This dissertation deals with the political economy of survival within a Jamaican urban slum. It departs from the sociological tradition of viewing the slum as a separate social entity and treats it as an integral part of the urban community. For theoretical guidance, the dissertation draws significantly upon works subscribing to the dependency perspective. However, the inner dynamics of survival, presented throughout the study are derived through participant observation in the West Kingston slum. Problems within the slum such as high unemployment, crime, violence, overcrowding and the general state of poverty are viewed within the context of Jamaica's historical dependence. The thrust of the study focuses on the techniques employed by slum dwellers in their struggle for survival. These include participation in petty commodity production and petty trading, most of which takes the form of hustling which is conceptualized as the application of one's wits in securing scarce material resources. Furthermore, as the slum dwellers struggle to survive, they at the same time contribute to the economy in ways that are not usually recognized by the state. Given the scarcity of jobs, competition tends to be fierce. This is reinforced by a strong orientation towards individual acquisitiveness. The situation is manipulated by politicians through a highly sophisticated political patronage system. Political violence is usually the result. The slum dwellers do not appear to be in control of their social world. Many make sense of their world by resorting to a strong belief in the occult or participation in various syncretized religious cults. There is an absence of political consciousness among slum dwellers who tend not to perceive their poor material condition as socially produced, thus perpetuating their situation. This dissertation shows that the slum dwellers sustain an asymmetrical symbiotic relationship with the urban economy. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

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Communities affected by climate impacts, political or cultural conflicts and rapid demographic shifts are the most vulnerable to the effects of poverty, disease and communal violence. Addressing their needs through appropriate architectural responses can help them to recover social, economic and environmental well-being. This thesis defines strategies to address the challenges involved in the design of spaces after three causes of forced migration: natural disaster, conflict and urban development. The methodology is based on literature review which served as theoretical background to work in three design competitions related to shelter after natural disasters, refugee camps and slums. The need to provide accommodation after a natural disaster is essential. Therefore, a shelter that can be transported and deployed quickly and effectively, and that contemplates the uniqueness and complexity of the event, is studied in this thesis. Refugee camps have become the protective and safe place that provide shelter, food and health safety to all kinds of survivors and refugees. Due to the complexity of the problems related to this forced migration situation, the presence of refugee camps tends to be longer than the expected. Therefore, a design that contemplates this duality of time and that addresses peoples' needs and rights is part of this research. Slums are often related to deprivation and socio-spatial exclusion and due to the lack of security of tenure, they are vulnerable to evictions caused by redevelopment pressures, gentrification processes and episodes of ethnic cleansing. Therefore, a neighborhood's transformation with cohesive public spaces and incremental housing prototypes is proposed in this thesis. Through the study of architectural responses to natural disaster, refugee camps and slums design considerations related to the site, the culture and the urban context are established as guidelines. In addition, a time-based design strategy, a dual design approach and a multiple scales design strategy are defined as essential to give an architectural response to forced-displaced communities. / Master of Architecture

Esta disseração aborda a produção intelectual sobre o fenômeno favela, em especial aqueles autores que estudaram a manifestação do fenômeno na cidade de São Paulo. Analisa também os conceitos elaborados sobre a favela, destacando os limites e as inadequações destes conceitos face às mudanças que ocorreram nestes aglomerados ao longo do tempo. Neste sentido, elaboramos um panorama histórico ressaltando neste a evolução das favelas paulistanas, a partir das descrições, dos dados apresentados nos estudos em que pesquisamos. Neste aspecto, estabelecemos um recorte cronológico que vai da década de 1950 até o ano de 2006. A dissertação examina também as representações e imagens construídas sobre o fenômeno favela e as teorias elaboradas para explica-las. / This paper approaches intellectual production about the slums phenomenon, specially those writers who have studied the expression of the phenomenon in São Paulo. It also analyses the drawn concept of slum, pointing the limits and unsuitability of this concepts facing the changes in those agglomerates through time. Thinking about it, we made out a historical scenery emphasizing the evolution of São Paulos slums from descriptions of the data presented in the studies in which we made our research. In this aspect, we sat up a chronological area that goes from the decade of 1950 to the year 2006. The paper also examines the rendering and the images created about the slums phenomenon and the theories developed to explain them.

張兆輝. / "2002年9月" / 論文 (哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2002. / 參考文獻 (leaves 76-80) / 附中英文摘要. / "2002 nian 9 yue" / Zhang Zhaohui. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2002. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 76-80) / Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / 論文摘要 --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Chapter 第一章´ؤ --- 導論 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二章一 --- 徙置政策的歷史背景 --- p.8 / Chapter 第三章´ؤ --- 寮屋問題的歷史脈絡 --- p.18 / Chapter (一） --- 火災 --- p.20 / Chapter (二） --- 土地利益 --- p.25 / Chapter (三） --- 衛生與秩序 --- p.29 / Chapter 第四章´ؤ --- 新公民的誕生：由寮屋居民到徙置大廈租客的身份轉化 --- p.50 / Chapter 第五章´ؤ --- 結論 --- p.72 / 引用書目及電影片目 --- p.76

Esta disseração aborda a produção intelectual sobre o fenômeno favela, em especial aqueles autores que estudaram a manifestação do fenômeno na cidade de São Paulo. Analisa também os conceitos elaborados sobre a favela, destacando os limites e as inadequações destes conceitos face às mudanças que ocorreram nestes aglomerados ao longo do tempo. Neste sentido, elaboramos um panorama histórico ressaltando neste a evolução das favelas paulistanas, a partir das descrições, dos dados apresentados nos estudos em que pesquisamos. Neste aspecto, estabelecemos um recorte cronológico que vai da década de 1950 até o ano de 2006. A dissertação examina também as representações e imagens construídas sobre o fenômeno favela e as teorias elaboradas para explica-las. / This paper approaches intellectual production about the slums phenomenon, specially those writers who have studied the expression of the phenomenon in São Paulo. It also analyses the drawn concept of slum, pointing the limits and unsuitability of this concepts facing the changes in those agglomerates through time. Thinking about it, we made out a historical scenery emphasizing the evolution of São Paulos slums from descriptions of the data presented in the studies in which we made our research. In this aspect, we sat up a chronological area that goes from the decade of 1950 to the year 2006. The paper also examines the rendering and the images created about the slums phenomenon and the theories developed to explain them.

Orientador: Leandro Silva Medrano / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T02:35:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferreira_ElianeRoberto_M.pdf: 8363633 bytes, checksum: fbe40420e82fa44fb75b52e15c448e91 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Estima-se que hoje a população mundial seja de 6,5 bilhões de habitantes, mais de três bilhões deste contingente vivendo em cidades. Situação advinda da combinação acelerada entre despovoamento do campo e desindustrialização urbana. Sem acesso à moradia adequada, grande parte dos habitantes das cidades recorre à ocupação irregular do solo, adensando áreas de risco e sem infraestrutura adequada. Os problemas sociais originados dessa condição singular de isolamento acentuam o problema urbano resultado do atual "modelo" de cidade, palco de desigualdade na distribuição da renda e de um processo de favelização progressiva. Diante disso, o presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar as políticas públicas habitacionais implantadas no país, especialmente em assentamentos precários na última década, os reflexos na implementação destas políticas através da evolução dos programas de intervenção em ocupações irregulares; sobre a vida da população e, na promoção da favela em bairro e consequente integração da mesma à cidade. A análise foi feita através do estudo da megacidade brasileira: São Paulo com destaque para as comunidades de Paraisópolis e Vila Nova Jaguaré. A metodologia baseou-se em revisão bibliográfica relacionada ao tema e informações disponibilizadas através de dados censitários e administrativos municipais organizados em tabelas e gráficos possibilitando a avaliação das características das comunidades e dos programas de intervenção urbana e habitacional implantados nos referidos assentamentos. Concluindo, portanto, que os Programas de Urbanização de favelas têm sido implantados baseados em uma diligência social consciente, com grandes avanços, procurando atender e integrar as comunidades ao tecido formal da cidade, diante de um ponto crucial, o reconhecimento do direito à permanência em um lugar já ocupado / Abstract: Today it¿s estimated that the world population is 6.5 billion people, more than three billion of contingent living in cities. This situation arising from the combination of accelerated depopulation of the countryside and urban deindustrialization. Without access to adequate housing, most city dwellers appeal to irregular land occupation, densifying areas of risk and without adequate infrastructure. The social problems originated from this singular condition of isolation accentuate the urban problem result from the current "model" city, stage of inequality in income distribution and process of progressive peripherization. Before that, the present study want to analyze the public housing policies implemented in the country, especially in slums in the last decade, the impact on the implementation of these policies through the development of intervention programs in irregular settlements; on people's lives and in promoting of the slum in neighborhood and consequent integration of the same with the city. The analysis was made through of the study the Brazilian megacity: São Paulo especially for communities Paraisópolis and Vila Nova Jaguaré. The methodology was based on literature review related to the theme and information made available through municipal census and administrative data organized in tables and graphs enabling the evaluation of the characteristics of communities and urban intervention programs and housing implemented in these settlements. In conclusion, therefore, that Urbanization of slums Programs has been implemented based on a conscious social care, with huge strides to meet its communities and integrate the formal fabric of the city, before a crucial point, the recognition of the right to stay in a place already occupied / Mestrado / Arquitetura, Tecnologia e Cidade / Mestra em Arquitetura, Tecnologia e Cidade

Social entrepreneurship has grown in popularity since Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in the year 2006. Pollinate Energy is an Australian social business working to improve the lives of the urban poor in India. The purpose of this study is to investigate the portability of the organisation’s business model to other geographical locations, e.g what adjustments might be needed if transferring and implementing the concept in new cities and locations. A qualitative case study approach was conducted by gathering experiences from Bangalore through interviews and secondary sources and field observations from a field study conducted in Hyderabad, India. The results indicate that the local cultural context shapes the structure of the concept. It was found to be easier to establish relationships through products with immediate tangible benefits, which indicates that products are highly context dependent. Therefore, local trials of products are needed for the concept to be effective. Moreover, further investigations of the model would be required if the concept were to be transferred to other geographical locations. The model can generate spin-off effects contributing to development, and can thus be a catalyst for social change.

Esta Tese tem como objeto de análise a política habitacional voltada para a população de baixa renda de Belo Horizonte, a partir de 1990. Essa política foi analisada nas suas formas de manifestação, materializadas nos modelos de produção de novos assentamentos de interesse social e de intervenção urbana em favelas. Dados os diferentes contextos e momentos políticos examinados no decorrer das décadas de 80 e 90, essa política habitacional assumiu contornos diversos. Tais contornos foram verificados na emergência, complementação, simultaneidade e flexibilidade desses modelos hoje polarizados. Buscava-se a compreensão de uma lógica dual de sua manifestação polarizada. Constatou-se que a lógica dessa política habitacional que oscila entre a produção de conjuntos habitacionais e a urbanização e regularização de favelas está relacionada aos diferentes modos de produção do capital, do mercado do solo e da moradia. Verificou-se também que, em um ambiente de contradições, um modelo se sustenta com a existência do outro e ao mesmo tempo tende a atender a uma mescla de interesses dos diferentes atores, reiterando as desigualdades sócio-espaciais. / This thesis has as its object of analysis house politics focused on low income population from Belo Horizonte city since 1990. That politics was analyzed in terms of its configuration, which took shape through production model for new settlement of social interest and through urbanization of slums. Given different contexts and political moments examined in the 80 and 90 years, house politics assumed several contours. Such contours were ascertained on emergence, summation, simultaneity and flexibility of those models which nowadays are polarized. The understanding of a dual logic for those polarized manifestations was sought. It was confirmed that the logic of that house politics, which oscilates betwen production of new settlement and urbanization with regularization of slums, is related to the different ways of capital production, land market and housing. It was also ascertained that in environment of contradiction one model bears itself with the existence of another, and at the same time tends to consider a blend of interest from different actors reiterating social and spacial inequalities.

A dissertação propõe um debate sobre os processos de formação do lugar dos pobres na cidade de Campinas SP, por meio da análise do surgimento, consolidação e urbanização da ocupação do Parque Oziel, Jardim Monte Cristo e Gleba B. A atual área que conforma tais bairros consolidou-se a partir da ocupação, no início de 1997, de uma área vazia às margens do quilômetro 76 da Rodovia Santos Dumont, na região sudoeste do município de Campinas. Nos últimos anos a Prefeitura de Campinas iniciou o processo de urbanização da área, com medidas de regularização fundiária, provimento de serviços de infra-estrutura e melhorias urbanas. Portanto, partindo da constituição e consolidação do território ilegal e irregular do assentamento, a dissertação traz questões sobre os processos de formação dos lugares dos pobres na cidade de Campinas, tomando como perspectiva analítica referências acerca da conformação da luta pelo direito à cidade, o projeto político da reforma urbana e a (re)configuração da questão urbana nas cidades brasileiras contemporâneas. / This dissertation proposes a discussion about the formation processes of the place of poor people in the city of Campinas - SP, by analyzing the formation, consolidation and urbanization of the following urban occupations: Parque Oziel, Jardim Monte Cristo and Gleba B. The current area that comprises such quarters was consolidated by the occupation, in early 1997, of an empty area on the margins of highway Santos Dumont (kilometer 76), located in the southwestern area of Campinas city. In recent years, the Municipality of Campinas started the urbanization process of this area, by taking measures of tenure regularization, provision of infrastructure services and urban improvements. Therefore, based on the formation and consolidation of such an illegal and irregular area, the dissertation raises issues about the formation processes of the place of poor people in the city of Campinas. Our theoretical framework takes as analytical perspective references about the struggle to right to the city, the political project of the urban reform and the (re)configuration of the urban issue in the contemporary Brazilian cities.