No description available.

As preguiças são exclusivamente herbívoras, alimentando-se de folhas, flores, brotos, talos verdes e frutos da umbaúba ou guaruma. A anatomia do dente é o alvo desta pesquisa, que teve suas primeiras investigações objetivando estabelecer dados comparativos de sua dentição e de outros mamíferos, inclusive o homem. Foram estudadas algumas particularidades de suas estruturas macroscópicas e microscópicas, motivados pelo fato, destes animais apresentarem dentes incompletos ou rudimentares, desprovido de esmalte, o que proporciona acentuado desgaste e consideráveis alterações em sua mastigação. Foram utilizados doze animais, compreendendo machos, fêmeas e natimortos, todos da espécie Bradypus torquatus (preguiça-de-coleira), cedidos pelo Projeto de Preservação do Bicho-Preguiça, CEPLAC, Ilhéus ? BA. Foram realizados, exames macroscopicos, radiograficos, além dos estudos de microscopia de luz utilizando técnicas de desgastes e descalcificação e a também a microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Foram achados que os dentes do Bradypus torquatus apresentam as faces lingual, vestibular, distal, mesial e oclusal, destacando-se ainda a presença de cúspides, resultante do desgaste do dente durante a mastigação. A morfologia do dente nestes espécimes, é fortemente relacionada aos hábitos alimentares e toda a arcada dentária, tanto a maxilar, quanto a mandibular, apresentam dentes de formato semelhante, indicando não existir uma especialização dental. As radiografias laterais e periapicais constituem um método eficiente para se evidenciar que estes animais nascem dentados, apresentando em cada hemiarcada 5 dentes na maxila e 4 na mandíbula, totalizando dezoito unidades numeradas do sentido oral para aboral. Com o envelhecimento do animal ocorre um desgaste progressivo da coroa, determinando o seu aplainamento com o desaparecimento das cúpides. Os componentes estruturais dos dentes no Bradypus torquatus são cemento, dentina externa e dentina interna e polpa. A dentina dispõe-se como interna na parte central do dente. É possível identificar um tecido situado entre cemento e a dentina externa contendo túbulos dentinais contínuos com aqueles da dentina externa e canais vasculares da dentina interna. Esta investigação poderá subsidiar a busca a respostas para sugestão de uma dieta alimentar adequada ao animal em cativeiro. / The sloths are exclusively herbivore, feeding of leaves, flowers, sprouts, green stalks and fruits of the umbaúba or guaruma. The anatomy of the tooth is the aims of this research, had first investigations to establish a comparison with teething of other mammals, besides the man. Were studied the anatomy of the tooth of the Bradypus torquatus, and some particularities of gross and microscopic structures, motivated by the fact of these animals present incomplete teeth or rudimentary, without enamel, the one that provides accentuated wear and tear and considerable alterations in it mastication. Twelve animals were used, understanding males, females and stillborn all of the species Bradypus torquatus (maned sloth), given in by the Project of Preservation of the Sloths, CEPLAC, Ilhéus - BA. Were done gross studies, radiographic exams, and light microscopic techniques using wasted and decalcification and scanning electron microscopy were accomplished. Were found results that the teeth present the lingual faces, vestibular, distal, mesial and oclusal, still standing out the presence of \"peaks\", resulting from the wast of the tooth during the mastication. The morphology of the tooth in these specimens is strongly related to the alimentary habits and the whole dental arch, so much to maxillary as the mandibular, present teeth of similar shape, indicating a dental specialization not to exist. The lateral x-rays and periapical constitute an efficient method to evidence these specimens are born jagged, presenting in each hemiarcade 5 teeth in the jawbone and 4 in the jaw, totaling eighteen numbered units of the oral sense for aboral. With the aging of the animal it happens a progressive waste of the crown, determining it leveling with the disappearance of the \"peakes\". The components of the teeth in the Bradypus torquatus are cement, dentine expresses and dentine interns and pulp. The dentine is disposed as it interns in the central part of the tooth. It is possible to identify a located tissue between cement and the external dentine containing tubules continuous dentals with those of the external dentine and vascular channels of the intern dentine. This investigation can subsidize the search to answers for suggestion of an appropriate alimentary diet to the animal in captivity.

Les « maladies de l’âme » ont existé de tout temps et l’homme s’est employé à les nommer, à en rechercher les causes dans un déséquilibre organique, ou encore un mauvais usage de la raison qui le priverait de la félicité, celle-ci étant reconnue comme tranquillitas animi ou salut éternel. L’aspect le plus fécond de ce mal de vivre, d’un point de vue artistique et littéraire, repose sur le concept de mélancolie, tandis qu’aujourd’hui, sa forme diffuse en est la dépression. Lacan dans Télévision, décrivant cette dernière comme « une faute morale, comme s’exprimait Dante, voire Spinoza : un péché, ce qui veut dire une lâcheté morale », place la question sur un plan décidément éthique et incite à reconsidérer la subtile réflexion des Pères de l’Eglise et de Saint Thomas, concernant la relation entre péché et « maladie de l’âme », soit encore l’acédie dans ce contexte. Dante, cité explicitement par Lacan, et puis Pétrarque vivent et écrivent durant une période cruciale, qui voit coexister diverses conceptions médicales, philosophiques et artistiques de l’acédie, la mélancolie, l’aegritudo, toutes présentes dans leurs œuvres. Si Dante semble s’appuyer sur la conception médiévale de la maladie de l’âme, essentiellement engendrée par un usage incorrect de la raison et donc une perversion de l’amore di natura, Pétrarque reste, bien que de manière non déclarée, un poète « mélancolique », de fait : il souligne en premier lieu l’irréductible antagonisme entre savoir et félicité et puise dans l’ignorance et l’insatiable désir sa définition de l’essence de la nature humaine. Il fait de ce désir, incarné par la figure éternelle et inaccessible de Laura, la matière même de son chant. / “Maladies of the soul” have always existed, and so humanity seeks to define them and to find their cause and a cure. Over the course of time they have been given many names and their origin has been identified, at different times, in an organic imbalance or in a faulty use of reason, one that drives away happiness, identified in turn as tranquillitas animi or eternal salvation. The most fertile aspect of this malaise from the artistic and literary viewpoint consists in the concept of melancholy, while the form it most commonly takes today is depression. Lacan, defining the latter in Television as a moral failing, as Dante, and even Spinoza, said: a sin, which means a moral weakness, places the question on a declaredly ethical plane and prompts us to re-examine the penetrating reflection of the Fathers of the Church and St Thomas on the relationship between sin and ‘malady of the soul’, embodied, in this context, by sloth. Dante, cited explicitly by Lacan, and Petrarch both lived and wrote in a crucial era, in which different medical, philosophical and artistic conceptions of sloth, acedia, melancholy and aegritudo coexisted, and figured in their works. If Dante still appears bound to the mediaeval conception of the malady of the soul, stemming essentially from the faulty use of reason and thus from a perversion of the ‘love of nature’, Petrarch is, not declaredly, but in effect, a ‘melancholic’ poet: he was the first to point out the rift between knowledge and happiness, and to grasp that the essence of human nature lies in ignorance and in insatiable desire. And he makes this desire, embodied in the eternal and unattainable image of Laura, the subject of his poetry.

The benefits gained by the presentation of environmental enrichment (EE) to captive animals are widely recognized. Few studies have, however, studied how to maximize the effect of EE. Repeated presentations of EE may cause a reduced interest towards the EE device, called habituation. To study the effect of habituation towards EE, behavioural data from 14 captive Sloth bears (Melursus ursinus) were collected during two different EE treatments. In treatment one, honey logs were presented for five consecutive days (ConsEE). In treatment two, the logs were presented every alternative day for five days (AltEE). The different treatments both showed a significant effect on responsiveness toward the EE, however, leaving gap days inbetween presentations in AltEE showed no reliable reduction in habituation. Both treatments significantly reduced stereotypies, however, only ConsEE reduced levels of stereotypies long term. Explorative behaviours, which are the most prominent behaviours in the wild, increased during both treatments. This is consistent with previous findings (Fischbacher & Schmid 1999, Grandia et al. 2001) that EE increases natural behaviours, which has been desribed as an indication of improved welfare (Carlstead et al. 1991 etc.). Other behavioural categories such as social and passiva behaviours were unaffected by the EE presentations. THe results show that it is possible to increase the effectiveness of EE by simple means in order to ensure animal welfare.

<p>The benefits gained by the presentation of environmental enrichment (EE) to captive animals are widely recognized. Few studies have, however, studied how to maximize the effect of EE. Repeated presentations of EE may cause a reduced interest towards the EE device, called habituation. To study the effect of habituation towards EE, behavioural data from 14 captive Sloth bears (<em>Melursus ursinus</em>) were collected during two different EE treatments. In treatment one, honey logs were presented for five consecutive days (ConsEE). In treatment two, the logs were presented every alternative day for five days (AltEE). The different treatments both showed a significant effect on responsiveness toward the EE, however, leaving gap days inbetween presentations in AltEE showed no reliable reduction in habituation. Both treatments significantly reduced stereotypies, however, only ConsEE reduced levels of stereotypies long term. Explorative behaviours, which are the most prominent behaviours in the wild, increased during both treatments. This is consistent with previous findings (Fischbacher & Schmid 1999, Grandia et al. 2001) that EE increases natural behaviours, which has been desribed as an indication of improved welfare (Carlstead et al. 1991 etc.). Other behavioural categories such as social and passiva behaviours were unaffected by the EE presentations. THe results show that it is possible to increase the effectiveness of EE by simple means in order to ensure animal welfare.</p>

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2016-06-08T13:42:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriela Mendes Campos.pdf: 565200 bytes, checksum: 2f035548ac685666e617606f58f5c1e4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-08T13:42:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriela Mendes Campos.pdf: 565200 bytes, checksum: 2f035548ac685666e617606f58f5c1e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study aims to analyze the morphology of the celiac trunk of sloth. To this end, four adult sloths, three females and one male, the Bradypus variegatus species belonging to the area of Anatomy, Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (DMFA / UFRPE) were used. The four specimens were obtained after natural death and formolized injected with Neoprene latex 650 (DuPont®), with red from cannulation of the common carotid artery pigment. Later, they were dissected for analysis of stem celiac, which was measured. Based on morphometric data obtained at a range of 0.06 to 0,46mm the trunk diameter of 0.04 to 1.3 mm for the length of the trunk and 2.88 to 5.7mm distance between trunk and the diaphragm. Observing the wide variation in the branching of the aorta to the celiac trunk-level, the cranial mesenteric artery or the celiac-mesenteric trunk. Since, each animal of the various classifications of domestic to wild animals have peculiar anatomical features. Is therefore necessary to study and compared between species in order to detail their similarities and differences. Notably, the current species of sloth have numerous relatively old anatomical and functional characteristics. Its branching from the aorta can be celiac trunk mesenteric, celiac arteries, and when emerging from the cranial mesenteric aorta on a common core, or they may be derived separately. The celiac and cranial mesenteric artery abdominal blood vessels are of great importance in terms of vascularization as supplying important viscera, liver, stomach, intestines, spleen and pancreas, its branches, so can be left gastric artery, hepatic and splenic (or spleen), typically having other types of branching within the same species. From the point of view phylogenetic these characteristics are quite specialized and standards that differ from those usually found in most mammals. However, the consultations revealed a deficiency in literature studies about morphology in these animals, especially in relation to the cardiovascular system. In view of this, the characterization and detail of one of the parts of this vast system contributes significantly in the understanding of anatomy and physiological functioning of organs irrigated by the celiac trunk, the sloth. / Este trabalho tem por finalidade analisar a morfologia do tronco celíaco do bicho-preguiça. Para tal, foram utilizadas quatro bichos-preguiça adultos, três fêmeas e um macho, da espécie Bradypus variegatus pertencentes à Área de Anatomia do Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (DMFA/UFRPE). As quatro espécimes foram obtidas após morte natural, formolizadas e receberam injeção de latéx Neoprene 650 (DuPont®), com pigmento vermelho a partir da canulação da artéria carótida comum. Posteriormente, foram dissecadas para análise do tronco-celíaco, que foi mensurado. Com base nos dados morfométricos obteve-se uma variação de 0,06 a 0,46mm para o diâmetro do tronco, de 0,04 a 1,3mm para o comprimento do tronco e de 2,88 a 5,7mm para distância entre o tronco e o diafragma. Observando-se a grande variação com relação à ramificação da artéria aorta ao nível do tronco-celíaco, da artéria mesentérica cranial ou do tronco celíaco-mesentérico. Visto que, cada animal das mais diversas classificações de animais domésticos às silvestres possuem características anatômicas peculiares. Sendo, portanto, necessária à comparação e estudo entre as espécies, de forma a detalhar as suas semelhanças e diferenças. Notavelmente, as espécies atuais do bicho-preguiça possuem inúmeras características anatômicas e funcionais relativamente antigas. A sua ramificação a partir da aorta pode ser o tronco celíaco mesentérico, quando as artérias celíaca e mesentérica cranial emergem da artéria aorta em um tronco comum, ou elas podem se originar separadamente. O tronco celíaco e a artéria mesentérica cranial são vasos sanguíneos abdominais de grande relevância em termos de vascularização, pois irrigam vísceras importantes, como fígado, estômago, intestinos, baço e pâncreas, seus ramos, portanto, podem ser artérias gástrica esquerda, hepática e lienal (ou esplênica), normalmente, havendo outras formas de ramificação dentro da mesma espécie. Do ponto de vista filogenético, essas características são bastante especializadas, e que diferem dos padrões normalmente encontrados na maioria dos mamíferos. No entanto, consultas à literatura revelaram uma deficiência em trabalhos que abordem aspectos morfológicos nestes animais, sobretudo no que tange ao sistema cardiovascular. À vista disso, a caracterização e detalhamento de uma das partes deste vasto sistema contribui de forma significativa na compreensão da anatomia e funcionamento fisiológico, de órgãos irrigados pelo tronco celíaco, do bicho preguiça.

As preguiças são exclusivamente herbívoras, alimentando-se de folhas, flores, brotos, talos verdes e frutos da umbaúba ou guaruma. A anatomia do dente é o alvo desta pesquisa, que teve suas primeiras investigações objetivando estabelecer dados comparativos de sua dentição e de outros mamíferos, inclusive o homem. Foram estudadas algumas particularidades de suas estruturas macroscópicas e microscópicas, motivados pelo fato, destes animais apresentarem dentes incompletos ou rudimentares, desprovido de esmalte, o que proporciona acentuado desgaste e consideráveis alterações em sua mastigação. Foram utilizados doze animais, compreendendo machos, fêmeas e natimortos, todos da espécie Bradypus torquatus (preguiça-de-coleira), cedidos pelo Projeto de Preservação do Bicho-Preguiça, CEPLAC, Ilhéus ? BA. Foram realizados, exames macroscopicos, radiograficos, além dos estudos de microscopia de luz utilizando técnicas de desgastes e descalcificação e a também a microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Foram achados que os dentes do Bradypus torquatus apresentam as faces lingual, vestibular, distal, mesial e oclusal, destacando-se ainda a presença de cúspides, resultante do desgaste do dente durante a mastigação. A morfologia do dente nestes espécimes, é fortemente relacionada aos hábitos alimentares e toda a arcada dentária, tanto a maxilar, quanto a mandibular, apresentam dentes de formato semelhante, indicando não existir uma especialização dental. As radiografias laterais e periapicais constituem um método eficiente para se evidenciar que estes animais nascem dentados, apresentando em cada hemiarcada 5 dentes na maxila e 4 na mandíbula, totalizando dezoito unidades numeradas do sentido oral para aboral. Com o envelhecimento do animal ocorre um desgaste progressivo da coroa, determinando o seu aplainamento com o desaparecimento das cúpides. Os componentes estruturais dos dentes no Bradypus torquatus são cemento, dentina externa e dentina interna e polpa. A dentina dispõe-se como interna na parte central do dente. É possível identificar um tecido situado entre cemento e a dentina externa contendo túbulos dentinais contínuos com aqueles da dentina externa e canais vasculares da dentina interna. Esta investigação poderá subsidiar a busca a respostas para sugestão de uma dieta alimentar adequada ao animal em cativeiro. / The sloths are exclusively herbivore, feeding of leaves, flowers, sprouts, green stalks and fruits of the umbaúba or guaruma. The anatomy of the tooth is the aims of this research, had first investigations to establish a comparison with teething of other mammals, besides the man. Were studied the anatomy of the tooth of the Bradypus torquatus, and some particularities of gross and microscopic structures, motivated by the fact of these animals present incomplete teeth or rudimentary, without enamel, the one that provides accentuated wear and tear and considerable alterations in it mastication. Twelve animals were used, understanding males, females and stillborn all of the species Bradypus torquatus (maned sloth), given in by the Project of Preservation of the Sloths, CEPLAC, Ilhéus - BA. Were done gross studies, radiographic exams, and light microscopic techniques using wasted and decalcification and scanning electron microscopy were accomplished. Were found results that the teeth present the lingual faces, vestibular, distal, mesial and oclusal, still standing out the presence of \"peaks\", resulting from the wast of the tooth during the mastication. The morphology of the tooth in these specimens is strongly related to the alimentary habits and the whole dental arch, so much to maxillary as the mandibular, present teeth of similar shape, indicating a dental specialization not to exist. The lateral x-rays and periapical constitute an efficient method to evidence these specimens are born jagged, presenting in each hemiarcade 5 teeth in the jawbone and 4 in the jaw, totaling eighteen numbered units of the oral sense for aboral. With the aging of the animal it happens a progressive waste of the crown, determining it leveling with the disappearance of the \"peakes\". The components of the teeth in the Bradypus torquatus are cement, dentine expresses and dentine interns and pulp. The dentine is disposed as it interns in the central part of the tooth. It is possible to identify a located tissue between cement and the external dentine containing tubules continuous dentals with those of the external dentine and vascular channels of the intern dentine. This investigation can subsidize the search to answers for suggestion of an appropriate alimentary diet to the animal in captivity.

No description available.

Excavations of ACb-3 Cave have uncovered the remains of at least seven individual Megalonyx jeffersonii, providing the most complete ontogenetic sequence of the taxon from one locality. Four individuals representing four distinct age classifications (infant, juvenile, subadult, and adult) were described and examined for pathologies. Cranial and major forelimb elements depict a change in morphology (trending from robust and stout to gracile and elongate) through ontogeny. Pathologies on the scapula and radius of the adult ground sloth indicate a potential attack from fighting or mating. The presence of infant and juvenile sloths suggests this cave may have been used as a maternity den. The nearly complete adult (RMM 5353) was compared to Megalonyx from other North American localities. Bivariate plots, created using linear measurements, showed that RMM 5353 was within the size range of M. jeffersonii and further supports the concept of Megalonyx chronospecies.

No description available.