Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 120-126).

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: As control problems become more and more complex, techniques are required that surpass the capabilities of simple controllers that are linearized about certain parametric set points. Controllers that can operate over a large range of model parameter variations and even controllers that are largely model-independent are becoming more valuable and necessary. In this control application, voltage regulation is done on a direct AC-AC medium voltage regulator, making use of a type of regulated autotransformer configuration. The fifth order system is shown to be prone to oscillations on the input bus. This, together with the control requirement of robustness to load variations, provides a challenging control problem that is rarely addressed in literature. This thesis solves the control problem by means of applying sliding mode control on voltage regulator module level, and supervisory control on system level. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Soos die soeke na oplossings vir hedendaagse beheer probleme al hoe meer uitdagend raak, word die behoefte vir model onafhanklike en robuuste beheerders dienooreenkomstig groter. Eenvoudige beheerders wat gelineariseer is om ’n parametriese werkpunt raak ondoeltreffend vir vandag se vereistes vir doeltreffende beheer ongeag van parametriese veranderinge. In hierdie tesis word spanning regulasie toegepas deur ’n direkte WS-na-WS medium spanning reguleerder in te span. Hierdie toestel maak gebruik van ’n tipe van outotransformator opstelling waar die sekondêre wikkelings gereguleer word deur die skakelaksie van die drywingselektroniese regulasie modules. Die vyfde-orde stelsel se intree bus is geneigd om onstabiel te raak, en moet dus aktief gedemp word terwyl die uitreespanning reguleer word. Die vereiste dat die beheer boonop robuus ten opsigte van las veranderings moet wees maak hierdie probleem ’n monster van ’n uitdaging wat skaars in die literatuur aangeraak is. Hierdie tesis los die probleem van robuuste beheer op deur glymodus beheer toe te pas op reguleerder module vlak, en ook deur toesighoudende beheer op stelsel vlak toe te pas.

Orientador: José Paulo Fernandes Garcia / Banca: Jean Marcos de Souza Ribeiro / Banca: Cristiano Quevedo Andrea / Resumo: Usando dois controladores digitais com modos deslizantes, é proposto neste trabalho dois esquemas que minimizam os efeitos degenerativos causados pelo atraso no tempo de compu- tação do sinal de controle, que aqui é tratado como falha. Um observador robusto com modos deslizantes é utilizado neste trabalho, uma vez que nem sempre é possível ter acesso a todos os estados do sistema. Neste trabalho o observador tem um papel fundamental na detecção e acomodação da falha, pois através de um banco de observadores é gerado um resíduo que pos- sibilita a detecção da falha e determina qual controlador deve estar atuando sobre o sistema a ser controlado. Para validar os métodos propostos, são realizadas simulações e experimentos nos modelos do pêndulo invertido e no helicóptero 3DOF; ambos equipamentos da Quanser / Abstract: Using two digital controllers with sliding mode schemes that minimizes the degenerative effects caused by the delay in the computation time of the control signal are proposed in this work, which is here treated as failure. A robust observer with sliding mode is shown in this work, since it is not always possible to have access to all system states, but in this work the observer has a key role in the failure detection and accommodation, as observers are generated through a residue that directs the performance of the controller on the system being controlled. To test the proposed methods, simulations and experiments are performed on models of the inverted pendulum and the helicopter 3DOF, both Quanser equipment / Mestre

A grande maioria dos robôs industriais disponíveis no mercado é de alto desempenho, principalmente com relação à precisão de posicionamento. Este aspecto é um dos fatores que mais influencia no seu preço final, levando em consideração toda a complexa cadeia de elementos que fazem com que o robô opere corretamente, desde os motores e componentes mecânicos, passando pela arquitetura e sistemas de controle até o sistema de programação. Tendo isto em vista, este trabalho visa projetar um robô industrial com preço mais acessível, adequado para o uso em processos industriais que não necessitem altos níveis de precisão. Para a redução de custos de fabricação e de componentes do robô, este trabalho viabiliza o uso de atuadores pneumáticos lineares como fonte motriz, pois os mesmos são relativamente baratos, leves, não poluentes, de fácil montagem e operação, além de apresentarem uma boa relação peso/potência. Para tanto, foi implementado uma estratégia de controle por modos deslizantes com objetivo de superar as dificuldades impostas pelo comportamento não-linear dos componentes pneumáticos. Com relação à redução de custos de programação e operação do robô, desenvolveu-se um ambiente de programação off-line, através de softwares de auxilio à manufatura e de engenharia usualmente encontrados em ambientes industriais. A estratégia fundamental neste trabalho, foi o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de projeto própria, concebida especificamente para a aplicação em projetos de robôs industriais, com os atributos de facilidade de execução e modularidade das fases envolvidas. A qual, no presente trabalho, apresenta o desenvolvimento de um robô cartesiano com três graus de liberdade acionado por atuadores pneumáticos lineares. / The great majority of industrial robots available in the market have high performance, especially relative to position accuracy. This aspect is one of the factors that most influence its final price, taking into account all complicated web elements that makes the robot operates in the correct form, since the actuators and the constructive part, passing by the architecture and control systems until the system of programming. According to these, the present work aims to project an industrial robot with more accessible costs, adequate to use in industrial process that not require high level of accuracy. For the reduction of manufacture and components costs of the robot, this work make viable to use of pneumatic actuators like a motive source, because are relatively cheap, light, not pollutants, easy assembly and operation, besides presenting a good relation weight/power. For such purpose, the strategy of control was implemented by sliding mode control for the objective to surpass the difficulties imposed by the non-linear behavior of the pneumatic components. About the reduction of programming and operation costs of the robot, an off-line programming environment was developed through manufacturing aided software and a software of engineering both usually found in industrial environments. The basic strategy in this work, was the development of an own methodology of project, conceived specifically for the application in projects of industrial robots, with the attributes of easiness of execution and modularization of the wrapped phases. That methodology, in the present work, presents the development of a Cartesian robot with three degrees of freedom actuated by pneumatic servo drive.

O presente trabalho trata do projeto, construção e análise de desempenho de um robô pneumático com três graus de liberdade. Foi fundamentado no trabalho de Frasson (2007) com alterações na escolha de componentes que permitissem a redução de custos. Tem como objetivo verificar se um robô comandado por válvulas solenóide rápidas, e controlado pela técnica baseada em modos deslizantes (Slide Mode Control), tem desempenho adequado para permitir sua aplicação em processos industriais. Os testes efetuados para constatar seu desempenho foram os de deslocamento em degrau (step) e o seguimento de trajetória. A configuração do robô é cartesiana por permitir que os eixos do robô trabalhem desacoplados, facilitando o estudo dos movimentos. Os resultados dos testes de deslocamento em degrau e os de seguimento de trajetória indicam que o robô mostrou-se eficiente no posicionamento final em relação os valores definidos pela camada limite. Observou-se também que a combinação entre o tempo de resposta da válvula solenóide e a vazão de ar que atravessa à válvula (constante no caso de válvulas solenóide) estabelece a dinâmica dos cilindros e, dependendo da velocidade determinada para o deslocamento do êmbolo resulta impossível manter a movimentação dentro da camada limite escolhida. Desta forma o robô cartesiano com acionamento por eletroválvulas pneumáticas e controlado através da técnica baseada em modos deslizantes, mostrou-se eficiente para tarefas em que é necessário um de posicionamento final dentro da camada limite, como podem ser as de montagem e armazenamento, por exemplo. Já nas aplicações em que o seguimento de trajetória se torna necessário, deve ser feito um estudo considerando o tempo de acionamento das válvulas, a vazão de ar e as velocidades que o robô deve desempenhar para determinar se a largura da camada limite necessária é aceitável para a aplicação pretendida. / The present work tries the design, construction and analysis of performance of one three degrees of freedom pneumatic robot. This work was substantiated in the work of Frasson (2007) with some alterations in the components choice to reduce costs. This work objective is to verify the robot, being commanded by quick solenoid valves, and controlled by a technique based on Slide Mode Control, permits their application in industrial trials. The tests performed for establish his performance were the displacement in step function and the following of path. This robot has a Cartesian configuration because the axis is free to move alone and the study of axes movement is easy. The tests results indicate that a pneumatic robot had precise perform in the tests of displacement in step, positioning itself inside the streak of default tolerance in each one of the axes. Also the solenoid valve response time and the solenoid valve air flux make a cylinder dynamics and depends on speed choice to piston movement may be impossible to maintain the motion inside of the sliding surface. Then a Cartesian pneumatic robot commanded by fast solenoid valves a having an Slide Mode Control show efficient to deal with assignments which need a final location inside the limit area, as assemblies or storage assignments. In cases where following of path is important, is need an specific study on valves switching time, air flow and speed needed in robot operation to determine if the limit region defined is accepted for the assignments choiced.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-02T11:16:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-09-01Bitstream added on 2014-12-02T11:20:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000799068.pdf: 3768476 bytes, checksum: 1308aec4b04ff8dc2b7a52a958654f9b (MD5) / Este trabalho trata de sistemas incertos com controle com modos deslizantes. O foco principal das contribuições é dado na investigação deste método de controle realizado através de rede de comunicação sujeitas a atrasos. Para minimizar os efeitos degenerativos dos atrasos, preditores de estado no seu formato mais simples são utilizados na lei de controle. São feitas análises da robustez da estabilidade e também da influência que as incertezas e atrasos exercem sobre o comportamento destes sistemas em malha fechada. Para corroborar os resultados apresentados nas análises, são realizadas simulações em um modelo matemático de um sistema de ordem dois, em um modelo linear do sistema de suspensão ativa e em um modelo não linear do sistema pêndulo invertido. Neste último, o atraso é tratado como uma falha e apresenta-se uma estratégia para detectar e adaptar os controladores a este tipo de falha. Também são investigados, através de simulações, aplicações do controle com modos deslizantes em dois processos integrantes do tratamento primário de petróleo / This work deals with control of uncertain systems with sliding modes. The main focus of the contributions is given in the investigation of this method of control accomplished via communication network subject to time delay. To minimize the degenerative effects of delay, state predictors in its simpler format is used in the control law. Analyses of the stability robustness are made and also analyses about the influence that the uncertainties and delay exert on the behavior of closed-loop systems. To corroborate the results presented in the analyses, simulations are performed on a mathematical model of a system of order two, in a linear model of the active suspension system and a nonlinear model of the inverted pendulum system. In this last, the delay is treated as a failure and a strategy to detect and adapt the controllers to this type of failure is presented. Through simulations, sliding mode control in two processes of the primary oil treatment is also investigated

A grande maioria dos robôs industriais disponíveis no mercado é de alto desempenho, principalmente com relação à precisão de posicionamento. Este aspecto é um dos fatores que mais influencia no seu preço final, levando em consideração toda a complexa cadeia de elementos que fazem com que o robô opere corretamente, desde os motores e componentes mecânicos, passando pela arquitetura e sistemas de controle até o sistema de programação. Tendo isto em vista, este trabalho visa projetar um robô industrial com preço mais acessível, adequado para o uso em processos industriais que não necessitem altos níveis de precisão. Para a redução de custos de fabricação e de componentes do robô, este trabalho viabiliza o uso de atuadores pneumáticos lineares como fonte motriz, pois os mesmos são relativamente baratos, leves, não poluentes, de fácil montagem e operação, além de apresentarem uma boa relação peso/potência. Para tanto, foi implementado uma estratégia de controle por modos deslizantes com objetivo de superar as dificuldades impostas pelo comportamento não-linear dos componentes pneumáticos. Com relação à redução de custos de programação e operação do robô, desenvolveu-se um ambiente de programação off-line, através de softwares de auxilio à manufatura e de engenharia usualmente encontrados em ambientes industriais. A estratégia fundamental neste trabalho, foi o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de projeto própria, concebida especificamente para a aplicação em projetos de robôs industriais, com os atributos de facilidade de execução e modularidade das fases envolvidas. A qual, no presente trabalho, apresenta o desenvolvimento de um robô cartesiano com três graus de liberdade acionado por atuadores pneumáticos lineares. / The great majority of industrial robots available in the market have high performance, especially relative to position accuracy. This aspect is one of the factors that most influence its final price, taking into account all complicated web elements that makes the robot operates in the correct form, since the actuators and the constructive part, passing by the architecture and control systems until the system of programming. According to these, the present work aims to project an industrial robot with more accessible costs, adequate to use in industrial process that not require high level of accuracy. For the reduction of manufacture and components costs of the robot, this work make viable to use of pneumatic actuators like a motive source, because are relatively cheap, light, not pollutants, easy assembly and operation, besides presenting a good relation weight/power. For such purpose, the strategy of control was implemented by sliding mode control for the objective to surpass the difficulties imposed by the non-linear behavior of the pneumatic components. About the reduction of programming and operation costs of the robot, an off-line programming environment was developed through manufacturing aided software and a software of engineering both usually found in industrial environments. The basic strategy in this work, was the development of an own methodology of project, conceived specifically for the application in projects of industrial robots, with the attributes of easiness of execution and modularization of the wrapped phases. That methodology, in the present work, presents the development of a Cartesian robot with three degrees of freedom actuated by pneumatic servo drive.

O presente trabalho trata do projeto, construção e análise de desempenho de um robô pneumático com três graus de liberdade. Foi fundamentado no trabalho de Frasson (2007) com alterações na escolha de componentes que permitissem a redução de custos. Tem como objetivo verificar se um robô comandado por válvulas solenóide rápidas, e controlado pela técnica baseada em modos deslizantes (Slide Mode Control), tem desempenho adequado para permitir sua aplicação em processos industriais. Os testes efetuados para constatar seu desempenho foram os de deslocamento em degrau (step) e o seguimento de trajetória. A configuração do robô é cartesiana por permitir que os eixos do robô trabalhem desacoplados, facilitando o estudo dos movimentos. Os resultados dos testes de deslocamento em degrau e os de seguimento de trajetória indicam que o robô mostrou-se eficiente no posicionamento final em relação os valores definidos pela camada limite. Observou-se também que a combinação entre o tempo de resposta da válvula solenóide e a vazão de ar que atravessa à válvula (constante no caso de válvulas solenóide) estabelece a dinâmica dos cilindros e, dependendo da velocidade determinada para o deslocamento do êmbolo resulta impossível manter a movimentação dentro da camada limite escolhida. Desta forma o robô cartesiano com acionamento por eletroválvulas pneumáticas e controlado através da técnica baseada em modos deslizantes, mostrou-se eficiente para tarefas em que é necessário um de posicionamento final dentro da camada limite, como podem ser as de montagem e armazenamento, por exemplo. Já nas aplicações em que o seguimento de trajetória se torna necessário, deve ser feito um estudo considerando o tempo de acionamento das válvulas, a vazão de ar e as velocidades que o robô deve desempenhar para determinar se a largura da camada limite necessária é aceitável para a aplicação pretendida. / The present work tries the design, construction and analysis of performance of one three degrees of freedom pneumatic robot. This work was substantiated in the work of Frasson (2007) with some alterations in the components choice to reduce costs. This work objective is to verify the robot, being commanded by quick solenoid valves, and controlled by a technique based on Slide Mode Control, permits their application in industrial trials. The tests performed for establish his performance were the displacement in step function and the following of path. This robot has a Cartesian configuration because the axis is free to move alone and the study of axes movement is easy. The tests results indicate that a pneumatic robot had precise perform in the tests of displacement in step, positioning itself inside the streak of default tolerance in each one of the axes. Also the solenoid valve response time and the solenoid valve air flux make a cylinder dynamics and depends on speed choice to piston movement may be impossible to maintain the motion inside of the sliding surface. Then a Cartesian pneumatic robot commanded by fast solenoid valves a having an Slide Mode Control show efficient to deal with assignments which need a final location inside the limit area, as assemblies or storage assignments. In cases where following of path is important, is need an specific study on valves switching time, air flow and speed needed in robot operation to determine if the limit region defined is accepted for the assignments choiced.

In the guidance literature, minimizing miss distance along with optimizing the energy usage had been an objective for several decades. In current day applications, additional terminal performance such as impact angle and impact time are of paramount importance. These terminal constraints increase warhead effectiveness and survivability of the interceptor. This thesis contributes to the design of guidance laws addressing terminal constraints such as impact angle, impact time, and both impact time as well as impact angle, in addition to interception of targets. In the first part of the thesis, the guidance laws which ensure the alignment of the interceptor at a desired impact angle within a finite time is proposed using different variants of sliding mode control(SMC).The impact angle is first redefined in terms of line-of-sight angle and then the impact angle problem is converted to a simpler problem of controlling line-of-sight angle and their rates. The sliding mode capturability and interpretation of the guidance laws are presented. In order to cater to very large heading angle errors, which give rise to negative closing speed initially, modifications to the guidance laws are also suggested. The modifications to the guidance laws for avoiding singularities, which may be encountered during implementation, due to the inherent nature of terminal SMC, are suggested. However, the guidance laws, which alleviates the possibility of such singularities completely, are also designed by using non singular terminal SMC. The two loop guidance and control, for a skid-to-turn cruciform interceptor in the pitch plane, is also proposed with an autopilot designed using the concept of dynamic SMC. The guidance laws addressing impact angle constraint for three dimensional scenarios are also presented. Unlike the usual approach of decoupling the three dimensional engagement in to two mutually orthogonal planar engagements, the guidance laws are derived using coupled engagement dynamics. These guidance laws are designed using conventional and non singular terminal SMC and provide asymptotic and finite time alignment of the intercept or to the desired impact angles, respectively. Next, the SMC based guidance laws which ensure the interception of targets at pre-specified impact times is proposed in this thesis. The guidance law is first designed for stationary targets and then extended to constant velocity targets using the notion of predicted interception point. A switching surface is designed using the concepts of collision course and time-to-go with non-linear engagement dynamics and its role in achieving the objectives is also discussed. In order to account for large heading angle errors and even for negative initial closing speeds, different methods of estimation of time-to-go, resulting in two different guidance laws, are used. Unlike the existing guidance laws, the proposed guidance laws achieve an impact time even less than its initially estimated value. The flexibility in selecting a desired impact time is also exploited using the maximum available acceleration information. A cooperative salvo attack strategy, based on the proposed impact time guidance law, with a desired impact time chosen in real time using a centralized coordination algorithm, is proposed for stationary targets. The coordination manager determines a common impact time based on time-to-goof the interceptors, by minimizing the total switching surface deviations which in turn reduces the control effort. The thesis also proposes a SMC based guidance strategy which addresses impact angle and impact time constraints simultaneously. This guidance scheme is based on switching between impact time and impact angle guidance laws based on certain conditions. Unlike existing impact time guidance laws, the proposed guidance strategy takes into account the curvature of the trajectory due to the impact angle requirement. The interceptor first corrects its course to nullify the impact time error and then aims to achieve interception with desired impact angle. In order to reduce the transitions between the two guidance laws, a novel hysteresis loop is introduced in the switching conditions. Initially stationary targets are considered, and later the same guidance scheme is extended to constant velocity targets using the notion of predicted interception point. Theclaimsofalltheguidancelawsarevalidatedwithextensivesimulationsandtheir performances are compared with existing guidance laws. Although all the guidance laws derived in the thesis are based on the assumption of constant speed interceptors, their performances are evaluated with a time-varying speed interceptor model, subjected to aerodynamic conditions, to validate their efficacy. The implementation of impact time guidance on time-varying speed interceptors is a formidable challenge in the guidance literature. Such implementations have also been presented in the thesis after introducing the notion of average speed and shown to yield satisfactory performance.

abstract: A Multi-input single inductor dual-output Boost based architecture for Multi-junction PV energy harvesting source is presented. The system works in Discontinuous Conduction Mode to achieve the independent input regulation for multi-junction PV source. A dual-output path is implemented to regulate the output at 3V as well as store the extra energy at light load condition. The dual-loop based sliding-mode MPPT for multi-junction PV is proposed to speed up the system response time for prompt irradiation change as well as maximize MPPT efficiency. The whole system achieves peak efficiency of 83% and MPPT efficiency of 95%. The whole system is designed, simulated in Cadence and implemented in PCB platform. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Electrical Engineering 2017