Este trabalho busca compreender o negócio dos contratos num período de expansão da economia colonial, marcado pelo início da mineração. Em um momento marcado por grandes transformações, percebemos que a já utilizada prática dos contratos se configura mais uma vez enquanto uma relação bilateral, mas que buscam objetivos diferentes: Enquanto para Coroa portuguesa os contratos são uma forma de arrecadar seus tributos e explorar seus monopólios sem participar diretamente dos riscos e investimentos inerentes a essas atividades, para os homens de negócio aparece como uma estratégia de se aproveitar dos monopólios e direitos da metrópole e, assim, aumentar seus cabedais, mesmo enfrentando riscos e descaminhos. Esses interesses, mesmo que diferentes, se confluem para manter e alimentar o sistema colonial. Nessa perspectiva, por ser o tráfico de escravos um dos principais âmbitos da colonização, escolhemos o contrato dos direitos dos escravos que vem da Costa da Mina e Cabo Verde como instrumento de análise da atuação desses negociantes / This study seeks to understand the negotiation of contracts in a period of colonial economic expansion, marked by the beginning of mining. At a time of great transformations, we realize that the already used practice of contracts configure itself once more as a bilateral relationship, but pursue different goals: while for the Portuguese crown contracts are a way to collect their taxes and exploit their monopolies without participating directly of the risks and investments inherent in these activities, for the businessmen it appears as a strategy to take advantage of monopolies and rights of the metropolis, and thus increase its uppers while facing risks. These interests, even if different, converge to: maintain and feed the colonial system. In this perspective, for being the slave trade one of the main aspects of colonization, we choose the contract for the rights of slaves coming from Costa da Mina and Cabo Verde as an instrument for analyzing the activity of these traders

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By tracing the history of Badagry, from its reconstruction after 1784 until its annexation in 1863, it is possible to trace a number of themes which have implications for the history of the whole 'Slave Coast' and beyond. The enormous impact of the environment in shaping this community and indeed its relations with other communities, plays a vital part in any understanding of the Badagry story. As a place of refuge, Badagry's foundation and subsequent history was shaped by a series of immigrant groups and individuals from Africa and Europe. Its position as an Atlantic and lagoonside port enabled this community to emerge as an important commercial and political force in coastal affairs. However, its very attractions also made it a desirable prize for African and European groups. Badagry's internal situation was equally paradoxical. The fragmented, competitive nature of its population resulted in a weakness of political authority, but also a remarkable flexibility which enabled the town to function politically and commercially in the face of intense internal and external pressures. It was ultimately the erosion of this tenuous balance which caused Badagry to fall into civil war. Conversely, a study of Badagry is vital for any understanding of these influential groups and states. The town's role as host to political refugees such as Adele, an exiled King of Lagos, and commercial refugees, such as the Dutch trader Hendrik Hertogh, had enormous repercussions for the whole area. Badagry's role as an initial point of contact for both the Sierra Leone community and Christianity in Nigeria has, until now, been almost wholly neglected. Furthermore, the port's relations with its latterly more famous neighbours, Lagos, Porto-Novo, Oyo, Dahomey and Abeokuta, sheds further light on the nature of these powers, notably the interdependence of these communities both politically and economically. Badagry's long-standing relationship with Europe and ultimate annexation by Britain is also an area which has been submerged within the Lagos story. But it is evident that the, annexation of Badagry in 1863 was a separate development, which provides further evidence on the nature of nineteenth century British imperialism on the West Coast of Africa.

PhD (English) / Department of English / See the attached abstract below

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Few exploratory ventures would ever be undertaken if the explorer appreciated his own limitations at the outset. Although his ultimate destination is unclear, the route uncertain, the terrain unfamiliar and the tools inadequate he is spurred initially by a self-assurance born of his own limited knowledge. Unfortunately, that same self-assurance ill-equips him for the difficulties which he inevitably has to face en route. This thesis has been no exception to this pattern. It has involved more than its fair share of blind alleys, false trails, disorientation, retracing of footsteps and re-establishment of bearings. It has occasionally been marked by that feeling of despairing bewilderment which confronts the uncertain traveller lost in unfamiliar territory or overwhelmed by the novelty and complexity of his surroundings. Like most exploratory journeys, it has been difficult to decide when the ultimate destination has been reached and almost impossible in restrospect to recall the exact route by which that particular point was achieved. However, the historian of Dahomey is fortunate in comparison with the explorer venturing into virgin territory. For he is well served by the pioneers who have blazed the trail before him and by the signposts which are available to him. The Kingdom of Dahomey has been well covered by primary source material and contemporary documentation and publications.

O trabalho tem por objeto de estudo o tráfico de escravos realizado nos Rios da Guiné, em especial as feitorias de Bissau e Cacheu, que tinham por destino o Estado do Grão-Pará e Maranhão. Além do próprio negócio negreiro em África, também avaliaremos os desdobramentos econômicos do tráfico na economia amazônica. O recorte temporal começa no ano de 1756, com o início do funcionamento da Companhia Geral de Comércio do Grão-Pará e Maranhão, empresa de caráter monopolista, que tinha por objetivo o fomento do comércio entre a metrópole e suas diversas possessões ultramarinas no Atlântico. Como marco final optamos pelo ano de 1807, pois com a chegada da Corte em 1808, a colônia mudou seu status passando a ser sede do Reino. / The work is the object of study slave trade conducted in the Rios da Guiné, especially the factories of Bissau and Cacheu, that were destined for the State of the Grão-Pará and Maranhão. In addition to the own slave business in Africa, will also evaluate the economic consequences of trafficking in the Amazon economy. The time frame begins in the year 1756, with the initial operation of the Companhia Geral do Comércio do Grão-Pará e Maranhão, monopolist company, which aimed to promoting trade between the metropolis and its many overseas possessions in the Atlantic. As final milestone we chose the year 1807, because with the arrival of the Court in 1808, the colony changed its status becoming the seat of the kingdom.

Nzinga Mbandi é a mais famosa e controversa personagem da história de Angola no século XVII. Pretendemos neste trabalho, analisar a trajetória política de Nzinga tendo em vista o conturbado contexto da expansão da colonização portuguesa na África Central e da instituição do tráfico negreiro, principalmente durante o período em que representou maior oposição aos portugueses, nas décadas de 1620 e 1630. Buscamos compreender as estruturas de poder que haviam no reino do Ndongo antes da chegada dos portugueses e como o povo Mbundo se organizava política e economicamente. Entramos no debate historiográfico sobre quem eram os Jagas, como lutaram a favor dos portugueses e contra eles, ao lado de Nzinga. Buscamos entender como Portugal criou a colônia de Angola através do avassalamento dos sobas, construção de presídios, controle das feiras e composição de um exército africano que servia a seus interesses. Nzinga Mbandi desempenhou diferentes papéis durante sua trajetória: cristã, Ngola, Tembanza, rainha de Matamba, etc. Buscamos compreender estes papéis face à disputa pelo controle do Ndongo, em que os portugueses a destituíram do trono e instituíram um novo rei em 1626, para isto, analisamos a questão da legitimidade e do poder feminino no reino do Ndongo. Entendemos Nzinga como a principal líder da resistência contra a presença portuguesa em Angola no período, pois além de dar asilo a centenas de escravos fugidos dos portugueses, impediu feiras e desorganizou a cobrança dos impostos. / Nzinga Mbandi is the most famous and controversial character in the history of Angola in the 17th century. We intend, in this dissertation, to analyze the political trajectory of Niznga in the trouble contex of expanding Portuguese colonization in Central Africa, ando f the slave trade, principally in the 1620s and 1630s, during which Nzinga represented the major opposition to the Portuguese. We attempt to understand the Power structures in the Kingdon of Ndongo before the Portuguese arrived, and how the Mbundo people organized themselves political and economically. We consider the historiographical discussion abou Who the Jagas were, and how they fougth beside the Portuguese and agaist them. We also seek to understand how Portugal created the colony of Angola by the subjulgation of sobas, by building prisions, controlling markets and organizing na African army to serve their interests. Nzinga Mbandi played different roles during her trajectory: Christian, Ngola, Tembanza Jaga, Queen of Matamba, etc. We analyze these roles in the contexto f the struggle to control Ndongo, when the Portuguese ousted her from the throne and replaced her with a new king in 1626. We considered the questiono f legitimacy and feminin Power in the Ndongo and Matamba kingdons. We understand that Nzinga Mbandi was the most important leader of the resistance agains the Portuguese presence in Angola in this period, because she gave asylum to many fugitives slaves, obstructed markets and disrupted tax collection.

A expansão e o colapso da escravidão negra nas Américas no século XIX são um dos maiores desafios interpretativos para a historiografia mundial. Ao passo que especialistas costumam abordar a questão por meio de narrativas nacionais, esta Tese apresenta uma história integrada da política da escravidão nos Estados Unidos, na monarquia espanhola e no Império do Brasil desde a Independência dos Estados Unidos até meados do século XIX. Seu principal objetivo consiste em oferecer um enquadramento analítico para a compreensão dos processos mutualmente condicionados entre as conjunturas econômicas globais e os pactos políticos nacionais que levaram à montagem, ao desenvolvimento e à crise da escravidão negra nas Américas. / Slavery expansion and its sudden overthrow in the Americas during the nineteenth century remain one of the major challenges to historical interpretation all over the world. While many specialists have approached this question through a national narrative, this study examines it by proposing an encompassing history of the politics of slavery in the United States, the Spanish monarchy and the Brazilian Empire. Its main purpose is to offer an analytical framework to discuss how the mutually conditioned processes of global economic conjunctures and political national compacts led to the rise and fall of slavery in the Americas.