atliekant temos preposiciją (angl. Preposing). Į sakinio pradžią keliami elementai yra semantiškai skirtingi, priklausomai nuo proceso tipo. Žodžių tvarkos įvairavimą lemia semantiniai, sintaksiniai ir konteksto apribojimai. Dažniausiai į sakinio pradžią keliami pagrindiniai ir periferiniai elementai reiškė žinomą informaciją. Tiriant žodžių tvarkos įvairavimo atvejus, buvo siekiama įvertinti ir diskursinį žodžių tvarkos modelių vaidmenį. Tyrimas parodė, kad įprasta žodžių tvarka yra keičiama, siekiant ne tik... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Reduplication is a morphological process in which the root or stem of a word, or part of it, is repeated. Reduplication is used both inflectionally to convey a grammatical function, such as plurality, intensification, etc., and derivationally to create new words. It is found in many languages, though its importance and productivity varies. Reduplication is often described phonologically in two different ways: (1) as reduplicated segments (i.e. sequences of consonants/vowels) or (2) as reduplicated prosodic units (i.e. syllables or morae). In addition to phonological description, reduplication often needs to be described morphologically as a reduplication of linguistic constituents (i.e. words, stems, roots). As a result, reduplication is interesting theoretically as it involves the interface between phonology and morphology. Reduplication often involves copying only once. However, in some languages, reduplication can happen more than once (and thus a duple is not created). Triplication is the term for copying three times (i.e. in Lithuanian language av av av; dū dū dū; bum bum bum; plest plest plest). Full reduplication involves a reduplication of the entire word (i.e. nunù, riri, rururù, ka-ka). In Lithuanian there are two types of fullreduplication: word reduplication (i.e. baubau, bė́bė; bobõ; būbū), syllable reduplication (i.e. girkšt girkšt, jo jo, kepu kepu). Partial reduplication involves a reduplication of only part of the word, eg. papákšt (veiksmažodis pakštelėti)... [to full text]