A dissertação propõe um debate sobre os processos de formação do lugar dos pobres na cidade de Campinas SP, por meio da análise do surgimento, consolidação e urbanização da ocupação do Parque Oziel, Jardim Monte Cristo e Gleba B. A atual área que conforma tais bairros consolidou-se a partir da ocupação, no início de 1997, de uma área vazia às margens do quilômetro 76 da Rodovia Santos Dumont, na região sudoeste do município de Campinas. Nos últimos anos a Prefeitura de Campinas iniciou o processo de urbanização da área, com medidas de regularização fundiária, provimento de serviços de infra-estrutura e melhorias urbanas. Portanto, partindo da constituição e consolidação do território ilegal e irregular do assentamento, a dissertação traz questões sobre os processos de formação dos lugares dos pobres na cidade de Campinas, tomando como perspectiva analítica referências acerca da conformação da luta pelo direito à cidade, o projeto político da reforma urbana e a (re)configuração da questão urbana nas cidades brasileiras contemporâneas. / This dissertation proposes a discussion about the formation processes of the place of poor people in the city of Campinas - SP, by analyzing the formation, consolidation and urbanization of the following urban occupations: Parque Oziel, Jardim Monte Cristo and Gleba B. The current area that comprises such quarters was consolidated by the occupation, in early 1997, of an empty area on the margins of highway Santos Dumont (kilometer 76), located in the southwestern area of Campinas city. In recent years, the Municipality of Campinas started the urbanization process of this area, by taking measures of tenure regularization, provision of infrastructure services and urban improvements. Therefore, based on the formation and consolidation of such an illegal and irregular area, the dissertation raises issues about the formation processes of the place of poor people in the city of Campinas. Our theoretical framework takes as analytical perspective references about the struggle to right to the city, the political project of the urban reform and the (re)configuration of the urban issue in the contemporary Brazilian cities.

Que sont devenus les enfants des bidonvilles et cités de transit de l’après-guerre en France ? Alliant entretiens, observations, archives et statistiques, la thèse reconstitue les expériences et les trajectoires d’individus d’origines algérienne, marocaine et portugaise ayant grandi dans les bidonvilles et cités de Nanterre et de Champigny-sur-Marne, en Île-de-France. Elle rend compte de leur vécu dans ces formes d’habitat précaires, ségrégées et stigmatisées qui ont duré de nombreuses années en insistant sur la diversité des expériences résidentielles et donc de leurs effets socialisateurs. De fait, les anciens enfants des bidonvilles et cités ont connu des trajectoires variées et n’interprètent pas cet épisode de la même façon. Quatre profils sont analysés : le reproduction des inégalités, les petites promotions locales, la reproduction de l’isolement et les ascensions sociales individuelles. La divergence de ces parcours tient à deux ensembles de facteurs. D’une part, ces familles ont été des cibles privilégiées des politiques nationales et municipales de l’habitat et de l’immigration. En catégorisant et en traitant différemment les bidonvilles et cités de transit selon l’origine de leurs habitants et leur localisation, ces politiques publiques ont eu des effets de court, moyen et long terme très importants. D’autre part, les trajectoires de ces descendants d’immigrés ont été forgées par les ressources et les dispositions antérieures à la migration de leurs parents ainsi que par les contextes relationnels dans lesquels ils ont évolué dans les bidonvilles et les cités de transit. / What has become of children living in slums in Post-War France? Drawing from an investigation based on interviews, observations, archive work and statistics, I analyze in this dissertation the experiences and trajectories of individuals of Algerian, Moroccan and Portuguese descent who grew up in slums in Nanterre and Champigny-sur-Marne slums (Île-de-France region). I explain what it may have meant to live all these years in such a deprived, segregated and stigmatized form of housing and I insist on the diversity of residential experiences and of socialization effects. Indeed, previous slum children have known various trajectories and they don’t interpret this episode in the same way. Four profiles are analyzed: the reproduction of inequalities, the moderate mobilities, the reproduction of isolation, the upward trajectories. Two series of factor explain these differences. First, these families have first been targeted by national and local policies of housing and migration. By categorizing and treating differently slums depending on their inhabitants’ origins and on their location, these public policies have had very important short, mean and long time effects. Second, the trajectories have also been formed by their parents’ pre-migration resources and dispositions and by the relational contexts they evolved in while being in slums.

Background: Urbanization is increasing around the world, and in India this trend has translated into an increase in the size of slum dwellings. Slum environments may have a negative effect on human health, in particular women’s health. The objective of the study is to determine factors associated with Indian women’s health in slum environments. Methods: The relationship between women’s health, measured by BMI, and demographic, behavioural, and socioeconomic factors was statistically modelled. A multiple linear regression was performed, using data from the India National Family Health Survey. Results: Increasing BMI is significantly and positively associated with: frequency of watching television, having diabetes, age, wealth index, and residency status in the areas of New Delhi, Andhra Pradesh or Tamil Nadu. Conclusion: While belonging to a scheduled tribe was not associated with changes in BMI, unadjusted rates suggest that tribal status may be worthy of deeper investigation. Among slum dwellers, there is a double-burden of under-nutrition and over-nutrition. Therefore a diverse set of interventions will be required to improve the health outcomes of these women.

From the 1940s, the colonial administration enacted policies such as ‘slum clearance’ and the construction of housing estates to remodel Lagos into its vision of a modern capital city and a center that would unite all Nigerians. The federal government of Nigeria continued this project after independence in 1960 until 1976 when the third independent military government decided to build a new capital city in Abuja, Northern Nigeria because it claimed that Lagos was too congested and lacked land for expansion. This dissertation goes beyond the narrative of Lagos as a “failed” federal capital to show how Lagosians across class, ethnic, and gender backgrounds shaped urban planning and administrative projects during Nigeria’s transition from colonial to independent rule. It studies the intellectual views and political campaigns that interest groups from women traders, landlords, tenants, to indigenous Lagosians adopted to change how town officials and planners implemented rent control, public land acquisition, sanitation, and slum clearance. Contrary to the histories of urban planning that center on politicians’ and planners’ agendas or cast city dwellers as opponents of planning policies, this study argues that Lagosians’ competing interests influenced how they interacted with and sought to alter municipal laws. Letters to the newspaper editors, court records, songs, novels, petitions, and official correspondences and minutes reveal how Lagosians protested, accommodated, and created alternative proposals. For example, even though landlords and tenants’ associations contested rent control, both groups shared a similar goal to amend rather than abolish the slum clearance of Central Lagos during the 1950s. However, the consensus for the demolition projects marginalized the needs of Central Lagosians, who wanted the slum clearance’s cancellation. A social history of Lagosians’ involvement in the transformation of the city’s laws and spaces provides a different perspective to the scholarship on decolonization in Africa, which has tended to characterize cities as the centers of nationalist mobilizations. This dissertation illustrates citizens’ dedication to relying upon municipal institutions for public amenities rather than on informal networks, patron-client relationships, and associational groups, which have been the focus of many studies on urban livelihood in postcolonial Africa.

Many cities in Latin American countries are surrounded by slums. The inhabitants of the slums are often victims of corruption, famine and murder. The victims include everyone and especially affect the most vulnerable, women and children. They are the voiceless whose stories are lost and never told. Children who lack adult support have to pull from their inner strength to rise from hostile environments, nevertheless their lives are lived with ardor and immediacy, a way of life that is built within a culturally-layered community. It is in those layers that not only pain but marvels can be found. My creative thesis, interconnected stories that are woven into a composite novel, focuses on the lives of children in the slums who are constantly beaten down by the chaotic and violent ambiance. These children are of different ages but of similar circumstances, who rise to the challenge, sometimes succeeding, sometimes failing.

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In Iztapalapa, south of the Yuhualixqui volcano, lies an informal settlement of an estimated 2600 people. Informal settlements have with them the connotation of quick, temporary, unthoughful architecture that dissolves with the first pass of rain. In reality, most of the informal settlements that appear become permanent homes for those families. A community emerges through the rough architecture and the need for the basic necessities becomes a daily struggle. Religious faith is something that remains strong in slum communities, although water, the most essential element is missing. I attempt to address both the religious faith of the community and their need for water by providing a place where the most sacred and the profane meet. / Master of Architecture

O presente trabalho pretende contribuir para o aprofundamento das discussões em torno da questão das favelas em municípios litorâneos paulistas voltados ao turismo, fornecendo subsídios ao equacionamento das dinâmicas envolvidas, do ponto de vista das características do turismo enquanto atividade de lazer e de um processo de urbanização que considere a organização sócio-espacial e as possibilidades oferecidas pelo lugar. Observando que o crescimento das favelas nestes municípios leva ao comprometimento das condições físicovisuais, ambientais e sociais e que isto se reproduz por todo o território nacional. Toma-se como objeto de estudo o Programa de Urbanização do Dique Sambaiatuba, em São Vicente - Baixada Santista, no Estado de São Paulo, no período que vai do ano de 1990 a 2006. A partir da reflexão crítica sobre a idéia de desenvolvimento turístico sustentável, apontam-se possibilidades e necessidades relacionadas ao ambiente físico-ambiental e sócio-econômico da favela. Apresenta-se então a hipótese de que tal desenvolvimento implica em que a urbanização da favela envolva o trabalho com o plano da vida do lugar - o do cotidiano e da razão local, assim como a necessidade de incorporar programas que aliem a educação cidadã, o incentivo à economia solidária e a qualificação para o apoio ao mercado de trabalho vinculado ao turismo. / The present work pretends to contribute with the discussions about slums (low conditions residences) problem in São Paulo State\'s Coastal cities that work with tourism. It pretends to offer subsidies to the equationing of the involved dynamic, considering tourism as an activity of leisure and as a process of urbanization which considers the social-space organization and the possibilities offered by the place. It is observed that the growth of the slums in these cities compromises the physical, environmental and social conditions and that situation is reproduced in all national territory. The Program of Urbanization of the Dique Sambaiatuba in São Vicente/ São Paulo State , in the period of 1990 to 2006, was taken as study object. From the critical reflection on the idea of sustainable tourism development, possibilities and necessities related to the physical and social-economic environment of the slums are pointed out. The hypothesis that such development implies in the urbanization of the slums, involves working with the style of the life of the place - in daily and local bases, as well as the necessity to incorporate programs that join citizen education, the incentive to solidary economy and the qualification as a support to work the tourism market

Nas últimas décadas, a intensificação de ações das diversas esferas do Estado no Brasil visando, no bojo de uma política habitacional mais abrangente, a integração urbanística e fundiária de assentamentos ocupados por famílias de baixa renda, convive com as contradições presentes nas relações pelas quais o Estado e o mercado mediam os conflitos entre classes econômicas díspares, cujo principal indicador é a segregação territorial. A existência de assentamentos precários em situações de imersão ou de continuidade, em relação a tecidos ocupados por população de mais alta renda, faz com que eles estabeleçam entre si uma relação ambígua de simbiose e conflito, onde o mercado imobiliário, atuando na formalidade ou na informalidade, concretiza, pelo movimento de escolha residencial e comercial dos atores envolvidos na ocupação urbana, uma hierarquia de decisões. Faz-se necessário avaliar que tipo de relação as intervenções citadas têm com os processos imobiliários num plano mais geral, objetivando, assim, verificar se elas não são vetores de alteração das dinâmicas locais pela qual acabam funcionando como indutores de uma nova forma de integração entre as áreas consolidadas, as áreas de reassentamento ou de remanejamento e o entorno, onde o complexo urbano resultante se revaloriza, impactando o perfil socioeconômico local e, sobretudo, das famílias remanejadas e reassentadas. Este trabalho pretende analisar os efeitos socioeconômicos e imobiliários sobre a rotina de famílias em favelas reurbanizadas pelo poder público em municípios na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, dando ênfase empírica ao estudo de casos de famílias que são deslocadas nesses processos. A análise se dá através de recurso metodológico que confronta a interpretação da bibliografia existente sobre os aspectos que informam ou tangenciam o tema principal (tais como a formação e a segregação metropolitana, as disputas por localizações entre as classes sociais, a dicotomia entre centralidades e das periferias urbanas, o histórico das ações do poder público em favelas e o entrelaçamento entre os mercados formal e informal), com a discussão dos resultados de uma pesquisa de campo realizada em dez favelas urbanizadas e reurbanizadas, de seis municípios da metrópole paulista, onde se colheram dados do cotidiano das famílias remanejadas no interior das áreas ou reassentadas nos conjuntos construídos em terrenos adjacentes, em virtude das intervenções. Procura-se verificar que efeitos as políticas citadas, visando a integração urbanística e a regularização fundiária, podem ter sobre o cotidiano local e do entorno, no intuito de contribuir na formulação de indicadores e de hipóteses sobre o fortalecimento socioeconômico e a emancipação dos beneficiados ou, pelo contrário, sobre a eventual alteração de perfil da população moradora, com expulsão das famílias originais, o que contribuiria, nesse caso, para acentuar a segregação territorial metropolitana subjacente. / In the last few decades, the intensification of public actions from differents levels of Brazilian Government, aiming, in the heart of a more extensive housing policy, the urban and land integration of settlements occupied by low-income families, coexists with the contradictions seen in relations by which State and Market mediate conflicts between disparate economic classes, whose main indicator is the territorial segregation. The existence of slums in immersion or continuity situations into urban fabrics occupied by higher social classes, establishes between them an ambiguous relationship of symbiosis and conflict, in which the formal and/or informal real state Market acting materializes a hierarchy of decision defined by the motion of residential and commercial choices made by involved actors in urban settlements. It\'s therefore necessary to evaluate what kind of relationship the aforementioned interventions (upgradings, as well) have with real state market processes in a more general scope, thus aiming to check if they aren\'t alteration drivers of local dynamics by which they may end up working as inducers of a new integration way between the consolidated, resettlement (or relocation) and surrounding areas, where the resultant urban complex turns more expensive, impacting in the local socioeconomic profile, mainly in the relocated and resettled families. This dissertation intends to analyze the socioeconomic effects and real state market influence on the routine of families in slums that have been upgraded by government inside the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, giving empirical emphasis to the case studies of families who are displaced in these processes. The analysis is performed by means of methodological approach that confronts the interpretation of the existing literature on aspects that inform or are tangential to the main theme (such as the metropolitan development and segregation, the disputes regarding location between social classes, the dichotomy between centrality and urban peripheries, the history of government actions concerning slums, and the intertwining between formal and informal markets), with the discussion about the results of field survey conducted in ten urbanized and upgraded slums, sited in six municipalities in metropolis, where daily data were collected from families who had been resettled into the area or relocated in housing developments built in nearby sites, due to the upgrading processes. It seeks to verify what kinds of effects may follow the cited policies, aiming urban integration and land regularization, and their influence over local and surrounding daily lives, in order to contribute to formulation of indicators and assumptions about socioeconomic strengthening and emancipation of the beneficiaries or, otherwise, about eventual changes in the profile of resident population, causing the expulsion of the originals inhabitants, which would contribute, in this case, to accentuate the underlying metropolitan territorial segregation.